The chronicles of Twyford; being a new and popular history of the town of Tiverton in Devonshire: with some account of Blundell's School, founded A.D. 1604

THE

BEING A NEW AND POPULAR
HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF TIVERTON

IN DEVONSHIRE:

WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF BLUNDELL'S SCHOOL
FOUNDED A.D. 1604.
BY

FREDERICK JOHN SNELL, M.A.

FOBMEBLY BLUNDELL'S SCHOLAR OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFOBD.

PRINTBD AND PUBLISHED BY
GBJM»OBY, SON, & TOZER, " TIVERTON GAZETTE " OFFICE, TIVERTON

LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATBBNOSTER Bow.

To

ONE WHO

ON LEAVING BLUNDELL'S SCHOOL

RECEIVED A BOOK WITH THIS INSCRIPTION •. -

ROBERTO BAKER CAREW

ANNI8 XI

APUD SCHOLAM BLUNDELLINAM
QUAM OPTIME PERACTIS

ABEUN'^I
HIC LIBELL US

H. S.
1842

AND WHO HAS EVEB WORTHILY SUSTAINED

THE HIGH TRADITIONS OF HIS ANCIENT AND HONOUEABLE LINK :

AN EXCELLENT CLERGYMAN, AN ABLE MAGISTRATE

AND A KIND FRIEND ;

THESE PAGES

ARE BY PERMISSION

DEDICATED.

PREFACI

Previous histories of Tiverton comprise : (1). A small duodecimo
volume of about 66 pages, by Mr. John Blundell, published in. 1712.
(2). Some irregular memoirs written in a large folio book by William
Hewett, merchant, who was churchwarden in 1720. This book in 1790
was in the possession of the Rev. John Newte, and was consulted by
Martin Dunsford. What has become of it, I cannot say. (3). Martin
Dunsford, third of the name, published in 1790 Historical Memoirs of
the Town and Parish— a work reflecting great credit on the author.
(4). In 1845 Lieut.-Colonel Harding published a General History of
Tiverton and a full account of the Lords of the Manor ; and in 1847, a
second volume, crammed with valuable information relating to the
Borough charities and local institutions,' with biographical notices,
abstracts of the charters, &c.

The " Chronicles of Twyf ord," however, are not a mere supplement
bringing down the narrative of events to the current year. The
accounts both of Martin Dunsford and Harding have been amplified in
many important details : and the whole has been re-written. The
original bye- laws of the town, and the other documents copied in the
appendices, have never before been printed; and a number of other
sources have been drawn upon to impart variety to the contents, as well
as to supply accurate information on points in which the inhabitants of
Tiverton may be supposed to be interested.

The title " Chronicles of Twyford " is not without precedent. Sixty
years ago, when it was the fashion in country towns to write " squibs,"
a number of leaflets appeared in Tiverton, entitled "The First Chapter
of the Chronicles of Twyford," "The Real Chronicles of Twyford," etc.
This circumstance, and the fact that the word " Chronicles " has come
through association to express something less formal than history,
suggested the name of the present volume.

In gratefully acknowledging the assistance which has been given to
me on all hands, I feel that special thanks are due to Mr. John Sharland,
of Exmouth, a large part of the second chapter relating to the Georgian
era being practically his work. The extensive knowledge which Mr.
Sharland possesses of Old Tiverton was derived, in great part, from
listening when a boy to the tales of his grandfather. With respect to

Tiverton races and other sporting topics, my chief informant has been
Mr. William Hooper, who acted as " starter " at the races for many
years. I have also to thank Mrs. G. W. Cockram for permission to
inspect valuable papers left by her late husband ; and Mr. R. F.
Loosemore for giving me access to his collection of political leaflets, &c.
Mr. G. B. Cockram, whose efforts for the prosperity of the town have
made him exceptionally well acquainted with modern developments, has
not only revised and amplified important sections, but was also good
enough to place in my hands a mass of valuable materials (collected by
his late partner, Mr. W. Partridge), out of which the narrative has, in
many places, been constructed. Nor must I forget the information I
have gleaned from the writings of the late Air H. S. Gill, a recognized
authority on numismatics aal ecslesiology. The sketch of the
restoration of. St. Peter's Church has been condensed from a
contemporary account published by the Rev. J. B. Hughes, M.A.
Acknowledgments are due to Mr. R. D. Blackmore for permission to
reprint some interesting passages of " Lorna Doone " ; and to Dr. IS.
Smiles for a similar favour. I have also to thank the following gentle-
men for help rendered in various ways : the Rev. J. Dickinson, M.A. ;
the Rev. D. M. Owen, B.D. ; Mr. H. J. Carpenter, M.A., LL.M. ;
Mr. J. F. Ellerton; Mr. W. H. Snelt ; Mr. F. A. Payne; Mr. C. Marshall
Hole; Mr. Thomas Clarke; Mr. Siddalls; Mr. W. Beck; Mr. W. Davey ;
Mr. Upton, &c., &c. Lastly, I must cordially recognize the
ungrudging assistance of Mr. Alfred Gregory, through whose enterprise,
mainly, the " Chronicles of Twyford " now see the light.

At some future date, I hope to deal, in another volume, with Tiverton
elections and electioneering "squibs."

F. J. SNELL.

Bampton, December 8th, 1892.

CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGES

I. BEFORE THE CONQUEST ... ... 1 - 14

II. THE MIDDLE AGES ... ... ... 15 — 46

III. THE GREAT FIRES ... ... ... 47 — 80

IV. THE EARLY STUARTS ... ... 81 — 112

V. ROUNDHEADS AND CAVALIERS ... 113 — 144

VI. AFTER THE RESTORATION ... ... 145 — 180

VII. . THE GEORGIAN ERA (PART I) ... 181-218

VIII. THE GEORGIAN ERA (PART II) ... 219 — L'UG

IX. YESTERDAY ... ... ... ... 267 — 344

X. TO-DAY 345 — 394

BEFORE THE CONQUEST

BEFORE THE CONQUEST

);GREEABLY with precedent, though doubtless for
many of my readers the information will be
superfluous, I begin this history by indicating the
exact position of Tiverton on the map and its
comparative distance from places of greater note.
Be it known, then, that in respect to longitude
the town is 3'29 degrees W. of Greenwich, while
as to its latitude it is 50'54 degrees N. of the
equator. It is in England, in the County of
Devon, and in the N.E. section thereof. In
Dunsford's time it was 176 miles W. of London, but Harding,
writing about fifty years later, computes the distance at about 160
miles. As no geographical changes are on record to account for
the discrepancy, we must assume that these writers used different
methods of calculation, the former perhaps taking his measurement
by the coach route, while the latter may have fitted a pair of
compasses to a given scale, or, to use the good old phrase, may
have reckoned "as the crow flies." Anyhow, by the Great
Western Railway, the managers of which have particular reasons
for being exact, the distance is 184 miles. I have to add that it
is about 14 miles N. of Exeter, the county town, 24 miles S. of
the Bristol Channel, and nearly the same distance N. of the
British Channel. It is situated at the confluence of two rivers —
the Exe and the Lowman.

This, however, I cannot but feel, is a stiff and pedantic way
of entering on our subject. I venture, accordingly, on a new
beginning. Geography, in school or out of it, is not a subject
to be treated lightly, and before proceeding with the history, or,
as I have chosen to call it, the chronicles of Tiverton, it is well

4 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOBD

that we should make up our minds where Tiverton is. In a
general way this has been done. We are now certified as to the
longitude and latitude, and concerning other facts also we are not
perhaps in such heathen darkness as we might have been but for
the formal and uninspiring prelude above given. But while few
persons are possessed by a passion for geography, it is a sports-
manlike instinct to wish to know something of the surrounding
country ; and the votary of nature, however idealist, will scarcely
disdain an acquaintance with the names of places, which have
caught his eye and rivetted his admiration. The question arises
how it will be best to impart this information. There is ancient
but perhaps not very reputable authority* for taking people up
into an exceeding high mountain, from whose summit they may,
as Doctor Johnson observes,

Survey the world from China to Peru.

Unfortunately in this case there is no exceeding high mountain,
but only, as Mr. Carpenter says, "arching hills." We must
therefore, make the best of what we have got, and I invite the
reader to ascend with me in imagination to the top of Shortridge,
about a mile-and-a-half beyond Seven Crosses,f where, it may be,
he will see more things than he had hoped. Premising that it is
a clear day — which in the spring and autumn can generally be
obtained after showery weather — we gain, as we gaze over the

*Sathanas.

tWestcote, in his " View of Devonshire " p. 273, gives the following sage
account of the origin of this name. Having stated that the Earl of
Richmond was the possessor of the Manor of Chumleigh and the Earl of
Devon of the borough, he thus proceeds : " Of one of their noble ladies
(which should be the Countess of Devon, for never can I find an Earl of
Richmond inhabiting here) is left unto us this tale, (commonly spoken
and constantly believed). A poor labouring man, inhabiting this town,
had many children ; and, thinking himself overburdened by such a multi-
plied blessing of God in that kind, intended by a politic natural course to
avoid all such future charge, absented himself seven years together from
his wife, and then returning again and accompanying her as formerly.
She was within a year thereafter delivered of seven male children at one
birth, which makes the poor man think himself utterly undone ; and
hereby despairing, put them all in a basket, with a full intent to have
drowned them; but Divine Providence following him, occasioned a lady
to be coming at this instant of time in his way, who demanded of him
what he carried in his basket. The silly man, stricken dead well near
with that question, answered they were whelps, which she desired to
see ; and finding the lady was resolved, and by opposition became more
earnest in her purpose, fell on his knees and discovered his intent, with
all former circumstances ; which understood, the Countess went home
with them, provides nurses, and all things also necessary. They all live,
are bred in learning, and being come to man's estate.gives each a prebend
in this parish ; which I think are vanished, not to be seen; but the
Seven Crosses near Tiverton, set up by this occasion, keeps it yet in
memory, unless they are appropriated to the free school there erected."

BEFOEE THE CONQUEST 5

fertile Exe Valley, a distinct view of the sea off Exmouth, and by
the aid of a pocket telescope vessels are seen wending their way
in various directions. Plainly discernible also are the Warren
and the still waters between it and Starcross ; and standing in
bold relief the Exmouth tower, with its four pinnacles. Follow-
ing the course of the sun from this point, our attention is first
arrested by some very distant hills along the coast, but soon the
remoter prospect is intercepted by the hill which rises over Bick-
leigh Court Between this and Cadbury Castle, which is next in suc-
cession, the heights of Haldon show themselves, with the Belvedere
at their apex. Just beyond Cadbury Castle appears a part of the
ridge called in the vernacular " Eaddon Tap," and well-known to
the inhabitants of Poughill, who cross it perforce on their way to
Exeter. Next is the Windmill Hill, in the parish of Cheriton
Fitzpaine, and over this may be observed at an immense distance,
the southern escarpment of Dartmoor, beyond South Brent, and
at least forty miles away. Further to the right is a remarkable
conical hill, which is, I am informed, Rippon Tor, near Ashburton;
and apparently not far from this may be seen the double peak of
Heytor. Hence to the northern extremity of the moor, near
Okehampton, rise sharp and clear against the south-western sky
three immense masses of primitive rocks, evidently upheaved by
some mighty convulsion of nature. About five miles from Oke-
hampton is one of the highest points of the moor. Cosdon or
Cawsand Beacon. This tor is 1730 feet above the level of the
sea, and from Shortridge is distinctly visible, overtopping its
fellows. Further westward the view is not so distant, but still
extensive. In this direction it appears to be bounded by Wither-
idge Moor. To the N.W. is Templeton hill, church, and village ;
next comes Gibbet Moor, and further northward and more remote
are the highlands near Molland and East Anstey. Then follow
the far distant regions of Exinoor, Dunkery Beacon, and Brendon
Hill. On the top of Dunkery, by the aid of a glass, may still be
seen the ruins of five hearths, from which in perilous times blazed
the beacon fires of our ancestors. This extraordinary hill does
not seem so high as it really is owing to its gigantic base, which
is twelve miles in circumference. It is, however, 1700 feet above
the level of the sea. But I must not linger. To the east, just
above Chevithorne Barton, appear some portions of the Quantock
Hills, which stretch across West Somerset from Durston to
Watchet. Further on, over Hockworthy, we catch a glimpse of
the same range, capped by a tower. The next conspicuous feature
in the horizon is Blackdown with the Wellington monument.
Beyond this the distant landscape is, for a short space, masked by
a shoulder of Exeter Hill, near Gogwell Lane. Then, due east,
appear the Scythe Stone Hills, full of " antediluvian remains "
and fossil shells ; and, after these, the more distant range extend-
ing from Honiton to the south coast. The break in this range

6 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOED

which goes by the name of " Sidmouth Gap " cannot be seen from
Shortridge, being concealed by an eminence called " Criss Crass "
(Christ's Cross), over which lofty hill passes the old turnpike
road from Tiverton to Exeter. To the right of " Criss Crass " are
well-wooded heights, topped by an old hill-fort called " Woodbury
Castle," and then the high ground round Budleigh Salterton
brings us back to the point we started from.

Dunsford dwells with just and loving appreciation on the
woodlands, orchards, and pleasant pastures, tenanted by white
sheep or red oxen, and the hill-sides, covered with wheat, barley,
and oats, which environed his native town. Then, as now, the
ancient tower of St. Peter's peeping out amid a group of tufted
trees assured the wayfarer that here was a community of Christian
men ; and what with the villages, seats, farms, and cottages,
which dotted the landscape in every part, we must needs believe
that Tiverton in 1790 was an earthly paradise, which only the pen
of a Marmontel could describe. I will not disturb the illusion by
seeking to enquire whether in very truth Tiverton was such a
beatific place at the date in question, but will content myself
with observing that this record commences at a period very much
earlier than 1790. At what period exactly the narrative does
begin, it is difficult to determine, but it appears to take its rise
in a great, dark, prehistoric past, from which only a few broken
hints have come down to us, but which, we may be sure, was
sufficiently unlike the present. Among other changes the lovely
scenery, which so captivated the heart of honest Martin Dunsford,
has been superinduced over a ground which in any other age
would be deemed harsh and repellent. Carrington's lines on
Dartmoor (though the first limps a little) well describe such a
landscape and its effects on the unregenerate human soul :

Devonia's dreamy Alps ! now I feel

The influence of that impressive calm

That rests upon them. Nothing that has life

Is visible : no solitary flock

At wide will ranging through the silent moor

Breaks the deep-felt monotony ; and all

Is motionless, save where the giant shades,

Flung by the passing cloud, glide slowly o'er

The grey and gloomy woods, etc.

The Exe winding through narrow dales, almost approaching
to glens, between hanging woods, and its little sister the
Lowman, are perhaps the only features which have remained
substantially unchanged since the time when ' wild in woods the
noble savage ran ' ; and we are tempted to claim as the earliest
inhabitant of these parts the delicate trout, whose attractions
indeed, may have been the loadstar which drew the genus homo
hither, to try their luck, as many generations have since done,
with rod and line, I have assumed that the aspect of Tiverton

BEFOEE THE CONQUEST 7

in the earliest times is fairly rendered for us by Exmoor and Dart-
moor Forest as they exist now. This in any case could hardly be
termed an extravagant supposition, but there is strong confir-
matory evidence of its truth. At a distance of only five miles
from the town is Gibbet Moor still in virgin freedom, and several
local names — Pinnex Moor, Moorhayes, Cranmore, Cowleymore
and Elmore — point to a time, relatively speaking, not so very
distant, when a large part of the country immediately adjacent
was an uncultivated heath. Even so late as the beginning of the
eighteenth century Elmore was still in this condition, for as a
preface to Blundell's Memoirs we find this very horrid " poetry " :

Within this County's Botoels lies a Moor

Of Old call'd Ell Down ; from whose mountains roar

Combined Fountains ; which, without delay,

Towards the Ocean do their Streams display ;

And, as if overtired, make their Graves

Betwixt the Northern and the Southern Waves.

West, and beneath this dismal Forest lies

A fruitful Vale, in form triangle-wise ;

Wherein stands TIVEBTON, etc. *

The thing, therefore, as it seems to me, may be treated like a
sum in proportion. If Tiverton, and especially Ell-down, was like
this in the eighteenth century after Christ, what must it have
been like in the eighteenth century before our era ? The answer,

* It is possible that some, after digesting the above extract, may find
themselves in the condition of Oliver Twist, desirous of more. Though
I doubt the expediency of gratifying such a perverted taste, and though
the original quotation was introduced solely in the way of business, I
have decided to be indiscreet, and here produce the remainder :

whose glorious State

Has been much darken'd by the Checks of Fate,
But yet her Abbies and her Mon'ment Stories
Are strong Assertors of her Ancient Glories

Trading (the life of Places) here's to pull
The finest Lock of all the Cornish Wool,
Which into Yarn her People do convert,
And other Tradesmen other-where impart
To make those famous Serges which are hurFd
By Ships from England, thro' the boundless World.
Yet, not the meanest part of Wool here brought,
Is by herself into fine Kersies wrought ;
Whose wonted Goodness in the strength of ivear
Needs not the Passport of the Allenger

Her Suburbs, or Precincts, tiuo miles do stretch,
Upon the East and Westward four do reach ;
Three Miles upon the South she brancheth forth ;
And claims six Miles directly on the North.

And 'bounds in Fishing, and fair Villages,
Woods, Water, pleasant Groves, and Tillages.
Her grazing Pastures Carmel-&'/fc<? for feeding ;
Her Mountain-tops like E&sh&n- Hills for breeding.

8 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

of course, must be to a certain extent conjectural, but from the
paucity, or, as I think we may say, the complete absence of any
primitive remains, such as flint weapons, etc., dug up from the site
of the present town, we are forced to the conclusion that in the
youth of the world Tiverton was all Ell-down, all barren waste,
and wood.

Old, very old Tiverton, was on a hill, but our accounts of it are
extremely vague, for the Dunmonians, who it is supposed, pre-
ceded us in the occupation of the place, have left behind them
few traces and absolutely no records. How then do we know that
any such people existed or were domiciled in the locality ? In the
first place, certain Greek geographers, Solinus, Ptolemy, and
Heracleota have referred to them as inhabiting the western-most
part of Britain, and in the Antonine Itinerary Isca ( Exeter) is
named after them " Isca Dunmoniorum." Ptolemy mentions
other towns, Voliba, TJxela, and Tamara, as belonging to the
Dunmonians, but there is nothing in his writings to connect any
of these names with Tiverton. In spite, however, of the want of
any historical clue we have good reasons for believing that the
Dunmonians had a settlement in the neighbourhood. Jutt as
there are sermons in stones, so there are mute witnesses in
mounds. When numerous and sporadic, they tell of some for-
gotten battle ; arranged in a continuous line, they mark the limits
of some ancient village or town. The unaccountable prejudice
that the Romans were the only people who had sense enough to

Nor is she barren ; For her shallowest Brook
Affords rich matter for the Angler's Hook;
Salmon, Trout. Peal, and luscious Fish
With her's no Dainty, but a usual Dish.
There store likewise of Fennish Fowl do swim
In Winter-time, upon sweet Ex's brim :
And other kind in Covies fly and hop
From every Valley to each Mountain top.
Her Fields and Woods yield likewise noble Game ;
With Hawk and Hound her Hunters range the same,
To start the Hare and rouse the fallow Deer,
Pursue the Fox with Ho! See Ho ! See Here!

Her well-filFd Channels, for the People's use,
Thro' every Street their chrystal Streams diffuse :
These palisaded, with revengeful power,
The stony Pavement do most neatly scour

Her Air without is wholesome. And wit /tin
Her hidden Bowels lie rich Mines of fin ;
And will, in little time, with Coals supply
Her own Inhabitants and neighbours by.

Advance then Tiverton, no longer lie
Inrol'd in Sheets of dark Obscurity ;
May Generations on thy Name insert
Proper-shon'd Honour to thy gi eat Desert;
And when that envy dares to wound thy Name
Let her grow Leaner by thy rising Fame.

BEFOKE THE CONQUEST 9

handle a spade, at any rate for military purposes, has led some
excellent people to see in every instance of circumvallation, not
indubitably modern, evidence of a Eoman camp. (It happens,
however, that the Roman camps were rectangular, whereas many
of these enclosures are of a form which only a mathematician
could describe). When compelled to give up the designation
" Eoman camp," they substituted for it " British fort," which,
though more accurate as regards nationality, is also probably a
misnomer. By this we mean that the enceinte was not, as the
word " fort " would seem to imply, a kind of barracks devoted
exclusively to soldiers. It is much more likely to have been the
abode of the inhabitants generally. The Kelts, we know, are a
very excitable race, and if we may draw an analogy' from the con-
dition of Ireland at the epoch of the English Conquest, and that
of the Highlands of Scotland in still later times, there would have
been no lack of feuds among the various tribes of Dunmonians, so
that a rampart was almost a necessity. To what, it will be asked,
do these observations tend ? Simply to the fact that we have on
Skrinkhills, just above Collipriest, an example of such castra-
mentation.

Cranmore Castle, for by this name the encampment is known,
is thirty-three acres in extent. Time and cultivation have done
their work in wearing down the banks, which probably at one time
reached a height of several feet, but the outlines are still distinctly
traceable. In the centre dominating the camp is a circular
mound, which was used most likely for a beacon. It was by no
means an isolated town. Within easy reach of it is Cadbury
Castle, and to the north of Tiverton, at Stoodleigh, Huntsham, and
Bampton, are similar works. While, as has been said, the "fort "
is not to be distinguished from the " town," it does not follow
that all the inhabitants lived within this area. The needs of a
growing population — if indeed by the favour of Mars it did grow —
would naturally lead to some members of the community making
homes for themselves outside, providing always that they were
on amicable terms with the tribes their immediate neighbours.
Thus, in the case before us, if I may hazard a guess, the space now
occupied by the courts and alleys of Little Silver may have been
used for a suburb, in which, during peaceful times, the redundant
Cranmorians lived sans souci, but from which, on the first signal
of alarm, they fled as a bird to the mountain. If this was so, all
signs of their occupancy have long since disappeared, for the
houses in that quarter, however venerable their look, are certainly
later than the Dunmonian era.

I must add a few words on the names. Local etymology is, in
many instances, such a tricky and " parlous " theme, that he who,
first of men, undertook to enlighten us on the derivation and
meaning of that truly remarkable word " Skrinkhills " deserves
great honour for his industry and courage. It would appear that

10 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

the term " Skrink " is only the miserable remnant of a grand
Cornu-British and Armoric word '' squirinak," signifying " long-
legged." Harding observes that in British all names of hills
" refer to the resemblance parts of the human frame " — a dogma
which the printer may have assisted him to formulate, but which,
notwithstanding, may find acceptance with some people, especially
readers of Ossian. I learn from the same authority that
" Cranmore " is compounded of two Keltic words, which mean
either " green" or " stone moor." In this connexion it would be
unpardonable should I fail to speak of the river, anciently " Isca,"
then, convertibly " Ex " and " Aisse," now invariably " Exe." We
cannot err in identifying the name with that of the Usk, and
there seems to be no manner of doubt that the meaning of the
word, which is British, was " water," Thus we have been able to
eke out the testimony of the tumuli with the evidence of local
names, which, surviving all changes, have served as a lasting
memorial of those who bestowed them.

The Britons, as we are all aware, were succeeded in the govern-
ment of the island — at least, the southern portion — by the
Romans ; and one anxiously enquires whether any or what dis-
coveries have been made tending to throw light on the limits of
their conquest and the particular localities in which they settled.
It would be foreign to the purpose of this work, even if the writer
possessed the necessary stock of learning, to enter at large on this
question It may, however, be stated, that there are satisfactory
proofs, both in the testimony of authors and in architectural
remains, of the presence of that imperial race at Exeter ; and that
at various intervals along the valley of the Exe, at Cadbury, Bick-
leigh, Tiverton, and Bampton, have been found Eoman coins.
Here we must confine ourselves to the discovery which is naturally
of special interest to ourselves. In detailing the nature of the
treasure-trove and the circumstances under which it occurred I
feel that it is but just to Colonel Harding, who was an able man
and generally wrote sound English, to quote what he says. He
thus writes : " In April, 1845, while some workmen were sinking
a drain on Little Gornhay, in an orchard immediately behind the

farm-house they discovered a large jar, about two feet

below the surface, containing several hundred Eoman coins.
They were chiefly copper washed with silver, and a few of them
entirely so, all evidently of the third century. Several of these
coins fortunately fell under the observation of Captain Shortt

author of ' Collectanea Curiosa ' and of ' Antiquities of

Exeter'; and a few are in my own possession. These chiefly
were of Antoninus Pius, Severus, Alexander Severus, and Julia
Augusta. Several of the washed or plated pieces are Quinarii ;
and most of the coins are of the debased currency or pecunia
majorina, which abounded in the age of Severus and his successors.
They were generally in very good preservation."

BEFORE THE CONQUEST 11

So much for the " find." How these coins came to be hoarded
at Little Gornhay is another matter, and one which offers a fine
field for the exercise of the imagination. We picture to ourselves
some hapless Briton, a Roman in all but blood, hiding in trembling
haste his accumulated gains, before embarking on his flight from
the merciless Saxon, and vainly hoping to recover his store, when
the victors were sick of havoc. This perchance is dreaming, but
the passage will not be wasted on the reader, if it diverts his mind
from a fallacy which the mention of Eoman coins is well calculated
to suggest. We are not to assume, because Roman coins have
been met with in the neighbourhood, that therefore this part of
Devon was completely within the sphere of Roman organization,
still less that the slopes of Skrinkhills were studded with Roman
villas in all the grandeur of tesselated pavements and artistic
pottery. If villas of the sort had ever existed, the ruins would
still remain. It is possible, no doubt, that such is the case, and
that an accident similar to that which led to the discovery of the
coins may reveal to us fragments of a genuine Roman structure.
Till then, and on the present evidence, we must adhere to our
verdict of " non-proven." Before dismissing the subject I must
refer to some theories regarding certain roads, which, in the
opinion of a respectable antiquary, Mr. James Davidson, may con-
ceivably be Roman. One of these roads 1 have already mentioned
as leading from Tiverton to Exeter. It passes, Mr. Davidson
says, a " down " called Exeter Hill, where the road was named
Long Causeway, and was well-paved for the distance of a mile.
This causeway, he thinks, may have been a legacy from the Romans.
I am compelled to differ from Mr. Davidson. His conclusion was
formed probably from general considerations; and although lam not
in a position to state when and by whom the causeway was made,
there are reasons which lead me to think that it was at no very
ancient date. In 1678 a merchant of Tiverton, named John Lane,
left 20s. per annum for the repair of the " long causeway between
Tiverton and Butterleigh, in pitching and paving of it, and not
otherwise to be therein employed." Now, on the face of it, it
does not seem likely that in the year of our Redemption sixteen
hundred and seventy eight John Lane should have betrayed such
tender solicitude about a road which, supposing it to be Roman,
had been in existence for so many ages, and shown such an
eminent capacity for taking care of itself. It appears much more
probable that the causeway had been constructed within living
memory for needs which had not then passed away, and that Lane,
being generous and philanthropic, was anxious that the benefits
which he had received from it should be transmitted to succeeding
generations. The other case to which Mr. Davidson alludes has
reference to a branch of a great Roman road from Taunton to
Exeter, called the Portway, which is supposed to have struck off
at Leonard Moor, near Uifculme, and led, through Halberton, to

12 THE CHKONICLES OF TWTTOED

Tiverton. Both, these theories may be correct, but as it is
impossible to attain to any certainty on the subject, it is better,
perhaps, to leave them where they stand, without further
disputation.

All this time we have been referring to a state of things which
existed before Tiverton, properly so called, came into being.
Whatever arts or civilisation the neighbourhood may have boasted
at an earlier period, there is reason to believe that, on the advent
of the Saxons, everything was begun de novo ; and, if Dunsford's
surmise is right, the new town arose, in the opposite direction,
from a cluster of cottages round Tiverton Castle. The date of
the first Saxon colonisation cannot be ascertained, but it can
hardly have taken place before the first half of the seventh
century. According to old writers, Marianus and Florentius,
there befel A.D. 620, at Bahantune (Bampton), a great battle
between the invaders under Kenegel, the first Christian king of
the West-Saxons, and the Britons. Of the latter no less than
20,000 men are stated to have fallen. The magnitude of the
slaughter sufficiently attests the nature of the struggle. It was
war to the knife, and, if a remnant of the Britons escaped, it was
only that they might become hewers of wood and drawers of
water to the victors. Their wives and daughters were no doubt
appropriated by the Saxons.

That Tiverton was founded by the Saxons is evident from the
name, which is contracted from Twi-ford-town and obviously
refers to the fords, which preceded the erection of bridges over
the Exe and the Lowman. The name Lowman, unlike that of
the sister stream, appears to be of Saxon origin, being derived
from the loam, with which the bed of the river, over most of its
course, is silted. The word is sometimes, though less generally
spelt ' Loman,' which is, perhaps, slightly preferable, the other
spelling being due to an irrational attempt to make sense out of a
name, which has ceased to convey any meaning. By the Saxons,
however, the stream was called ' Suning,' and it owed this
description to its sluggishness, a quality which it still retains.
Here it is well to confess that we know extremely little of Tiverton
previous to the Norman Conquest, and even for a considerable
time after. It is not a bad remark of Dunsford, that the great
fact we may be certain of is, that " successive generations lived and
died." In the absence of any positive data we must be satisfied
with the two sources of information which are alone open to us,
inference and tradition. In the Domesday-book the hundred. of
" Tunvertone " or " Tavvetone " is quoted as forming part of the
royal demesne : and it is stated to have been held by several
persons in the reign of Edward the Confessor, as vassals of the
king. It is possible, therefore, that Tiverton may have been
one of the small towns or villages which were built or restored by
King Alfred the Great after the war with the Danes. It is clear

BEFORE THE CONQUEST 13

that, compared with other towns, Tiverton could not have been
a place of any size under the Saxons, for while Exeter had 476
burgesses, Barnstaple 83, Lidford 69, Totnes 110, and Okehamp-
ton 4, only 41 were left to be distributed over the remainder of
this large county. The hundred was divided, for purposes of
police, into twelve departments, or tythings. Each tything
consisted of ten families, who were severally responsible for each
other's good conduct and the preservation of the peace ; and the
whole was under the government of a portreeve. Traces of this
arrangement continue to a very late period, but it was practically
superseded by the grant of a charter in the reign of James I.

In 1002, according to tradition, the people of Tiverton took
part in the general slaughter of the Danes, commanded by
Ethelred the Unready. This dire event was fixed for Sunday,
November 13, the festival of St. Brice, " when the Danes that
were in the town of Twyford upon the river Isca or Aisse were
massacred by the women with much secresy in the night "
( EEewett's Memoirs). Kingsley in " Hereward the Wake " thus
criticizes the affair :

" For a while they had been lords of all England. The Anglo-
Saxon race was wearing out. The men of Wessex priest-ridden
and enclosed by their own aristocracy quailed before the free
Norsemen, among whom was not a single serf. The God-descended
line of Cerdic and Alfred was exhausted. Vain, incapable,
profligate Kings, the tools of such prelates as Odo and Dunstan
were no match for such wild heroes as Thorkill the Tall or Olaf
Trygvasson or Svend Forkbeard. The Danes had gradually seized
not only their own Danelagh and Northumbria, but a great part
of Wessex. Vast sums of Danegelt were yearly sent out of the
country to buy off the fresh invasions which were perpetually
threatened. Then Ethelred the Unready, or rather Evil-Counsel,
advised himself to fulfil his name and the curse which Dunstan
had pronounced against him at the baptismal font. By his
counsel the men of Wessex rose against the unsuspecting Danes ;
and on St Brice's Eve, A.D. 1002, murdered them all, man,
woman, and child. It may be that they only did to the children
as the fathers had done to them ; but the deed was ' worse than a
crime ; it was a mistake.' The Danes of the Danelagh and
Northumbria, their brothers of Denmark and Xorway, the Orkneys
and the east coast of Ireland, remained unharmed. A mighty
host of vikings passed from thence into England the very next
year, under Svend Forkbeard and the great Canute ; and after
thirteen fearful campaigns came the battle of Assingdon in Essex,
where ' Canute had the victory ; and all the English nation
fought against him ; and all the nobility of the English race was
destroyed.' "

THE MIDDLE AGES

11

THE MIDDLE AGES

HE condition of Tiverton at the time of the Conquest is set
forth in that conscientious and comprehensive work, the
Domesday book. From this we learn that in the hundred of
Tiverton there were twenty hides, that of these the King had in
his own clear payment fifty-four shillings for nine hides, while the
King and his Barons had in their demesne five hides and one
virgate ; that of these the King had three hides and a half, and
Gotselmus, half a hide, and Walter of Clavill, half a hide, and Odo,
the son of Grameline, one virgate, and William the Doorkeeper one
virgate, and Harmeric de Arcis, half a virgate. After this all the
other hides and virgates are satisfactorily accounted for, but the
reader shall be spared further details. The Domesday book,
though a triumph of statistics, is unquestionably dry reading; and
though the eye gleams with sudden interest at the mention of
William the Doorkeeper, and one wonders who he was, and why
he was called the Doorkeeper (it is to be feared we shall never
know), this is poor compensation — a solitary grain among
abundance of chaff. The truth is that these particulars can only
be thoroughly enjoyed by a seasoned antiquary, who by dint of
long practice has acquired a taste for them, and as this descrip-
tion applies neither to the bulk of my readers nor to myself, we
will take the liberty of skipping them. To prevent misconcep-
tion, however, it may be as well to state that a hide is a measure
of land, and a virgate, it is easily understood, is a fraction of the
same.*

* There has been considerablejdispute as to the extent of a " hide " and
its factors. Sir John Phear, in a paper read before the Devonshire
Association, 1891, sums up the matter as follows : " There is much evid-
ence to lead to the conclusion that as a rule in later Anglo-Saxon days
c

18 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

The nature of this work forbids my presenting a finished
biography, so far as one might be composed, of each Lord of the
Manor, but it is proper that the reader should be possessed of the
principal facts as regards the earlier incumbents of the office, and
that for a sufficient reason. The distinction is now little more
than titular, but in the beginning it was not so. Before the
grant of a charter, the Lords of the Manor were the represen-
tatives and vicegerents of the King, exercising a varying degree
of power according to the circumstances of the time, but in the
feudal epoch it was very great. Of this we shall have ample
proof hereafter. At present we have to do with ' auncestrie ' ;
our task is genealogical. The person, then, whom William the
Conqueror invested with the lordship of Tiverton, as well as many
other lordships up and down the county of Devon, was a certain
Baldwin de Brionis. He was called also ' de Molis ' or ' de Sap,'
for not as in these days, when a number of aliases, instead of
buying favour, is apt to create suspicion, the possession of many
names, intimating as many fiefs, was then esteemed an honour.
In the case of Baldwin his name ' de Brionis ' was derived from
his father's title of Brienne, a place in Normandy, while that of
* de Molis ' had reference to the Castle of Mola in the same duchy,
where he was born. He was a connexion, both by blood and
marriage, of the Conqueror, his grandfather having been the
natural son of .Richard, first Duke of Normandy, while he himself
was married to Albreda, William's niece Baldwin was succeeded
by his son, Eichard de Brionis, who died without male issue in
1137, leaving his inheritance to his sister Adelicia, styled Countess
of Devon. It is not known whom she married, but she had a
daughter Alice, who was wedded to a Richard Avenell. The
pedigree here points to an involuntary system of matriarchy,or, to
use a term which has attained only to brevet rank in English
literature, " petticoat-government." Sons would not be born.
Thus Alice was the mother of Matilda, who, when she was come
to years, became the wife of Robert de Abrincis, or Aurancis, Lord
of Folkstone. By him she had three daughters, -and having
married en seconder noces Robert Fitzroy, a natural son of Henry
I., was blessed with a fourth daughter. The eldest, Hawisia,
wedded Reginald de Courtenay, grandson of Louis le Gros, King
of France, and with her the succession of great heiresses ends. Her

the quantity of cultivable arable land, or full family share was 120 acres,
or thereabouts; the yardland (virgate) or quarter share being conse-
quently thirty acres, and the ferling or fourth part of the yardland seven
and a half acres, or fifteen half-acres." This is perhaps as near as we can
get to the truth on this subject. It is bare justice, however, to Sir John to
state, that he does not in any way commit himself, his next sentence
beginning " But although this was so, yet, nevertheless, etc." In fact, he
tells us that the expression " half a hide " is no real clue, so that we are,
about as well off as we were before.

THE MIDDLE AGES 10

son Kobert married Mary, the youngest daughter of William de
Eedvers, Earl of Devon, and had issue a son, John de Courtenay.
John was the father of Hugh de Courtenay, who in 1274 was
made Earl of Devon and received the Manor of Tiverton as part
of his maternal inheritance. After this the lordship of Tiverton
remained in the Courtenay family, with but slight interruption, for
nearly three hundred years.

In this account we have traversed a period of more than two
centuries and have been in several ways anticipating. We must
now hark back to the point from which we set out. The reader
may have noticed— or if not, he may do so now — that Hugh de
Courtenay inherited Tiverton from his mother. She, as we have
said, was the daughter of William de Kedvers, and therefore not a
descendant of Baldwin de Brionis, whose posterity has been faith-
fully traced. The conclusion is evident — that in some way the
Manor of Tiverton had slipped out of their hands. This was most
certainly the case. It would seem that Baldwin de Brionis had a
brother, Eichard Fitz-G-ilbert, who, doubtless for sufficient
reasons, assumed the additional name of Eedvers or Eivers. Now
Eichard was a favourite of Henry I., who being desirous to mark
his esteem for him, bestowed Tiverton and the honour of
Plympton upon him and created him Earl of Devon. How such
a transaction was possible, seeing that Tiverton was already the
property of his brother's family, is not explained, but the fact,
being indubitable, must be taken on trust. If any shade of
dishonesty attaches to the proceeding, it may be palli-
ated perhaps by the constitutional maxim that the King can do
no wrong, or, failing that, by the usual plea in such cases, that
people in those days didn't know any better.

The seat of Baldwin de Brionis had been at Exeter, where he
had greatly enlarged the Castle, and his interest in Tiverton was
chiefly of a monetary nature. Eichard de Eedvers changed all
that and — such at least is the belief — was the founder of Tiverton
Castle. Here he took up his abode, and resolving to make himself
comfortable, introduced to the astonished gaze of the inhabitants
what was at that time the novel luxury of glazed windows. He
likewise provided for his entertainment out of doors. In old
numbers of the Tiverton Gazette it is common to find in the
correspondence column the term "Park" in inverted commas, a
mode of treatment which, it is needless to say, was not intended as a
compliment. This was before the acquisition of the People's Park,
and the name was applied to a somewhat steep, but very ordinary-
looking field, which was traversed by a church-path and open
therefore to the public. The writers of these paragraphs seem to
have found no small difficulty in reconciling the aspect of the
spot with their preconceived ideas of what a park ought in strict-
ness to be, and from their own point of view may possibly have
been justified in condemning it. They appear to have imagined
c2

20 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

that " the Park," as it then was, " was all for their delight," and
that in the storied past some benevolent person had studied their
happiness by throwing open to them the pleasant walk, and the
very charming view which " the Park " affords. This account, how-
ever, is not quite literal. The church-path we doubtless owe to the
liberality of a former Lord of the Manor, but the Park itself was
designed for the special gratification of the owner and his immediate
friends. Originally it was on a far larger and more imposing
scale, comprising one hundred and sixty acres.* On the other side
of the town was Ashley Park, also belonging to the Castle and of
even greater extent, covering as it did no less than six hundred
and twenty one acres. Both these parks appear to have con-
tained deer, evidence of which survived in a curious usage. The
parish of Tiverton was formerly divided into four portions, Pitt,
Tidcombe, Priors, and Clare. In addition to these, however,
there was a fifth portion called " All Fours," which included the
areas once occupied by Ashley Park and Castle Barton, and
was subject to a modus, or compensation for tithes, which bore
the singular name of " buck and doe money," being no doubt an
equivalent for the yearly presentation to each rector of a buck
and a doe. This modus must have been agreed to when the parks
were destroyed. As a buck and a doe could no longer be given,
an annual payment in money was substituted. As early as 1602
50s. per annum, or 12s. 6d. to each rector, was paid for Ashley
Park, and 30s. for Castle Barton. The actual disparking, how-
ever, appears to have taken place some time before. Cleaveland
in his history of the Courtenay family ascribes it to Henry VIII.,
acting under the advice of Sir Eichard Pollard. "The great
park of Okehampton," he says, "Tiverton Park, and all the parks
belonging to the Earls of Devon were destroyed by the King — an
act which his Majesty is said to have afterwards much regretted."
How these parks were destroyed, it is impossible to say — probably,
however, by banishing the deer, felling the timber, and parcelling
out the demesnes. According to a deed, dated February 2, 1624,
one eighth of the " disparked park called Ashley Park " had been
enclosed shortly before by Eoger Giffard.

The son and successor of Eichard was Baldwin de Eedvers, who
entered upon his inheritance in 1107. This Baldwin appears to
have been of a pious turn, and, to quote a classical analogy, was
the Numa Pompilius of the dynasty. He built three monasteries,
that of Christ-church in Hampshire, Querrarra in the Isle of
Wight, and Lira in Normandy. What is more to the purpose, he
founded near Exeter a priory in honour of St, James, and, that
the monks might never want a plentiful supply of cash, endowed

* At Bolham there was formerly a large stone called the " Earl of
Devonshire's Stone," which has been supposed to mark the limit of the
demesne.

THE MIDDLE AGES 21

it with the ecclesiastical revenues of Tiverton. " Totam ecclesiam
de Twivertona cum omnibus pertinentiis suis, per manum praedicti
domini Eoberti Exon. Episcopi donavi et praesenti scripto
confirmavi" are the words of the pact, and thereto Baldwin de
Eedvers set fast his seal. As might be expected, the result of
this one-sided agreement was to introduce a world of confusion
into parochial affairs, and although the discussion may be some-
what tedious, I do not think a fitter place could be found for
dealing with the subject than in this chapter. Before, however,
we address ourselves to this somewhat formidable theme, we must
say a few words about the church, since the mention of ecclesi-
astical revenues evidently pre-supposes an edifice devoted to the
worship of the Almighty. As the conversion of the English to
Christianity took place some time before the Norman Conquest,
it is requisite to imagine that even in those days Tiverton boasted
a church, but whether of wood or stone, we cannot say. The
existence, however, of such a building is purely a matter of infer-
ence, all traces of it having long since passed away. As regards
the present edifice, our first notice of it carries us back to the
year of grace 1073, when Leofricus, first Bishop of Exeter, in the
last year of his episcopate and his life, performed the ceremony of
consecration. In the course of ages many additions have been
made to it, and of the original fabric only a fragment remains.
This is a Norman doorway close to the wing now occupied by the
organ.* Its situation seems to refute Hewett's theory — we can
hardly in such a case say testimony — that St. Peter's was at first
a small building on the site of the present chancel. Its compara-
tive insignificance, however — this we can readily believe. It is
scarcely doubtful that the church was dedicated both to St. Peter
and St. Paulf, though the honour of patronhood is now ex-
clusively enjoyed by the former. Here we must pause for the
moment, reserving any further observations on the building to
the appropriate occasion.

The deed which Baldwin had executed in 1146 was confirmed
eleven years later by his son. Soon, we are not surprised to
learn, a dispute arose between the Canons of Tiverton and the
Prior and Monks of St. James respecting the church. In accord-

* Another relic, though there is naturally more doubt on this point, is
the window at the east end of the South Aisle, which is believed to be
one of the original windows of that aisle, the others having been re-
moved at the time of the enlargement by Greenway.

t This is vouched for by Willis, in his " Notitia Parliamentaria," and
by Risdon, in his '• Survey of Devon." Moreover, by the will of David
Ap Thomas, alias David Phelip, alias John Weyber, bearing date the 1st of
June, 1518, the reversion of certain lands was granted to John Provrse
and John Rewe, Churchwardens of the Parish Church of Saint Peter and
Paul at Tiverton, for certain objects therein mentioned.

22 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

ance with the original grant the monks claimed the whole
benefice,but the Canons seem to have been in no hurry to quit. To
allay the disturbance Earl Eichard ("for this was the name of
Baldwin's son) made out a fresh deed, by which he assigned one
half of the parish to the Priory, while the other was to maintain
two clerks for the discharge of ecclesiastical functions on the spot.
It is, however, to be noticed that in making this arrangement
Eichard expressly stipulated that the rights of three persons —
" William, brother of Alexander, formerly dean, William de
Maneleche, and Scwacher, his brother," then in possession of
the last moiety — were not to be disturbed. Here, then, we appear
to have the germ of the peculiar division of Tiverton into four
portions. As is evident from this instance, the decrees of
the House of Redvers were by no means as the laws of the Medes
and Persians, which could never be broken. These great nobles,
it is clear, had a receptive mind, a heart susceptible to appeal,
and an eye to wink at trifling infractions of their sovereign will.
The probability is, therefore, that as each of the canons above-
mentioned died off, another succeeded to his office, and that in
this way what was intended as only a provisional and temporary
adjustment was perpetuated. By the year 1291 at any rate the
system of four portions or prebends was full bloom, for we find
mention of them in the record of a taxation by Pope Nicholas IV.*
This document also appears to supply the key to the name of at
least one of the prebends, which is there described as the " Porco
Baronis de Clare,' the same individual being called elsewhere
Bogo de Clare. The origin of the name " Prior's Portion " re-
quires no explanation. It evidently refers to the Priory of St.
James. How Tidcombe and Pitt portions came by their names is
not so certain, but the likeliest solution is that suggested by the
analogous case of Clare. They were probably in the first instance
the names of incumbents (quasi ' Tidcombe's portion,' ' Pitt's
portion ') which for some reason, probably from long possession of
their benefices by the particular persons, " caught on." For
whatever cause Pitt Portion took precedence of the others, Clare
being second and Tidcombe third. In the Episcopal Eegister,
July llth, 1347, it is recorded that John Martyn was admitted
by Bishop Grandisson " ad portionem prindpalem in Ecclesia de

* The portion of the inventory referring to Tiverton reads as follows : —

DECANAT' DE TIVERTON.

TAXATIO. DECIMA.

£ s. d. £ s. d.

Porco Robti de Litelbur' in Ecciia de Tiv'ton ... 710 0 14 l£

Porco Rici de Roffa, in eadem ... ... 792 01411

Porco Baronis de Clare, in eadem ... ... 710 0 14 1£

Prior Sci Jacobi juxta Exon, in eadem ••• 4 3 8| 0 8 4£

See Oliver's Monasticon, page 193.

THE MIDDLE AGES 23

Tiverton Atte Pute vulgariter nuncupatam," (Pitt). His successor
was Walter Kobert, the official of the Archdeacon of Exeter,
concerning whom an interesting anecdote has been preserved.
Robert, it appears, had a dispute with one of his neighbours,
followed by litigation which resulted in favour of the parson. By
and bye the good man died and was buried. When they came to
read his last will and testament, they found in it the following
curious clause :

" And whereas a little time ago testator brought an action of
law against Stephen Fouracre, and recovered from him ten marks,
and perhaps went beyond the bounds of moderation, and made
haste to revenge himself in the said action, and because the said
Stephen is a poor man — although he brought a false charge, and
that he did, so God knoweth — nevertheless, as in the fear of God,
I leave him twenty shillings, but then he must give up the
rancour he nourishes towards me in his heart, and keep a decent
tongue in his head for the future, a thing which he has never
been accustomed to do, or, at any rate, seldom."

In the reign of Henry V. an Act was passed for the seizure of
all alien houses which were not conventual, and this, so far as the
Priory of St. James, Exon, was concerned, was the beginning of
the end. Finally, King Henry VI. bestowed the priory and all
its dependencies on King's College, Cambridge, and the Provost
and Fellows enjoyed the privilege of appointing a * perpetual '
curate. In my last chapter I shall show how these curious
settlements were overthrown, and replaced by a more sensible
arrangement, in the nineteenth century. Having given what is
the historical reality with respect to the Tiverton portions, with
just that amount of conjecture which is necessary to piece over
an obvious difficulty, I will now quote the popular explanation
of the affair, which arose through ignorance of the actual facts,
and which at least has the merit of being piquant and amusing.
My authority is Westcote and his words are these :

" It is said, by common tradition, that in the tyme of Hugh. 2nd
Earl of 1 )evon, of the Courtenay's (Edward 3rd) the then incumbent,
on whom he had bestowed the living, being (as it is to be supposed)
of a generous and bountifull disposition, would complain in
generality, and sometimes in the presence of his Lord's Officers,
that the profits of the rectory yielded not a sufficient maintaynance
for one of his place to keepe hospitallitye answerable to his call-
ing. This often spoken, came at length to the Earl, his patron's
eares, who, in convenient time, conferred with his chaplain to that
purpose, telling him that he had heard of his speeches, and con-
sidered thereof, and was purposed to use his best meanes to pro-
cure him a living more proportionable to his minde, at least more
convenient for him if he would resigne that. The incumbent
tickled with these wordes and filled with the hope of higher
promotion, was ready presently to resigne, and the noble Earle (a

24 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

worke worthy his wisdome) divided it (as in these dayes might
with facilitye be done) into foure partes, or quarters. Prior,
Tydcombe, Clare, and Pitt, intending to bestow it on foure divers
men ; and with respect to his old chaplaine, offered him the chiefe,
which he, (perceiving his Lordship's intent, and seeing no other
preferment coming), gratefully accepted ; and thereby was fairely
taught to live by a crowne that could not formerly live by a
pound, and may advise others to be content when they are well.

' Nature's with little pleas'd, enough's a feast :
A sober life but a small charge requires.
But man, the author of his owne unrest,
The more he hath, the more he still desires.'

And this is now held a reasonable competency for three worthy
learned men that supply the places, and the fourth is appropriated
or impropriated to King's College, Cambridge."

Under the year 1200 Dunsford, whom Harding copies, makes
some inaccurate remarks on the extent of the town at that time.
To judge from his description it was then substantially the same
as it is now, with the exception of Westexe. He does not quote
his authority, but in accordance with a not unusual practice on
his part, refers us to a section of part iv., where again we are
exhorted to apply to a certain place in part ii. We do so, but
only to find that we have been sent on a fool's errand. Whoever
may be primarily responsible, and we may be pretty sure that it is
no one who was alive in A.D. 1200, there can be no doubt that
Dunsford has gone astray in the wilderness. Harding's second
volume was published in 1847, two years later than the first, and
in the meantime he had made the striking discoveries that in
1598 i.e. nearly four centuries after the date specified by Dunsford
and his own former self, Tiverton ended with Fore-street, that
G-reenway's Alms-houses stood almost alone, and that in all proba-
bility Gold-street was not built until after the fire of 1612. The
reader will be interested to learn that the lower part of the town,
between the said alms-houses and the Lowman, went, so late as the
year 1662, by the name of ' Germanie.'* It is not easy to account
for this. The best suggestion 1 can offer is that at some early
period in the history of the town a body of Flemish settlers may
have been quartered there, in connection with the woollen manu-
facture. Other districts also have in the progress of time been
re-christened. Fore-street as recently as 1731 was called High-
street, and to the end of the last century Angel-hill bore the
shorter and less ecstatic appellation of Oat-hill. There is, how-
ever, no mystery about either name, the latter being derived from
the oat market, held there, while the former was borrowed from

* ''Apropos of this, it may be observed that, in consequence of a quaint
rivalry between Westexe and the upper part of the town, the former is
vulgarly called " Ireland," and its inhabitants " Irish."

THE MIDDLE AGES 25

the sign of the neighbouring inn. Next, as to Westexe. In the
earliest times it was a separate tything and for many centuries
remained quite distinct from Tiverton proper. It had its own
market, situated according to tradition in Wellbrook (rightly,
Wild-brook). This leads us to speak of Exe-bridge. As we have
already had occasion to remark, primitive Tiverton was unprovided
with this convenience. When the bridge was first built, we have
no means of ascertaining, but it was certainly anterior to the
year 1448, for at that season Bishop Lacy granted an indulgence
of forty days " to the truly contrite, who should contribute to the
rebuilding of Tiverton bridge." In 1568 Walter Tyrrell (no
connexion of William Euf us' assassin) left considerable funds to
be expended " in the buildinge and erectinge, repaireing and
maintayneing, of the bridge in Twyverton, alias Tyverton,
comonly called West Ex Bridge"; and Dunsford is of opinion
that the bridge as restored by Tyrrell's trustees was the identical
structure visible in ] 790. Since then the bridge has on several
occasions been widened, besides undergoing various other alter-
ations, so that the original features have in a large measure
disappeared.

We must now go back to the Lords of the Manor. The last
whom we mentioned was Richard, son of Baldwin de Redvers.
Richard was succeeded by his son Baldwin II., and Baldwin II. by
his brother Richard. As both died without issue, their uncle,
William de Vernon, obtained the inheritance, and then, following
him, came Baldwin III. This, I am aware, is a slight and jejune
account and one which, brief as it is, no grown-up person, and no
child, except as a task, will t-ver commit to memory. Nor is there
need. So far as I can learn, these four reigns were entirely
inglorious and wholly without effect on the destinies of Tiverton,
Now, however, the ladies appear on the scene, and the interest of
the drama revives. Baldwin III . married Amicia, daughter of
Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, his step-father, and on his
death, which occurred in 1245, his widow laid claim to the manor
and lordship of Tiverton as part of her dower. This for the time
was allowed, but some years later proceedings were instituted
which afford striking proof how great was the power wielded in
those days by the Lords of the Manor. Within certain bounds
their sovereignty appears to have been absolute. Thus, in the
case before us, when Amicia was summoned by a quo ivarranto to
prove her title to her possessions, among other privileges she
vindicated her right to view of frank-pledge, assize of bread and
beer, a gallows, a pillory, a weekly market, and three annual fairs.
Let us think for a moment what this means. " View of frank-
pledge " is the right of inspecting the pledge or surety for the
conduct of the freemen, under a system in which every member
of the tything was answerable for the good behaviour of the rest.
" Assize of bread and beer " is the right of assessing the weight

26 THE CHEONICLES OF TWrFOED

or measure and price of those commodities. The terms "gallows "
and " pillory " speak for themselves. In fact, the Countess of
Devon claimed nothing less than the power to hang, draw, and
quarter within her Manor of Twyford. The actual gallows seem
to have been erected at a spot called White-down on the road to
Cullompton. Lastly, the words " market" and " fairs " represent
the tolls which were levied on those who wished to traffic in them,
and which formed part of the manorial revenue. The value of
these privileges was estimated at sixty marks, but the statement
conveys very little to our minds. A mark is equal to 13s. 4d.
of our present money, but 13s. 4d. then went considerably further
than it does now, or Amicia would have been poor indeed.
Whatever the property may have been, it was secured to her during
her life-time, and after her decease it was to descend to her grand-
daughter Isabella, Countess of Albemarle.

It is usually stated that Isabella, Countess of Devon, about the
year 1250, made two gifts to the town — the Town Lake and
Elmore. Harding, however, in his second volume maintains that
Amicia was the donor. His arguments are not convincing, but
the evidence for Isabella being the benefactress rests on a very
slender foundation — in fact, on tradition. The only existing
document which bears on the subject is the copy of an attes-
tation in the Court of Chancery by John Deyman, Gentleman,
dated 1624, in which it is stated : " The Earl of Devon (with the
consent of Madam Alson de Eos and Symon her sonne, then Earl
of Westmorland) long since (aboute the tyme of King Edward
1st) gave a certaine Siverett or Brooke, commonlie called the
Town Lake, to remaine to the use of the Inhabitants of the
Towne of Tiverton for ever. ..." Blundell identifies this Madam
Alson with Isabella de Fortibus, but even if they were the same
person, which is sufficiently doubtful, the gift is attributed to an
Earl of Devon Can Hugh de Courtenay be meant ? Anyhow, if
we are to place any reliance on this attestation, it disposes of
Madam Alson and, with her, of Isabella de Fortibus, so far as the
Town Lake is concerned, not, however, as regards Elmore. For
in this identical document it is said, "And the same Madam Alson
de R-os gave Elmore unto certaine freeholders of the said Towne
to remayne for a Comon to the use of the poore Inhabitants of
the Towne of Tiverton aforesaid forever." It is added with a
nasty particularity, " the order was that if anie p(er)son did take
awaye anie earth there for his buildinge or other Comoditie, then
he shoulde bringe in soo manye seams of dongue or other good
soyle to fill upp the pitt or pitts againe. And this hath byn the
order tyme out of mynde."

Who, then, was this Madam Alson de Eos, for we must needs
believe that she had an existence? It is highly probable, I think,
that she was the individual who is called Alis de Eoos, and of
whom Pole says in his History of Devon that she held Chettis-

THE MIDDLE AGES 27

combe and West Chevithorne in the time of Henry III. This
explains why the Earl of Devon found it necessary to obtain her
consent in presenting the Town Leat. It flowed through her
property. If we need further confirmation of the theory, it is
available in the words of the attestation, where it is stated " the
water riseth in the lands sometyme the Earle of Devon's called
Buckhayes and Whiddon, and by consent conveyoed (sic) over a
p(ar)cell of the lands sometyme the Inheritance of ye Earle of
Westmorland of the Manor of Chettiscombe." It is singular that
an explanation apparently so simple should not have suggested
itself either to Dunsford or Harding. I shall refer to these
donations, so different in their subsequent history, in the order
in which they are named in the deposition.

The name Whiddon in this document seems to be a provin-
cialized form of White down, otherwise known as Norwood, the
place in question being about five miles from the town. Thence the
stream makes its way to Chettiscombe, where, in accordance with
the original provisions, it is tapped by a pipe two inches in
diameter ; and there is a second diversion which, after passing
Moorhayes and Pinnex Moor, enters El more and falls into the
Lowman just above the Mill-head. The main current reaches
Tiverton by what is termed par excellence Water-lane, which
debouches at the junction of Bampton and Barrington-streets.
The water is then distributed, by means of gutters, over the whole
of the town. Several interesting customs used to be observed in
connection with the Town Lake. The funds for preserving and
purifying the stream were raised by voluntary contributions,
apportioned by a rate made by the water-bailiffs,who were elected
every year at the court of the manor or hundred. These officers
had the power, on a warrant from the magistrates, of summoning
anyone they pleased to attend personally or by deputy for the
object of cleansing or repairing the water course, and removing
obstructions. Here is a specimen of the form used :
Mr. Roger Pitt

BY Virtue of an Authority for that purpose we do here-
by give you Notice to attend with proper Tools
and Materials at the Village of Chettiscombe
within the Town or Parish of Tiverton aforesaid at Six

o'clock in the morning, on Friday next to

proceed under the Direction of the Water Bailiff, or one
of them, to repair, imbank, Amend, Cleanse, and scour,
during the continuance of that Day, the Ancient and
public Water Course, Lake, and Stream of Water,
which runneth from NORWOOD COMMON, through Chet-
tiscombe, within the said Parish of Tiverton, into and
through the streets of the Town of Tiverton aforesaid.
Herein fail not. Dated the ninth day of December 1799.
John Osmond \ -nr t -a -TJV

Richard Skiver \ Water Bailiffs.

28 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOKD

The victims were generally those who had neglected to pay their
quota, and failure to attend was punished as a misdemeanour.
Every five or six years there is a solemn (?) perambulation. When
this ceremony was instituted, there is no evidence to show, but it
is probably very ancient, as it has certainly been very useful.
Constant attempts have been made by farmers occupying adjacent
lands to utilise the stream for purposes of irrigation, and but for
this precaution the Town Lake might have shared the fate of
Elmore and been wholly lost to the inhabitants. From the
foundation of the Charity School in 1713 to its abolition in 1877,
the Blue-coat boys (so called from their distinctive and very
peculiar dress) formed an integral part of the procession. In the
latter year, which it was thought would witness the death of this
interesting and time-honoured custom,* the official order was as
follows : — Four pioneers carrying a hatchet, a spade, a pick-axe,
and a saw ; the bailiff of the hundred, with his staff ; charity boys
carrying white wands with which to beat the stream ; the water
bailiff ; the band of the Rifle Volunteers; the steward of the Lord
of the Manor ; the borough surveyor ; the street contractors ; the
inspector of police ; the town crier ; the policemen ; the members
of the Town Council ; and the inhabitants of the borough. Many

* On account of the completion of the Water-works. Since writing the
above I have made the following discovery as to the manner in which
the perambulation was conducted more than a hundred years before.

In a small manuscript book formerly in the possession of Mr. James
Mills (and bearing- on the fly-leaf the inscription " Matthew Talley,
1775 ") a record is given of a Town Leat Perambulation on September
1st, 1774, as copied from the Court Leet books in the custody of Mr.
Henry Atkins, the then Steward of the Manor of Tivertou. The record
is as follows ; —

" A procession and survey of the ancient rivulet, watercourse, or town
lake, running from a spring rising- near an ash pollard in, and at the
head of a certain common called Norwood Common, within the said
Hundred, Manor, and Borough to Coggan's Well, near the Market Cross,
in the town of Tiverton aforesaid, belonging to the inhabitants of, and
others his Majesty's liege subjects, living, sojourning, and residing in the
town of Tiverton aforesaid, for their sole use and benefit, was made and
taken by Mr. Martin Dunsford (Portreeve), Henry Atkins, Esq.,
(Steward), Thomas Warren and Philip Davey (water bailiffs), and the
Rev. Mr. William Wood, Mr. Beavis Wood. Mr. George Cruwys, Mr.
William Sanders, Mr. William Jenkins, Mr. Perry Dicken, Mr. George
Dunsford, Mr. Bernard Besley, Mr. Francis Besley, Mr. Henry Burgess,
M r. George James, Mr. George Snell, Mr. Hugh Sweetland, Mr. John
Weech,jun., Mr. Samuel Burgess, Mr. Robert Bryant, Mr. Abraham
Mills, Mr. Thomas Gill, Mr. George Wood, and Mr. Matthew Talley, and
divers other persons, free suitors, tenants, and inhabitants of the said town
parish, and hundred of Tiverton, by the order of the honourable Sir
Thomas Carew, Baronet, Dame Elizabeth Carew, and Edward Colman,
Esq., Lords of the Hundred, Manor, and Borough aforesaid, the first day
of September in the y^ar of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and
seventy-four. The Portreeve and Free Suitors having adjourned the
Court Baron, which was this day held, proceeded from the Court or

THE MIDDLE AGES 29

of the latter declined to be included in the procession, preferring
(for reasons which will shortly appear) the part of spectators.
The meeting-place was the Town Hall and the party first pro-
ceeded to what was once Coggan's Well, in which sacred but
vulgarly christened spot the tutelar divinity of Tiverton must be
supposed to reside. Here the following proclamation was read :
" 0 Yes ! O Yes ! ! 0 Yes ! ! ! I do hereby proclaim and give
notice that under and by virtue of all wills, gifts, Acts of Parlia-
ment, rights by prescription and all other powers and rights, on
behalf of this town and parish the Town Council publicly claim
this stream of water for ever, for the sole use and benefit, and as
the right of the inhabitants of the town of Tiverton, from the
well called Coggan's Well to the head of the stream on Norwood
Common. God save the Queen!"

After this the " fun " began. First one, then another of the
perambulating crowd was pushed or tripped into the stream, the
sufferers accepting their punishment good-humouredly, while the
by-standers laughed heartily. Proper respect was of course paid
to officials, and in connexion with this celebration neither Mayor,
alderman, nor councillor was involuntarily immersed. It was not
always so, and old inhabitants, whose memory went back to the

Church House in the following order : — The Bailiff of the Hundred with
his staff and a basket of cakes ; the children of the Charity School, and
other poor boys two and two ; the two water bailiffs with white staves ;
music ; Freeholders and Free Suitors two and two ; the Steward ; the
Portreeve with his staff ; other gentlemen of the town, &c., who attended
the Portreeve on this occasion ; the Common Cryer of the Hundred,
Manor, and Borough aforesaid, as assistant to the Bailiff of the Hundred
with his staff. In this manner they proceeded at first to the Market
Cross, and there at Coggan's Well the Cryer with his staff in the well,
made the following proclamation in the usual and ancient form. — ' O
Yez ! 0 Yez ! ! O Yez ! ! ! I do hereby proclaim and give notice, that by
order of the Lords of this Hundred. Manor, and Borough of Tiverton, and
on behalf on the inhabitants of this town and parish, the Portreeve and
other officers of this Hundred, Manor, and Borough, and other the
inhabitants now here assembled, publicly proclaim this stream of water,
for the sole use and benefit of the inhabitants of the town of Tiverton,
and other his Majesty's liege subjects there being and sojourning, from
the Market Cross in Tiverton to Norwood Common.' They then pro-
ceeded in the same order, through the Bask Lane, in every part as it ran
by and through the ancient path of the water bailiff's time out of mind,
and made the like proclamation at the following places: — At the Great
Shute, at the Townsend, and head of Bampton-street ; atGuddle Linhay;
at Chettiscombe Bridge ; at a meadow near Aller's House ; at the first
field belonging to Hone Estate ; at Passmore's Hayes ; at Norwood
Common near an ash pollard where the spring on Town Lake arises.
The Portreeve and free suitors and others that attended them in their
way noted every diversion and nuisance that seemed to affect the Lake,
and afterwards returned to Tiverton and dined at the Vine Tavern,
where they gave the following charity children, and other poor boys
that attended them twopence a-piece." [Here follow the names of 39
boys].

30 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYEORD

year when they " ducked " the Mayor, were heard to lament the
degeneracy of the age, and even went so far as to urge a
revolutionary attack on the authorities ; a piece of advice which
the assembly had the good sense to disregard. Similar scenes
were enacted all along the route to Norwood Common, the numer-
ous bridges, stepping-stones, and turnings affording excellent
opportunities for " ducking " the bolder or more unwary members
of the throng. At various intervals the proclamation was read
by the Town Crier, and the day's proceedings wound up with a
dinner at the Palmerston Hotel. Previous to the Municipal
Reform Act of 1835 the portreeve took the place of the Mayor,
but, apart from the official element,it is probable that the account
which has been just given represents fairly enough the character
of the celebration (technically known as " water-baileying "), as it
has been handed down from generation to generation. The
traditional account of the donation has been worked up in a
poetical form, as under. The verses are, I should say, the work
of a lady.

A BALLAD.

A lady sat in stateliness, in her baronial hall,
Nor marked the golden sunshine fall upon the tapestried wall ;
She heeded not the shades that crept in at the Gothic door,
.Nor mullioned casement's softened light, cast on the oaken floor.

E'en when the fading evening waned into twilight dim,
She summoned not her serving-maids, the silver lamp to trim, •
But musing sat — for on that day her gray-haired seneschal
Had given her the yearly roll of her possessions all.

And she had seen how everywhere, north, south, and east.and west,
With produce all her vast estates had bounteously been blest ;
And full of gratitude to Him who gives increase and store,
The lady in her thankfulness ponder'd her blessings o'er.

" Out on the gratitude,1' she cried, " that spends itself in words,
Let me give of my worldly goods ; my crops, my flocks, and herds I "
" But yet such benefits,' she thought, " will soon be spent and gone,
Many not half so blest as I more for the Lord have done."

. " God's blessings we should imitate, they last for evermore,
Cannot I give some temporal good, for ever to God's poor ?
Where have I most been favoured, and where presseth need the most ?
God's benefits are without bound, and shall I count the cost ? "

Countess of Westmoreland, she passed that northern county o'er,
Her barony of Skipton too, and each bleak Yorkshire moor,
Nought in her sunny Isle of Wight bespoke her mission there ;
She turned, Countess of Devon, to her westward manors fair.

There, where the dark red-sandstone blends with rich emerald green ;
There, where the lofty hedge-rows hide lane and all between ;
There, where tall trees o'ershadow rich crops and lowing kine ;
She cried, "God's choicest blessing, Fair Devon ! sure is thine ! "

THE MIDDLE AGES 31

She saw that in the ancient burgh, or town, of Twyfordtown,
Built on a hill, 'twixt rivers twain, of water there was none;
It mattered little to the rich, for them deep wells were sank,
But the poor toiled down the weary hill for each drop that they drank.

The lady paused and pondered long — " Here I can help the poor,
And pour a crystal streamlet past each humble cottage door ;
Just five miles off, in good Buckhayes, there riseth strong and clear
A spring, the half of which will give water for ever here ! "

Then she commanded that one half of that fair rivulet
Be brought through Chettiscombe estate, without hindrance or let,
And on, at her sole cost and charge, a water course was made
Those five long miles to Twyfordtown, and there her hand was stayed.

Though years have passed, and much is changed, the streamlet still

runs on,

Though Twyfordtown has merged and sunk its name in Tiverton,
Down through each street that lady's gift still pours its silver tide,
And the townsfolk bless her memory, as they watch it onward glide.

I now turn to the other branch of our enquiry.

Great obscurity surrounds the history of Elmore Common. It
is possible, as has been suggested, that Madam Alson de Ros did
not give the lands, but only the proceeds. In any case the
common was gradually enclosed. At some time — probably on the
execution of Henry, Marquis of Exeter, and the confiscation of his
property, 1538— the lands passed to the Crown. On an appeal
being made to the Government to restore to the poor the use of
Elmore Common, the Crown in 1693 granted a lease to the Mayor
and Burgesses of Tiverton for 99 years at the yearly rent of 20s.
on condition that the whole of the 150 acres were redeemed. This
was found to be impossible. After great efforts only 30 acres
were redeemed, which were leased to a number of persons for the
benefit of the poor. In the meantime we find that certain
closes, plots, and quillets, notably Elmore Park and Elmore
Meadow, were the subject of transactions between private
individuals, being bought and sold in the open market. The
lease granted by William and Mary expired in 1792 and another
bearing date 10th December, 1806, was granted by the Crown to
the Mayor and Burgesses of Tiverton, their successors and
assigns, for 31 years, from the 10th October, 1803, at 20s per
annum, for the benefit of the poor of the town and parish of
Tiverton not receiving parish relief. The lands had now dwindled
from 30 acres to 17a. 3r. 27p., a difference which has not been
accounted for, but which, it seems, must be set down to careless
or interested administration. This may be inferred from what
happened after the renewal of the lease. All the lands were let
by auction under the direction of the Corporation, except a few
small parcels which were let from year to year. So far as is
known, no rent was ever paid to the Corporation for some of the

32 THE CHEONICLES OF TWFFOED

gardens and orchards last mentioned, " and " says Harding, " they
are claimed by their present possessors as their own property."
The truth seems to be that these losses were due to an abuse
called " pepper-corn rents " The members of the old Corporation
agreed among themselves that certain of their body should occupy
lands rent-free on the understanding that they should be returned
to the burgesses in an improved condition, but, instead of this
being the case, the occupiers by prescription acquired a title to
them.

The amount of rent which was produced annually by the lands
not so absorbed was .£49 14s., subject to deductions (about
£5 8s. 5d. yearly) for land-tax, poor-rates, and church-rates, which
were paid by the Corporation. The mode of distribution was as
follows : — The members of the Corporation met on St. John's
Day. After the various sums had been added together the
amount was divided into as many portions as there were corpor-
ators present. Each was informed of the sum thus placed at his
disposal and he was instructed to distribute it to four poor persons
of the town or parish, who were not in receipt of parochial relief.
After the distribution each corporator handed to the Town Clerk
a list of the persons to whom the money had been paid. On the
expiration of the lease in 1834 the Corporation presented a
memorial to the Commissioners of Woods and Forests for a
renewal of it. This was refused, and the order was given " to sell
by public auction the residue of Elmore lands, and the produce
thereof to be invested for the benefit of the poor of Tiverton
parish, which consisted of the parcels of meadow, pasture and arable
lands and gardens before specified."

Eesearches into the history of Elmore Common have brought
to light an interesting fact. In various old deeds reference is
made to a field at the foot of Exeter Hill, which had a tree in the
centre. This field was called " The Butt " and the tree was used
as a target for arrows. Again, in the list of Elmore lands which
are included in the Crown lease of 1 806 we find mentioned a
close of land called a " field to Butt" (otherwise, Gilbert's close),
obviously in allusion to the same practice. As I have not been
able to lay hands on any local documents illustrative of the
point, I must content myself with supplying general information.
First, however, let me cite some memoranda discovered in 1799
by the Hector of Dartington, near Totnes. They appear to have
belonged to some churchwarden's accounts, but where he found
them was in an old chest, which had stood for many years in an
ale-house.

" 1557. Item, payd to Eichard Mowntegew, for a sword for
the warys, ijs. viijd"

" 1568. Item, pd. for iij. Calyvers & a\v. Pikes, vis."

" 1572. Item, pd. to John Twegges for iiij. cases of Arrows
iJB, iiijd"

THE MIDDLE AGES. 33

" 1583. Item, pd, to the constable to the treynyng of the
soldiers at Whitsintud, vijs. viijd.

" 1600. A sword, with a basket hilt, girdles, hangings, and
bandelers,"

In the olden times every man was a soldier. By the great
statute of Winchester (13 Edw. I. cap. 6), which was repeated
and expanded on many subsequent occasions, it was enacted
" That every man shall have harness in his house ; that every man
between 15 years and 60 shall be assessed to armour according to
the quantity of his lands and goods, that is, to wit, for fifteen
pounds lands and forty marks goods a hauberke, a helmet of iron,
a sword and a dagger. All others that may, shall have bows and
arrows." By the same statute of Winchester it was enacted that
constables should be appointed, two to every hundred in England,to
see that every man was properly armed. The bow soon became
the peculiar weapon of the English. As archery developed,
regular practice was ordered and shooting became at once the
drill and amusement of the people. Every village had its pair of
butts ; and magistrates, mayors, and bailiffs were required, under a
fine of twenty shillings for each neglect of duty, to see that all
able-bodied men appeared in the field on Sundays and holy-days
to shoot at the mark as " valyant Englishmen ought to do " (12
Richard II., cap. 6). It is a fact worthy of notice that when, as
in the early days of Henry VIII., these manly sports were grow-
ing into disfavour, the hardy character of the people sensibly
degenerated When Lord Surrey was expecting the Duke of
Albany to invade the northern borders in 1523, he complained
in bitterness of heart of the " growing slowness " of the young
men and of their preference for " dicing, dancing, and carding."
But Henry re-enacted the Winchester statute with new and
stringent provisions. In the preamble of the Act he " called to
his gracious remembrance " how through their skill in archery,
his subjects had " in times heretofore past reduced divers regions
and countries to their due obeisance, to the honour of the realm
and the terror of strange nations." Wherefore he commanded
that every man under 60 years of age except justices, spiritual
persons, &c. should " have a bow continually in his house to use
himself in shooting " and that they " should learn and bring up
their children in the same."

So much for military matters. As to police, in 1294 a
constable and six " able " assistants were appointed to serve as a
watch. Their duty was to patrol the streets from Ascension-
day to Michaelmas. They were to see that the water was kept
running, and, in case of fire, they were to ring the market-bell.
Lastly, if they met with any strayed revellers or disorderly
persons in the course of their peregrinations, they were to arrest
them. This was continued till 1802. Other items which may
perhaps be inserted are the following :

34 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFORD

" In the Episcopate of Bishop Brantyngham, at an ordination
celebrated in Tiverton Church by William Courtenay, Bishop of
Hereford, on the 8th June, 1370, there were ordained 374 persons,
of whom 163 received the first tonsure; 120 were ordained
Acolyths ; 30 Subdeacons ; 31 Deacons ; and 30 Priests."

" On the 6th September, 1413, Bishop Stafford addressed a
letter to Walter Robert, in which he observed that with the
exception of the chancel, the parishioners of Tiverton were
bound to keep the rest of the Church in repair and see that the
churchyard was properly fenced in ; and yet they had been
grossly neglectful in these points. He commissioned him to call
a meeting of the parishioners, and to take information of what
required repair, and to signify to them that they must even re-
build their church, should this be found necessary."

" On the 23rd August, 1419, Bishop Stafford issued a commission
to reconcile the church-yard, which had been polluted by the
effusion of human blood, in a recent affray between Matthew
Row and John Barnstaple. A similar occurrence took place, as
we discover in Bishop Lacy's commission of 5th November, 1450,
between John Tydecombe and Michael Chaundler, on 30th October
of that year."

Hugh Courtenay, second Earl of Devon of that name, is commonly
supposed to have founded a chapel situated on the north of St.
Peter's, and here in 1419 his grandson and successor was buried.
Risdon, in his "View of Devonshire " (1630) thus refers to the
subject : In the Churchyard is a chapel built by the Earls of this
County, and appropriated to their burials (now demolished) under
which Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon, and his Countess were
interred, having their effigies of alabaster sometime sumptuously
gilded ; and was about 40 years ago to be seen, and which, it
lamenteth me to write, time hath not so much defaced as men
have mangled that magnificent monument, which had this written
thereon, as some have seen :

" Hoe ! Hoe I who lyes here ?

Tis I, the good Erie of Devonshire,

With Kate, my wife, to me full dere,

We lived together fifty-five yere.

That wee spent, wee had

That we gave, wee have ;

That wee left, wee loste."

This will form a fit introduction to the description of a splendid
funeral pageant which took place about a hundred years later.
As I prefer not to mar this account by attempting a paraphrase
of my own, I give it nearly in the words of the old historian :

" On Friday, the 15th of November, at eight o'clock in the even-
ing, the Princess Catherine, youngest daughter of King Edward
IV. and widow of William Courtenay, Earl of Devon and Lord of

THE MIDDLE AGES 35

this Manor, died in the Castle of Tiverton. Her body being em-
balmed, leaded and chested, it was conveyed from thence to the
chapel and placed within a bar, covered with a pall of black velvet
on which was a cross of white satin, and upon that another pall
of cloth of gold, with a cross of silver tissue thereon, ornamented
with six escutcheons of her arms. There it was attended day and
night, with great funeral pomp, till Monday, the 2nd of Decem-
ber, when, with a formal procession, it was brought to St. Peter's
Church, under a canopy of velvet borne by six esquires ; at each
corner whereof a banner of saints was carried by as many
esquires, viz. of the Trinity, Our Lady, St. Edward, and St.
Catherine, the bearers all in black gowns and hoods, and eight
bannerets were carried by eight gentlemen, four on one side and four
on the other. The chief mourner was the Lady Carew, assisted
by Sir Peter Edgcombe ; her train was held up by one lady,
followed by six others.

"The corpse was received into the church by the Abbot of
Montague (Montacute), attended by the Abbots of Torbay and
Ford, who sprinkled it with holy water. Many others of high
ecclesiastical rank also attended ; who, with the abbots and 100
gentlemen, had preceded the corpse in the procession, two and
two, according to their rank, next after the holy cross. The
corpse was placed under a hearse covered by a rich pall of cloth of
gold and tissue ; upon it a cross of silver, with two branches of
virgin wax ; after which a dirge was sung, and the funeral cere-
monies performed ; when the company returned to the castle, in
like solemn procession, according to their rank, to partake of the
refreshments provided, leaving attendants on the body, lying in
state under the hearse in the chapel, who remained there the
whole night.

" The next day, at seven in the morning, Tuesday, the 3rd of
December, the company being come again into the church, in
like solemn procession, the mass of the Requiem was sung and the
offerings performed, when Dr. Sarsley preached from the words
; Manus Domini tetigit me ' (the hand of the Lord bath touched
me). Before the mass of the Eequiem, the mass of Our Lady was
sung by the Abbot of Torbay, and his assistants ; and the mass
of the Trinity was sung by the Abbot of Ford, and his assistants.
The Abbot of Montague acted as principal on this ocsasion, by
whom the mass of Requiem was sung, in which he was assisted
by the most eminent choristers from Exeter, and other places
adjoining ; also from every part of the country round about
Tiverton. Offerings were made on this solemn occasion by all
persons present, in regular relation, according to their rank and
stations, beginning with the chief mourner who offered 6s. 8d.
The knights and gentlemen, the mayor and aldermen of Kxeter,
the yeomen and other attendants, made their offerings in pro-
portion. Which done, and divine service being ended, the body

36 THE CHRONICLES OF TWfFORD

was let down into a vault under the hearse, in a chapel, on the
east side of the north door of the church ; at which time her
officers broke their staves. The Lord Suffragan, with all the
other abbots and prelates in their pontificals, having performed the
office of burial, went into the castle where they had a splendid
entertainment. This was a second dinner which is described to
have been very magnificent and profuse ; a provision for 500
persons,' and a dole of 100 marks, divided to 8000 poor people,
two-pence to each, to pray for the soul of the deceased.

" Jn memory of which noble Princess, Henry Courtenay, Earl of
Devon, and Marquis of Exon, her only son, caused a tomb, with
her image thereon, to be erected on the south side of the altar, in
the said chapel ; in which were several other tombs and statues of
the earls of Devon, their countesses and children ; a stately altar,
and other curious ornaments : all of which were demolished at
different times (as supposed) by the indiscriminate zeal of the
reformers, in the reigns of King Edward VI. and Queen
Elizabeth."

The Courtenays used to reside at Okehampton in the summer
and at Tiverton in the winter. About the middle of the sixteenth
century, the Manor became broken up into a great many fractions,
and the lordship, if we may use such a phrase, was put into com-
mission. The first lord was Eoger Giffard, the owner of the
Castle, which was named after him " Giffard' s Court." Blundell
in his " Memoirs " gives this interesting notice of him :

" The Castle of Tiverton aforesaid was afterwards purchased by
Roger Giffard, Esq. ; who was a Gentleman of elegant Form and
comly Presence of Person ; but of much better Accomplishments
and Endowments of mind. Here he settled himself and Family,
and from his Habitation therein, it came to be called Giffard's
Court. He had successively three Wives, and all rich Widows,
which greatly increased his Estate ; but he had no issue by the
two former : Only by his last, E-ichord, Daughter of John Prouz,
of Tiverton, he had Issue George, who had Issue Roger, whose
daughter by her Marriage brought Tiverton Castle to her Husband,
Robert Burgoin, Esq. : who had two sons Robert and William,
who sold their Rights to the said Castle to Peter West, Esq. :
whose Seat it now is ; a very Worthy and Loyal Gentleman, who
has had the Honour to serve his Queen and Country in the
Station of High-Sheriff, for the County of Dev.on."

The present Lord of the Manor is Sir Walter Carew, of
Haccombe. whose family have enjoyed the title since the year
1727. Most persons, however, will be more interested in the
fortunes of the younger branch of the Carews, who have been
settled at Bickleigh since the sixteenth century, and whose con-
nection with Tiverton has been far more intimate. The founder
of the line was Thomas Carew, who was a splendid specimen of
English manhood, and whose gallant deeds well deserve to be

THE MIDDLE AGES 37

commemorated. Thomas Carew, as we learn from Prince, was
born at Mohuns Ottery, and was the second son of Sir Edmund
Burovv Carew and his wife Catharine, daughter of Sir William
Huddesfeild, Kt As to the date of his birth Prince is silent,
nor can he inform us where or when this old-world hero died.
Pole, whom Prince copies, says, " Humfrey Courtenay, a younger
sonne of Sir Philip, dwelled at Bickleigh and left it unto
Elizabeth liis daughter, whom Thomas Carew 2 sonne of Sir

Edmund Carew, did marrye. This Thomas spent his

tymes in the warres, and over lived his wief, which had bestowed
0:1 him all her estate, and had by her issue, a son and a
daughter."

Prince has two anecdotes about Thomas Carew, both of which
are worthy of insertion here. " The Scots " he remarks " tak-
ing the advantage of King Hen. Sth's absence in France,
invaded England, against whom Thomas Earl of Surry (whom
the King had made bis lieutenant in the north of his departure)
raised a potent army of five and twenty thousand men ; unto
whom, his son, the Lord Howard, Lord Admiral of England,
having the King's navy at sea, brought a great supply of good
Soldiers, well appointed for the war ; among whom was this Mr.
Thomas Carew. The Earl marched his army from Newcastle,
and pitched his boast beside a little town under Flodden Hill, a
mountain lying in the North of Northumberland, on the borders
of Scotland, betwixt the rivers of Till and Tweed ; on the top
whereof K. Jam. 4, with his Scottish forces, well near an
hundred thousand men, lay so strongly encamped, that 'twas
impossible to come near them without great disadvantage. Hefore
the battle began, a valorous Scottish knight made a challenge to
any English gentleman, to fight with him for the honour of his
country ; I suppose 'twas the same, who by Mr. Speed is called
Andrew Barton ; unto whom he tells us the Lord Admiral sent
word he would in person justify his action against him and abide
to the last drop of blood in the van gard of the field. Mr.
Carew begged the favour of the Admiral, that he might be ad-
mitted to the honour of answering the challenge It was granted
him ; they both met in the place appointed ; where to his high
commendation and great endearment with the Lord Admiral
ever after, Mr. Carew got the victory." Prince relates also the
following story. " After the battel (of Flodden) was over my
Lord , Admiral) taking Mr. Carew in company with him as he rode
forth upon service, deserved a band of Scots coming towards
them. The Admiral, at a very strait narrow passage of a bridg,
was in danger to be entrapped and taken : to prevent which, Mr.
Carew instantly entreated him to exchange his armour and
martial attire with him, that by such means, if need were, he
might make the easier escape ; to which the Admiral well con-
sidering of soon consented to. The enemy coming on to this

38 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

narrow passage, Mr. Carew, in his rich habit, well mounted,
crossed the bridg with his horse ; and for a time so valiantly
defended the same, that no man could pass ; that way gaining
time, the numbers between them being very unequal, for the
Lord Admiral's escape. However, Mr. Carew himself was at last
taken prisoner."

We have now to touch on what may be to some a less inter-
esting subject, though for many generations it was incomparably
more important than anything connected with the Lords of the
Manor — the woollen trade of Tiverton. It would appear that
until the reign of Edward JII. the manufacture of wool, so far as
England was concerned, was an unknown art That wise and
politic monarch, in spite of the frequent wars in which he was
engaged, well knew the value of commerce, and either at his
invitation or at any rate with his full and free consent, John
Kemp, a Flanders cloth-worker, settled in Kendal Green, West-
morland. Others of same craft established themselves in Bristol,
one of whom attained to so much celebrity that King Edward, it
is said, gave him the name of Webb. Another centre of the
industry was Taunton, from which the woollen manufacture may
have been introduced into Tiverton. This, of course, is only con-
jecture, but the reader will do well to recollect in this connection
the remarks which we made earlier in the chapter concerning
" Germanie." So much enthusiasm was manifested for the
pursuit in the reign of Edward III. that it may be worth while to
quote what Stowe in his Annals (p. 233) has told us of ifc " In
the same Parliament," he says, " 10 Edward III. A.D. 1336 (feast
of Epiphanie) it was enacted, that no wool growing within the
realm of England, should be transposed out of the same, but that
it should be made into cloth in England, and that all Fullers,
Weavers, and Cloath workers of everie degree, being sufficiently
instructed, and cunning in their arte, from whatever country
soever they come into England, shall receive and enjoy certaine
priviledges, yea and moreover should live at the kinges charges
out of the Exchequer, until they hud provided commodiously to
live by their art. Although this statute seemed at the beginning
to be nothing profitable, yet in short times the art of Clothing
increased so much thereby, that it was 20 times more used than
before."

Whatever, locally, may have been the beginnings of the woollen
trade, in the early part of the sixteenth century (the period at
which we obtain out' first glimpse of it) the manufacture had
taken firm root in the town. The chief commodities were baize,
plain cloth, and kerseys, and the enterprise of the merchants of
Tiverton led them to form connexions, out, of the British Isles, in
Spain and Ireland. In this way some of the class arrived at
great opulence, and, in particular, the wealth of John Greenway
appeared to the inhabitants so fabulous that they could not

THE MIDDLE AGES

39

account for it in an ordinary way, but ascribed it superstitiously
to dream and treasure-trove. Greenway is called by Blundell a
" Spanish Merchant." He adds:—" He waa of very mean
parentage, yet by the blessing of God and a diligent hand, he
grew vastly rich. ' His particular employment at last was buying
wool in Ireland and transporting it into England, which returned
him a vast increase. A considerable part thereof, if not the whole,
he laid out in works of piety and charity." In what these works
consisted, I shall state presently.

The charitable bequests and public donations of Tiverton form
so extensive a list that I cannot in the present work hope to
describe a tithe of them. In Harding's supplementary volume we
are treated to a discussion respecting them which occupies no less
than two hundred and eighty pages ; and to this ample account I
refer those of my readers who are desirous of fuller information
than I can give. It would, however, be inexcusable were I com-
pletely to ignore the charities, especially those which have been
rendered visible to the eye in the form of buildings and exist as
local features at the present day. The Town Lake and Elmore
form a class apart both on account of their antiquity and peculiar
characteristics. I have therefore assigned to them an inde-
pendent notice. Possibly, however, I should have mentioned in
conjunction with them the gift of the market tolls by Hugh
Courtenay, second Earl, in the reign of Edward III. Like
Elmore, this donation was lost to the inhabitants for a time, but
was eventually restored to them.

First, then, as to the Greenway benefaction. John Greenway
died in 15^9, and by his will dated August 6, 21 Henry VIII.,
founded an almshouse in Gold-street, " for the habitation of five
poor men, to have there continual abideing and habitation in the
same, every one of them to have in the house a siverall house and
chamber by himself, and everyone of them to have weekly every
week in the yere and yerely and weekly for ever, eight pence of
good and lawfull money of England, to pray dayley for me the
said John Greenway, Johannah my wife, and for all Christian
people." His directions were that choice should be made of
" such persons as be impotent and aged, not able to serve and
get their livinge, and have not wherewith to find themselves
meat, drinke and cloths," On a vacancy arising the Church-
wardens were charged witb the duty of selecting a candidate
from the .inhabitants of Tiverton, or if there were none
suitable, from the adjoining parishes : and for the support of
the institution (ireenway bequeathed a considerable property
in lands and tenements. At the dissolution of religious houses
in the time of Henry VIII. the Commissioners drew up a report
which, being a curiosity in its way, I reproduce verbatim et
literatim :

40 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOKD

II s

" The yerelye value of all the landes and possessions belong-
ing or appertayning to the sayd Almeshouse called
Greenway's Almeshouse, as by particular bookes thereof
made more playnly appearythe . . . . . . xij xv

" For the almes of the sayd v poor men in II s. d.
redye money at viii^. apiece evrye weyke,
yn the hole, by the yere, . . - - viij xiij iiij

" For rente resolute yearly going owt of
the sayd lands as well as to the Kings High-
nes, xxiijs. id., as to the Bay lyff of the
hundred there xijd. in all by the yere, . . xxiiij j

" For the keeping of one obyt yerelye . . iiij

" For ye mayntenance of a lampe in the
Churche of Tivrton, . . . . v

" For the rewarde of the Wardens Collec-
tors of the sayd lands, according to ye
tenor of ye foundation aforesaid, . . xx

X] VI V

And so remayn clere to be used w* owt condition expressyd, xxix v

" The value of the ornaments, Jewells, plate, goods, and chattals
belonging or appertaining to the sayd Almshouse, as by particulare
inventorys thereof made at large more playnlye shall appere."

" xlijs. over and besyds a table of alabaster and one bell
hanging in the west ende of the Chapel of the sayd almshouse."

After the fire of 1731 three additional buildings were erected,
and in 1841 ten more. The year following four fresh alms-houses
were built by the Eev. Thomas Carew as a bonus for the exchange
of a farm belonging to the charity for an estate of equal value
elsewhere. Lastly, in 1888, a block, containing eight rooms, was
erected.* The object in this instance was to provide for the
widows of almsmen, who, on the death of their husbands, were
formerly compelled to leave with little beyond parish pay for
their support. Under the existing arrangement they are allowed
to remain in undisturbed possession, while the new-comers who

* This was effected by Messrs. Ellerton and Glendinning, the then
Churchwardens, out of the accumulated income of the Charity. The
conduct of these gentlemen compares favourably with that of two pre-
decessors of theirs. I have in my possession Part I. of " A Complete
List of All the Public Charities in connexion with the Borough and
Parish of Tiverton," published in 1857. In this chronigue scandaleuse it
is said that Mr. John Were and Mr. Somers were in succession elected
Wardens, and that Mr. Were frequently remarked " The Almshouses
cannot be erected, they injure my drying'lofts." The writer adds, " heing
a tanner and a corporator the charity was more useful to procure bark
and hide." As for Mr. Somers, he remarked ''The houses for almsmen
must be erected before I leave office," but his Roman virtue w^-nt no
further than words.

THE MIDDLE AGES 41

would otherwise have ousted them are quartered in the eight
rooms already mentioned. The modern buildings are situated at
the back of the premises and do not call for description. The
older portion, however, must not be passed over without some
allusion to its architecture. We may say at once that it is not,
at least the whole of it is not, the original fabric reared by John
Greenway. The disastrous fire of 1731 played immense havoc
with the Almshouses, which in 1732 were almost entirely re-
built, and a third story was then added. Except for this a
praiseworthy attempt was made to restore the building as much
as possible in its ancient form. Some of the doorways and the
figures of two saints, which had been rescued from the flames,
were again placed in the building. One statue is that of St
Peter, holding the keys of heaven, with the motto underneath
" O, Snt . Pt p for us " ; the other is St. Paul, At the east
end, apparently the original wall, is the figure of St. John the
Evangelist .

The general style of the building is Tudor. The chapel, which
is in a good state of preservation, is 14 feet square and 17 feet
high ; and the entrance is protected by a porch. The cornice,
which is divided into twelve compartments, is ornamented with
quatrefoil, each of which contains a device consisting of Green-
way's arms, staple mark, and cypher; excepting the two last which
bear the Courtenay arms and an eagle on the point of rising from
a bundle of sticks. This emblem is understood to represent the
phcenix. Beneath is inscribed the distich,

Have Grace, ye Men, and ever pray
For the sowl of John & Jone Grenwaye.

The cornice of the porch is occupied by Greenway's staple-
mark, below which the eagle arid bundle of sticks are re-
peated, together with the arms of England and of the Marquis of
Exeter, who was Greenway's great patron. In the side of the
building, under a Gothic niche is the abbreviated injunction :
'; P ffor John and Jone Grw " ; and under the large window of
the chapel is the inscription :

Reste awhile ye that may,
Pray ye for me nyite and daye.

Greenway's excellent example was imitated by John Waldron.
Waldron was a merchant and born in the year 1520. Unlike
Greenway, he seems to have been connected with a distinguished
family— the Walronds of Bradfield, near Uffculme, whose pedigree
dates to the reign of Henry II. Be that as it may, he made a
considerable fortune in trade, and in 1577 assigned part of his
property to various trustees for the benefit of eight poor persons,
who were to receive twelve pence apiece weekly. As to

42 THE CHEONICLES OF

the sort of persons whom Waldron wished to be elected, he
leaves us in no kind of doubt. He declares that if they or any
of them commit some notorious offence or cryme, or be of dissolute
lyfe or dishonest conversation,' they are to be removed and
replaced by others. In accordance with his directions Waldron's
(or Western) Almshouses were erected in Wellbrook. As
Waldron died in 1597 and there is an inscription on the building
dated 1597, it is clear that at least part of it was erected during
the life-time of the founder. The elevation is in style similar to
Greenway's Almshouses, but the building is greatly disfigured by
a plain wooden gallery which extends over the whole of the front.
(This was formerly the case with Greenway's Almshouses, but
there the eye-sore has been removed). On the cornice was the
following inscription :

" John Waldron, merchant, and Kichord, his wife,

Builded this house in the tyme of their life,

At such tyme as the walls were fourtyne foote hye

He departed this world even the eyghtynth of July, (1597),

Since youth and life doth passe awaye
And death at hand to end our dayes ;
Let us do so, that men may saye
We spent our goods God to preys."

On the east wall is a wool-pack, having on it Waldron's staple-
mark and a ship, and underneath is inscribed " Remember the
poor." Over the four doorways in the lower floor may be read,
divided into four parts, this inscription : " Depart thy goods
whyl — thou hast time, after— thy deathe they are not — thyne.
God sav Queen Elizabeth.': On the side of the steps is a
quatrefoil containing in a shield Waldron's staple-mark and the
words " Eemember the poor." As regards size and appearance,
the chapel is not very different from that in Gold-street. The
cornice is composed of twelve parts, each of which bears Waldron's
staple-mark or cypher, and beneath it is carved :

¥ He that uppon the poore doth spende
The goods that he hath heare.
To God agen the same doth send,
And paye the same with great increase."

In front of the porch are the arms of Queen Elizabeth, with the
letters E.R. ; and over the entrance-door of the Chapel are the
founder's arms.

There is a third alms-house in St. Peter-street founded in .1610
by George Slee " for the maintenance of six poor aged widdowes
or maidens, of the Town or parish of Tyverton." The building
is not known to possess any architectural beauty, but whatever
charms it has are effectually concealed by an ugly, if convenient,
wooden gallery.

Before the Eeformation Tiverton, considering its population,

THE MIDDLE AGES

43

was certainly not badly off for places of worship. Apart from
the Parish Church and its chantries there were no less than four
chapels in the town : — that of St. Thomas in Fore-street, on the
site of the Town Hall ; that of St. Andrew on the site of the
former prison ; that of St. Peter, where the Independent Chapel
now stands; and that of St. Mary on Exe-bridge. And within a
short distance of the town were fourteen other chapels and
oratories. Most, if not all of these, have long since disappeared,
or, at any rate, have been converted to different use. With
respect to St. Mary's Chapel we hear of its existence through an
ancient deed executed in 1518 by David ap Thomas alias David
Phelip, by which he left certain property to be expended in
support of the lights and ornaments of the Parish Church and
of the chapel of St. Mary, on Tiverton Bridge, over the river
Exe, and especially for the support and maintenance of the said
bridge, that amongst its benefactors his soul might ever be re-
membered in the bead roll of the said church and chapel. The
subject of bridge-chapels is interesting. Other cases of the kind
are those of London Bridge, Case Bridge, York, Salford, Bedford,
Derby, Eotherham, Wakefield, and the great bridge of Swarkes-
ton. Any one wishing for further particulars respecting them
should consult Mr. Andrew's Old Church Lore.

We have not yet done with John Greenway. He not only
founded an almshouse, but a chapel and porch at St. Peter's, as
well as a considerable part of the south wall. Over the porch
was formerly a sun-dial with the following mottoes : — "Every hour
shortens life." "Nesciunt reverti — pereunt et imputantur." There
also are carved the arms of Courtenay, quartering those of De
Kedvers, impaling the arms of Catherine, Countess of Devon,
youngest daughter of Edward IV. and surmounted by an eagle
perched on a bale of sticks. The supporters are : dexter, a man in
armour, having at his feet what would seem to be intended as a
dragon ; sinister, a female figure. Harding, from whom most of
these heraldic details are borrowed, observes that he is unable to
draw any conclusion as to the meaning of them. At the risk of
appearing rash, I cannot help avowing my belief that they were
designed to represent John and Joan Greenway. The motto is
" In tyme and space, god send Grace John Greenway to prforme
yt yr hate be gone." The frieze over the porch has six compart-
ments. Each is separated from the other by a figure, and in
every compartment is carved some Scripture subject. One seems
to be the conversion of St. Paul, another Christ rebuking the
winds. The whole of the front is embattled, while on the corbel
line is a series of miniature carvings representing the life of Our
Saviour. They occur in the following order : — Flight into Egypt ;
Christ in the Temple among the Doctors ; Baptism of St. John in
the .River Jordan ; Our Saviour's Commission to his Disciples ;
The Washing of Our Saviour's Feet by St. Mary Magdalen ;

44 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOKD

Palm Sunday ; The Washing of the Disciples' Feet ; The Betrayal
of Judas Iscariot ; Our Saviour in the Judgment Hall ; The
Buffeting ; The Clothing of Our Saviour in Mockery ; The
Crowning with Thorns ; Judas carrying away the Thirty Pieces of
Silver ; The Man of Cyrene bearing the Cross ; The Crucifixion ;
The Descent from the Cross ; The Entombment ; The
Deliverance of the Souls in Purgatory ; The .Resurrection ; The
Ascension. Throughout the front the mouldings are adorned
with trade-emblems, interspersed with Greenway's arms, those of
the merchant adventurers and drapers, staple-marks, cyphers,
bales of wool, and galleys. At the east end of the chapel, slightly
raised from the ground and shut in by iron rails are the arms and
devices of Greenway and the Draper's Company. Over them is
the motto " Whilst we think well and think t' amend, time
passeth away and death's the end.''

John Greenway
founded this Chapel A.D. m d x v i i .

Died A.D. mdxxix.*
At the corner of the chapel are inscribed these mottoes :

" God sped J.G."
" Of your charitie pray for the Souls of John Grenway and his

wyfe."

" O Lord allway grant to John Grenway good fotue and grace, and
In heaven a place."

So far the exterior. We now turn to the interior, from which
the sacrilegious hand of the restorer has removed nearly all the
interesting features. The epoch when this vandalism was perpe-
trated was the year 1830, and Greenway's trustees, who were the
authors of the mischief, were so insensible to their guilt that
they put up their names in a niche. This must be regarded as
small compensation for the treasures which the Chapel had con-
tained. It is possible of course that the place was so dilapidated
as to call for this interference, bufc as other old relics in the
body of the church have similarly vanished, such a charitable
construction would probably be undeserved. And now, as old
writers used to say, " to work." Originally the chantry was
separated from the south aisle by a Gothic screen, on the top of
which were iron spikes indicating, it has been supposed, the
position of statuettes. It was full of curious carvings and, like
the chapel, was richly gilt. Round the wainscoting is some
handsome Gothic tracery, in the parcels of which there were
formerly paintings, while on the wall was the following inscription:

" To the honour of St. Christopher, St. Blaze and St. Anne,
This chapel by John Grenwaye was began."

* This inscription is evidently modern.

THE MIDDLE AGES 45

The pictures may have been coeval with the chapel itself. Such
a mode of decorating churches was by no means uncommon in the
Middle Ages, and specimens of the art still exist. In 1883 a
List of Buildings having Mural Decorations was published by the
Science and Art Department, and in the introduction to this the
entire subject is discussed.* On the floor is a large stone which
covers G-reenway's vault. "This stone" remarks Dunsford "was
ornamented with curious sculpture of animals, flowers, &c., and
on the edges of it were fillets of brass, on which were engraved,
in old characters, the following : ' Of your charite prey for
the souls of Jone and Joan Grenwaye, his wife, which died

and for their faders and moders, and for their friends

and their lovers ; on them Jesu have mercy : amen. Of your
charite say Pater-noster and Ave.'" The same stone bears
brasses representing the founder and his wife in the costume of
the period. Their hands are lifted in prayer and from their lips
issued the words inscribed on brass labels which have long since
been torn away : " O then to thee we praye, have mercy of John
Grenwaye." And " O then to thee we praye have mercy of Join
Grenwaye." There are marks showing that the chapel once
contained another brass with an inscription, but to whom this
referred we cannot say. At each corner were shields of brass,
but the only one which remains is that bearing the Merchant
Adventurers Arms with the words " Pray for John Grenwaye."
Over the south entrance of the church is a carved representation
of the Assumption or God blessing the Virgin Mary. Under the
feet of the latter is a crescent or half-moon which is emblematical
of the Virgin ; and on either side are the figures of John and Joan
Greenway. Until the year 1820, or thereabouts, Greenway's
Almsmen, as it was right and fitting for them, occupied
places in his chapel.

This work is not intended exactly as a guide-book, but as I
have entered with some detail into the subject of the chantry,
it would hardly be consistent if I were to conclude the chapter
without some passing allusions to the church proper. Con-
cerning this something has been already said in an earlier page,
where, however, I touched only on the fabric. I have now
to add a few particulars respecting the interior. Each of the
four portions seems to have had a separate altar, and a stone
slab which is now in the church may have formed part of one.
The chancel was separated from the nave by a rich Gothic
screen which Blundell says was the gift of John Greenway.
At the west-end of the Church was a seat appropriated to the use
of excommunicated persons. These are all the facts which I can

* " There were also " says Dunsford, " some good drawings by Warwell
in the year 1749, particularly a portrait of St. Peter, of natural size and
well-executed, besides some Scripture sentences."

46 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

discover with regard to the furniture of the church in mediaeval
times. Jn a later chapter I shall refer to the organ and the
aspect of the church generally after the Eestoration.

In discussing pre-Reformation affairs I cannot omit to allude
to the interesting subject of ' obits ' or prayers for the dead.
The reader, I think, will be grateful for the following excerpt
from the last will and testament of William Selake, dated
10 August 1524. He requires of his trustees that they " doo
cause in all godely hast an honest Chapelyn to be conductid and
hired to synge and pray dailly in his masse to be said and songe
att pytte awter in the pisshe (Jhurch of Seynt Peter att Tyvton
f orsaid .... and if my said f effeis and their heires herafter can
fynde the menys, that a dayly masse of our blessed lady may be
said and songe by note in the said Churche at a certyn howre
w1 the pristes and clerks of the said Churche for the tyme beyng
and w1 the orgones, to the honor of God, our blessed lady, and
Seynt Peter, patron of the said Churche, and to pray for the
helth of my saule, my fader, my moder, my wife, our childryn,
and all christyn saules, for the sum of ten pounds sterling."

Whit Sunday, 1549, is a memorable day in the annals of the
Church of England, being the date fixed by an act of Edward
VI. for introducing the Book of Common Prayer. This edict
produced a great commotion in Devonshire, where the adherents
of the Pope were unusually strong. It led indeed to actual
insurrection. Exeter was besieged by the rebels who were only
with difficulty suppressed. Tiverton also was the scene of con-
flict. It seems that a dispute arose over the christening of a
child at Sampford Peverell. The old men were in favour of the
ancient rite, while the young men declared for the Protestant
ceremony. Matters grew so warm that a battle royal was fought
on Shrinkhills, and " the king's army taking several of them
prisoners, many were hanged and quartered."

The reign of Queen Elizabeth is notable, from a local point
of view, for a remarkable increase in the population of the
town. Whereas from 1560 to 1566 the inhabitants were about
2,500, at the beginning of 1591 the number has risen to 5,000
or double what it had been thirty years before. This, we can
hardly doubt, implies a corresponding advance in the prosperity
of the place.

The last event to which I shall allude, before bringing this
abnormally long chapter to a close, is the visitation of the plague
in 1591. It is said to have been introduced by a pedlar bearing
the appropriate name of Walker. At the end of the parish
register (book I.) we find written " Note, dyed in the Plague
1591 about 500 people, page 145," and on the page in question
the burials are headed " I'hese same dyed of the Pestilence." To
escape the disease hundreds fled the town, and as an old MS. has
it " the grass grewe in the streetes and lanes."

THE GREAT FIRES

Ill

THE GREAT FIRES

^IVEBTON has experienced the misfortune on three
separate occasions of being almost entirely burnt down.
As two of these conflagrations occurred soon after the
period of which 1 have just been treating, I propose to deal
with them collectively here. Possibly it will add to the interest
if, instead of giving a modern version of these tragic and
calamitous events, I transcribe some contemporary pamphlets of
which copies have been preserved, and in which the circumstances
are described with a wealth of language arid a vivacity of feeling
which 1 should in vain seek to imitate. The date of the first
great fire is 1598, that of the second 1612, while the third took
place very much later, in 1731. Here, then, is a record of the
first fire.

Cjje true lamentable bi£cour£e of tlje burning of

€euerton in 2Deuon-$ure

tfje tl)irb bap of 3Upril la£t pagt about

tf)e fjouer of one of tfje Cloche

in tje 2Ufter-noone, being

<H9arfcet bap, 1598

At what time there was consumed to Ashes about the Number

of 400 houses, with all the Money and goods that was

therein ; and Fyftie persons burnt aliue through

the vehemencie of the same Fyer.

50 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOKD

lamentable £ole of €eucrton

Tt is not unknowne to many and chiefly English Marchants
that the Towne of Teuerton in Deuon-Shire, about ten Myles on
this side Exceter, was the chief e Market for Cloth, that is in all
the West parts of England ; pleasantlye situate upon the cleere
running Uyuer of Exe, garnished with manye costlye and goodlye
buildinges, inhabited with diuers rich and wealthy Marchants ;
and so well peopled, as no other Towne (of the same bignesse) in
all those quarters, could compare therewith : And by reaso of ye
Market kept therein every Monday for Cloth and other com-
modities, it was greatly frequented of the Countrey people neere
adjoyning, especially of Clothiers and such other persons as had
any dealinges therein : where they were sure of sale, and to have
present Money for their commodities were it neuer so much,
where alwayes before dinner, they had their Coyne truely payde,
which was no small benefit to all the poore Men of the West
partes, as Weauers and Tuckers and such like : But such is the
mutabilitie of fortune and the uncertaintie of our Mortall state :
that no man can make assurance of that hee hathe nor warrant his
owne welfare one minute of an hower, as by this following
example, and many other like is manifest : For we may bee well
assured, that the Third daye of Aprill last, when the rich Inhabi-
tants of Teuerton rose in the Morning : Nay, when they were in
the Market at Noone they little thought that before night their
wealth should have been turned into such want : but now behold
a thing more wonderfull : he which at one a clocke was worth Fiue
Thousand Pound, & as the Prophet saithe, * drunke his Wine in
bowles of fine Siluer plate, had not by two a Clocke so much as a
woodden dish left to eate his Meate in, nor a house to couer his
sorrowfull head, neytherdid thys happen to one man alone, but
to many other, being neyther in danger of the crueltie of warrs,
nor on the seas, where they might feare the furie of waters.

But when they thought themselves secure, and farre from any
imynent perill, in prime of the bright daye, not when their Towne
was emptie, but when their streets swarmed with store of people,
not when they were asleepe or naked in their beds, when they
could not shift for themselves : but when they were awake,
apparelled and fit for any businesse ; Lothen (I say) sodenly, as it
were in a twinkling of an eye, came that great griefe upporithem,
which turn'd their wealth to miserable want, & their riches to
unlookt-for-pouertie : and how was that ? Mary Sir by Fyer.

But no fier from Heaven, no unquenchable fier, such as
worthily fell on the sinfull Citie of Sodome and Gomorra : but a

* The author alludes to the Prophet Amos, vi. 6. "(Men) that
drink wine in bowls, and anoint themselves with the chief ointments ;
but they are not grieved for the affliction of Joseph."

THE GKEAT FIEES 51

sillie flash of fier, blazing forth of a frying pan, the circumstance
whereof I will briefly shew you.

The fier first began at the West end of the Towne, on the
fardest side of the sayde faire Riuer, about one a clocke in the
after noone : in the very prime, and chiefe of the Market when
people were most busiest in the sale of their commodities. For
there was dwelling in a little lowe thatcht house a poore beggarly
woman, who hadde got a companion fit for her purpose, I meane
another woman of the like condicion. And they together went
to bake pan-cakes with strawe : for their abillitie and prouission
was so good, that there was no wood in the house to doe it. And
as they were busie about their cookerie sodenly the fier got into
the Pan, which also caught present hould on the strawe lying hard
by, by meanes whereof the house being very low, was by the high
blaze of the strawe fiered in the verye roofe, which by the force
of an extreame high wind which blew strongly in ye West,
kindled with such vehemencie that there was no help for the
same, the fier wherof tooke hould of a certaine hay-house neere
adjoyning, and from thence it paste to the Towne milles. The
winde blowing still fiercely did driue the fier into the Towne, &
by this meanes in less then halfe an bower the whole Towne was
set on fier, and after burnt : except the Church and Court-house,
which sometime belonged to the Earle of Deuonshire.

But marke w'hat followed : men would have thought, that upon
a Market day, when euery street was so well replenisht with
people, from all parts, there had been help enough quickly to
have quencht the flame thereof, hauing also the commoditie of a
ryuer neere adjoyning : But it came not so to passe : for they
had neyther hookes nor buckets fit for such service, which all
other wise and discreete Citizens doe politicquely prouide against
such casualties, which might haue been a meanes of their preser-
uation.

Notwithstanding, it is sayd that the chiefe of the towne had
often been in hand, to make such prouision ; but never brought
it to effect, for howboeuer it was well motioned, it was ill remem-
bred, the want whereof they now felt to their great sorrow and
cost : for whether it were couetousnesse, or negligence, or both
which in these dayes is the cause of great euil, it is certaine they
were destitute of such engines, the misse whereof when they
found, then all too late they bewailed their approued follie :
which was undoubtedly God's iust Judgement for their iniquities :
by the which let all other Townes take example.

Whereby we may gather, it is not in Man's power to preuent
with strength of hand, the least plague which ye Lord doth
purpose to bring on any place. For you shall understand that
all that day the wind being at West-South-west & blowing
extreame hard, the power thereof was so great, high, and vehement,
that it inforest the kindled flame to rise most fiercely, beating

£2

52 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

the same toward the Towne in most outragious sort ; so that by
the time the people with all expedition hadd gathered unto that
place to quench the furie thereof, beholde ere they wist the fier
had taken hould in the Principall place of the Towne, and by
that time they came backe againe and got thither they perceaued
other houses to burne in like manner : so that while manye were
busie in helping their neighbours, their owne houses was in as ill
a case.

Then began the crie to growe most grieuous in euery part of the
Towne, the mighty winde still increasing the furie of the inraged
fier : here stood, one man crying for helpe, there another, another,
and another : wringing their hands and making great la men-
tation ; more and more the number increased, insomuch that the
people were so amazed, they knew not which way to turne, nor
where the most neede was.

The fier increased so fast, grew so vehement, and spread so far,
that at least there was about 400 houses on fier at once, so that
euery man was glad to shift for himself e, and so nere as he could,
to saue his owne life, but all in vaine, for he which euen now
rested in hope, his house should escape the daunger, in the turning
of a hand, had all on fier about his eares, the winde beating the
flambe in their faces : all which came still so sodenly, that there
was no remedy to be had for the same.

Most dreadfull was the noyse which was then heard in euery
corner and streete of the Towne, women piteously screeking,
maydens bitterly crying, and children roaring out of measure, the
mother running to saue her children, the husband for the wife,
neighbor, calling for neighbor, friend, for friend, while they were
beaten out of the towne with raging flames of fier. For so ex-
treame, and outragious did the fier passe from house to house,
there was no looking to saue their goods : no way to preserve
them from destruction, for all the Cloth in the market, wares in
their shops, goods and houshold stuffe, money, plate, apparell,
and bedding, yea all was burnt and nothing sav'd and which is
more to bee lamented, diuers townsmen did hazard themselves so
farr within the daunger of the fier, to saue some part of their
goodes, that they neuer returned backe againe, but were there
most pitiously burned to death, and consumed to ashes : Diuers of
them being of the best men of the Towne : Many children and
other feeble persons was burnt in the houses, yea horses and
other Cattell in stables and backe places, with all their corne and
victuall.

Among the rest there was an old blinde man burnte, named
Nicholas Hartnell, whom his friendes hadd brought foorth of his
bed, & layde him for his better saftie in the Market house, but
while they were making shift for themselves in some other sort
before they could returne againe, the poore man was by fier
turned into ashes.

THE GREAT FIKES 53

There was in like manner one Land and his Wife which were
founde lying in the streete arme in arme, burnt to death, hut not
quite consumed : At what time there was founde lying between
them fiue Pound in Gold with the which as it seemed they sought
to flie away : But being smothered by the smoke and fiers flame,
they hadde their passage wofullye stayed : there was found the
sculles and bones of many more.

Likewise one Beeres wife a woman of good reputation, was
burnt in ye street : And also one widow Prouse before she could
get out of her owne doores suffred the like tormenting death.

Then well apayd was that Man that had ye benefit to keepe
himselfe and his familie from danger : so that for the hast they
made to get away into the fieldes, they ouerthrewe and tumbled
downe one another in their passage forth.

The Tyles by the heate of the fier, flew cracking from the
houses, like as it had been a company of wel-charged Muskets
rattling against some sconce : * And againe to heare the houses
cracke and the burned tymber fall down with might and maine,
made the verye hearts of the people to shake for feare. When in
shorte space after, they sawe whole houses tumbling to the
grounde, after they had awhile stood tottering too and fro with
the mighty blastes of the South- West winde.

At what time it was hard to say, whether their sorrow or feare
was greatest, when they behelde their goodes burnt to ashes and
hearde the thundering noyse of the falling houses, which caused
ye firme earth to quake and tremble under theyr feet.

Truely whosoever doth enter into consideration hereof, must
needes acknowledge, their case to be most lamentable, and their
sorrow unspeakable, during the time of this terrible fier ; the
rage whereof lasted not aboue one hower and a halfe, and yet in
that small space, had it burnt to ashes, (as I sayd before) above
the number of Foure Hundred houses : most of them belonging
to the wealthiest Men in the Towne, with all the goods that
were in them, so that althesustantiall townsmen were constrained
to lye in the fieldes with their wofull wiues & children, and to
lodge themselves on the cold ground, that in the morning had
choyce of beds to goe unto : such was their sodaine wracke, and
hard fortune.

* Sconce means a fort or bulwark.

" Such fellows are perfect in the great commanders' names, and they
will learn you by rote where services were done ; at such & such a sconce
at such and such a breach " — Shakespeare, Henry V.

" Sconce call you it ? So you would leave battering, I had rather have
it a head : an you use these blows long, I must get a sconce for my head
and ensconce it too ; or else I shall seek my wit in my shoulders."
Comedy of Errors, Act II., Sc : 2.— The word is often, found in Shakes-
peare.

54 THE CHEONICLES OF TWTFOED

Therefore it is a vaine thing to trust in the uncertaintie of
worldly e riches, which being gotten with travell, and kept with
care, is notwithstanding sone lost, being in hazard of a Thousand
dangers : And therefore most happy and blessed are they, which
according to the counsaile of the holy Ghost, doe lay up their
treasure in Heauen, where it can perish by no perrill, that can
happen, but doth euer remayne safe in the sure keeping of the
Lord God of hoastes.

Before the fier was fully ended, and diligent search made, there
was founde lacking as it is verye credibly reported an Hundred
persons or there-about, of the whicn number (as 1 haue alredy
mentioned) diuers were found dead in ye streets, shoppes and
houses, I meane in the place where shoppes, and houses late be-
fore stoode.

The residue of the wofull people remaining yet aliue being
ouerburdened with extreame sorrow, runs up and downe the
fieldes like distraught and f rantick men, being driuen (as before is
mentioned) to shroud themselves under trees and hedges, lying
on the bare grounde : Moreouer they are so greatlye distrest for
lacke of food, that they seeme to each mannes sighte more liker
spirits and Ghostes, then liuing creatures : Likewise it is by wise
men verilye thought that the losses of thys Towne, wil not be
recouered againe, vnder Three or Four hundred Thousand
Poundes.

But you shall understande, that notwithstanding all the force
of this consuming fier, there is yet some Twenty houses pre-
serued, the dwellings of poore and sillie men : And certaine almes
houses, which is a most rare and strange thing : For as divers
Marchants of this Citie is creadibly certified by letters that the
fier inuiornd those sillie Cottages on euery side, burning other
houses to the grounde which stood about them, and yet had they
no hurt at all.*

Surely if wee shoulde enter into consideration hereof, we coulde
not chuse but confess, that this was the onely worke of God, to
make his power manifest to men, as hee did in delyuering the
Three Children out of the fierie furnace, euen so did he to pre-
serue those poore persons with their houses and goodes, for some
speciall cause best known to himselfe, according to that holy
canticle sung by the blessed Virgin Marie : he hath filled the
hungry with good things, but the rich he sent emptie away.

It is said of some y* this was a punishment of God brought
upon that Towne, for their unmercifulnesse, and small regard of
the poore, which were dayly seene to dye and perish in their

* Dunsford saw in 1790 on the boards of a ruinous house in Blmore
the date 1587. The houses in Elmore (one of the worst parts of the
town) appear to have escaped all the great fires.

THE GEEAT F1EES 55

streets for lacke of relief e : * poore Lazarus laye unregarded at the
rich mans gate, and could not get one little morsell of meate to
cherish his hungry heart : therefore (if it were so) y* was the
iust Judgment of God, that they which through couetousness
would not part from any thinge, should sodenly lose all : For
there was not so much as one peece of Timber left, of all those
Foure hundred houses, but all were consumed to ashes, except
some few chimneys, and stone walles whych are monuments of
the Towne's ruine.

Whereby it is come to passe, that those rich Marchantes, that
earst scornd to grace a poore mans house with his presence, is
nowe glade to requeste his fauour for the worst cornere in their
cottage, where they may remaine in this their misery ; which may
bee a good warning for all other men of the like abilitie, how they
contemne and dispise the poor members of Christ houlding them
in disdaine, whom God hat'h opprest with pouertie.

t O famous London, thou that flowest in wealth, and abound-
est in Eiches : Thou which art the chiefe Lady-cittie of this
Land, whose fame soundeth through al Christian Kingdoms, cast
thy deere eyes on this ruinous Towne ; consider her fall, and pitie
her distresse, learne by her calamitie to loke into thyselfe, examine
thy conscience and see whether thou hast deserued the like
plague or no : giue thou example of true contricion, and as thou
art chiefe in glorie, bee thou chiefe in grace, that God may long
and many yeares uphould thy prosperous estate.

Yea let all the goodly Cities and Townes, which beautifies the
westerne plat of this florishing Hand, looke upon their wofull
Sister Teuerton, who lately did braue it wyth the best, and thought
her selfe nothing inferior to the fayrest : But now she sittes clad
in mournfull weedes, having her faire heade couered with pale
ashes, her bravery converted to beggerie, her glory to disgrace,
and all her mirth into moane : So that there is nothing seen but
lamentation and complainte. Oh Teuerton, well may thy friends
crie ouer thee (as sometime J great kinges did over Babilon)
saying, alas alas for that proper Town of Teuerton, that wealthie
and rich Towne, for at one bower is thy judgment come : thy
Marchants may now weep and morne for no man buyeth ware in
thee anye more.

Consider this thou faire citie of Exceter, thou which art next
neighbor to this distressed Town, which has (as it were) the

* Wyott in his Diary (Book 1 p. 23.) corroborates this ; he says — " The
report goeth, that the rich Men of the Towne were unmerciful to the
poor and suffered them to die in the streets for want, and it might be
digitus Dei."

t This apostrophe to London is quite prophetic of " the like plague "
which befel her on the 2nd of Sept. 1666.

t Kevelationsxviii., 10, 11.

56 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOKD

smoke of her fier, yet before thy face, and her lamentations
rynging lowde in thy eares ; pitie her heauie happe, that knowes
not what miserie hanges ouer thy owne head.

And let me speake to thee, thou Towne of Plymouth, whose
stately buildinges ouer-peareth the hilles, casting their prospects
upon the mounting waues : take warning by Teuerton and turne
thy many vices into vertues, least God turn from thee his great
and mighty blessinges.

Sinne is the cause of many sorrowes : and ungodliness ye
ground-worke of all intolerable griefe : yet if wee shoulde thinke
that the people of Teuerton were the greatest transgressors,
because they have suffered the greatest punishment, of the towne
in the West : we shoulde think much amisse : For as our Sauviour
Christ said unto the Jewes, suppose not that those on whom the
Tower of Silo fele, were greater Sinners then the rest, but except
you repent you shall likewise perish. So say I to you and all
other Citties and Townes in England, thinke not that the
Inhabitants of Teuerton did surpasse all other in wickednesse,
because they exceede all other in woe : but it hath pleased God
to punish them for your instruction, that behoulding their fall you
may feare' to offende, and learne by theire miserie, your owne
speedy amendment. For what is he which passeth by this
Towne, and earst knew the florishing state thereof, seeing now her
lamentable spoile : but many bee prouoked to crie with Jeremie,
and saye of Teuerton, as hee * spoke of Jerusalem : Alasse, how
desolate sitteth this towne, that sometime was full of people : how
is shee become lyke a widowe sorrowful, heauie, and comfortlesse,
which lately was had in good regard, and famous among all her
families, she weepeth sore in the night, and her teares run downe
her cheeks in great abundance.

But it is easie for all men to say this : to shake their heades
and crie alack alack : But a hard matter to make benefit thereof,
and to be warned by their neighbor's harmes : Notwithstanding
let ah1 distressed people know, that whosoeuer faithfully trusteth
in Grod, shall neuer be forsaken : well may they sustaine sorrow,
but they shall not be left in miserie.
The Lord that brought them low, can rayse them againe aloft, as

it is manifest by Jobes affliction. Therefore God graunt wee

may take patiently those Fatherly corrections which He

layeth upon us : knowing that all the miseries of

this life, is not worthy of the least ioye, which

is prepared in Heauen for the sonnes of

men : Unto the which place Christ

Jesus bring us, that by his blood

so deerely bought us.

Amen.

* Lamentations i., 1, 2.

THE GEEAT FIEES

57

The Tiverton register thus records the occurrence :

" These p(er)sons whose names heer following, were burned wth

the fire iij day of Aprill A° dm 1598 in the fourtieth yeare of our

most gratious Queen Elizabeth's Maties raigne."

Thomas Lande thelder
Jone the wife of Thomas Land
Nicolas Hartnoll thelder
Mrs. Prowse, widdow
Mary,the wief of Martyne Beere
Mary, the wief of Jn° Ellis
Jone, the daughtr of Jn°

West
Katharin, the daughtr of Jn°

Lock

Katherin Weaver, widdow
Christopher, suant to Wm.

Gregg
Richard Dyer, suant to the

widdow Glover
Mary Morrel, suant to Nicolas

Hartnoll
Christopher,the sonn of Edward

Dalle
Jone, the wief of Edward

Sterton
Thomas, the sonn of the widdow

Sterton
Elizabeth, the daught1' of

Francis Perkine
William, the sonn of Jn° Ellis

Elinor, the daught1' of Georg

Slee

Eaffe Frost, laborer
Jone, the wief of Raffe Frost
Ellen, the wief of Vincent

King well
The old Alee, suant to the

widdow Boubeer
Thomas, the sonn of James

Smyth
Hugh, the sonn of James

Smyth
Elizabeth, the daughtr of Jn°

Bellmye
Thomas, the sonn of Phillip

Tucker

Alee, suant to Eobert Farmer
Jone, the daughtr of Wm.

Chilcot
Thomas, the sonn of the widdow

Parker
Jone, the daught1' of Elizabeth

Webber
Hugh, the sonn of the widdow

Parkhouse
Tamsyn, the daughtr of George

Eamster

Jone, the daught1' of William
Eeed

Their remains were collected and buried in the Church-yard
in one grave.

From Strype's Life of Whitgift Archbishop of Canterbury we
glean further particulars respecting this dire event. He tells us
that 400 houses were destroyed, that goods were lost to the value
of £150,000, that 900 householders were ruined, and that 50
" Christians " perished in the fire. The calamity excited universal
horror and great efforts were made to relieve the sufferers. To
this merciful object the Queen contributed £5,000, while the
Archbishop addressed a circular letter to the Bishops and Clergy
bespeaking their liberality on behalf of the unfortunate people of
Tiverton. The judges on circuit also exerted their powerful
influence to procure help. The result must have been a hearty
and generous response, for in a few years the effects of the
disaster had been completely wiped out, and Tiverton was again
prosperous. Something, however, of this must be set down to

58

THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

the energy yf her inhabitants, to her natural advantages (the two
rivers supplying the motive power for driving the loomsX and to
her previous wide reputation. Like Penelope's web, all this work
of repair was soon entirely undone. In 1612 another terrible
fire occurred, of which the reader shall acquaint himself with the
details from the following tract :

WOFVLL NEWES

From the West-parts of England,

Jibing % farainfaib Jiurmtttj xtf Jlp Uottm^ nf

TEUERTON, IN DEUON SHIRE
Vpon the fift of August last, 1612,

Whereunto is annexed, the former burning of the aforesaid Towne,
ilie third of April, 1598.

59

THE

famintalrle Itvtninq
•*CD iJ

OF

TEUERTON

MN GLAND (I am sure) (with grief e I speak it) hath not yet
forgotten, the fore-passed lamentable spoyle of the towne
of Teuerton by fire, in the yeere of our Lord 1598. The
Inhabitants whereof being scarse recovered of their losses then
received, and the towne builded up againe to her former Estate,
when a second sorrow, exceeding the first, hath now hapned
through the fury} of that mercilesse Element, that consuming
seruant of the world, the subiect of man, Fire. I meane, which
being kept under, without getting too rigorous a head, proues
obedient to all our needful vses, (without which we could not
Hue) but obtaining the vpperhand, growes rebellious, and ruinates
where it comes, as lately the tyranny thereof was shewed upon
the now twice consumed towne of Teuerton, being the chiefe
market in Deuon-shire for cloath, and meeting of Merchants.

This Towne standeth some tenne miles from the Citie of
Exeter, pleasantly situate upon the cleare running Riuer of Kxe,"
garnished with many costly and beautif ull buildings, as houses of
Merchants and wealthy Citizens: peopled with diuers sorts of
Trades-men and Artificers, and furnished with such rich valewed
commodities, as it rather seemed a Citie of Traffiquethen a Towne
of ordinary Market. To say truth, no other Towne of the same
bignesse, in all the Westerne parts might compare therewith : all
which wealth statelinesse and beautie, had this goodly Daughter
of England, decked her selfe with, since the afore-said subuersion,
and now carelesse of the like mischance, God in his anger, hath
visited her againe, and with his bright-burning instrument of
wrath, conuerted and changing her brauest buildings to heapes of
smoaking Ashes. This is the uncertaintie of our mortall Estate :
Fortune (we see) is mutable, and no man is sure of one dayes
prosperitie.

But now to our wofull discourse : and thus in ill time it hapned.
CJponthe fift day of August last, 1612, being the day appointed
by the Kings Maiestie, to be kept holy, and spent in Prayer and
other godly exercises, as in praysing the Guider of all things, for
his Highnesse most happy preseruation, from Gowrie's Con-

60 THE CHEONICLBS OF TWTFORD

spiracie : this being a day of Recreation for Seruants, a resting
time for young men from labour, and an afternoone of merry and
honest meetings, which caused the young people of the Towne to
flock together, challenging that day as their owne, with hopes of
well-speeding pleasure, little fearing the lamentable and sodaine
accident that followed.

For, there dwelt in the aforesaid Towne of Teuerton neare unto
a Bridge, called Exebridge, a certaine Dyer or Colour-maker, who
(notwithstanding the celebration of the Holy-day) kept his
Fornace going for the dying of Cloathes, and left the charge thereof
unluckely to a Boy : which boy hauing more minde on play, then
care of his Masters businesse, made more haste then good speede
and purposing to be the sooner amongst his companions, hastned
his fires exceedingly, and at one time put under his Fornace, too
great a number of Furres, or Bauens, the quicklier to make it
boyle : * but this post-haste had haplesse euent, and made too
violent a flame, more then the Forriace could containe, an un-
quenchable flame, a flame of confusion, a flame of subuerson, a
spoyling flame, and an undooer of many hundreds of good people :
for first, being past the recouerie of the carelesse or rather grace-
less Boy, it sodainly tooke hold of the Dyers house, couered and
thatched with straw, too much dryed by reason of this parching
Summer, that it, as it were, euen yeelded itselfe as a fit and apt
nourishment for the strengthening the quicke deuouring rage of
this most tyranous Element.

Thus the fire being increased, all with sparkling blazes ceazed
upon the next house, then upon another, after that upon a fourth,
and so upon many, to the great fright and amazement of all the
inhabitants, consuming more and more beyond the help of man,
such was the rigour and raging fiercenesse of this bright-burning
and most terrible fire.

This hapned not in the night season, whilest men slept, nor
when they were absent from their houses,f but in the very day
time, when their streetes swarmed with people, when their youths
were sporting, euen in the af ter-noone at foure of the clocke, and
that in a moment, as it were in the twinckling of an eye, came
this heauie griefe upon them, which turned their wealth into
miserable want, their riches into unlookt for pouertie, and their
mirth into sodaine sorrow.

* Blundell, in his Memoirs p. 12. gives the following account of the
origin of this fire. " As Patey's servant was dying of wool a Boy coming
into the dye-house sat two dogs a fighting, which the servant minding,
and carelessly neglecting the furnace, the fuel that was in the room
caught lire, and got so much a head, that it could not be extinguished."

t King James's brief says ; that it was the time of the assizes at Exeter,
and that most of the principal inh abitauta were there.

THE GKREAT FIKES 61

Here beganne the wof ull cry of fire, fire : fire were the cryes of
old and young ; no noyse thundred about the streetes, but fire,
fire, in euery place were heard the voyces of fire : then, water,
water, that contrary Element was called for, yet all in vaine, the
fire preuailed, and bootelesse were the labours of woe-tyred people
then bestowed.

Still burned house after house, building after building, and no
succour, but wringing of hands, wailings, and feare-full out-cries
by men, women, and children : woe was on euery side, and in
euery mouth nothing but lamentations.

And now (in griefe of soule) to speake truth, as the fire en-
creased, the winde assisted, and boysterously blew it from street
to street, consuming, wasting, and ruinating all as it went, with-
out sparing eyther dwelling-house, ware-house, shoppe, cellar,
barne, stable, or any other thing whatsoever, that might yeeld
fewell to this outragious Consumer, which like a commanding
Tyrant, passed along the High-streete of the Towne, and there
with his red-flaming fury, wasted both houses and goods, to the
utter undoing of many Merchants, and Trades-men, their wives
and children. Eich and poore lost all they possessed, yea, those
which in the morning were worth thousands, by night, had
neyther gold, siluer, plate, nor house there to goe unto : no,
scarce a garment left to weare, but onely those upon their backes.

In this streete it is truely reported, that the fire consumed in
houses, houshold-stuffe, goods, and commodities, the valew of
fiftie thousand pound. Oh losse without recouerie ! Oh griefe
without comfort ! Oh dole without end ! how dost thou breede
the owners cares and miseries ?

Had the raging tempest of this sulphuring fire here ended,
though very great it was, yet reasonable had beene the burthen of
this townes calamitie, but it unresistedly forraged diuers other
streetes, being the seates and dwelling places of many wealthy
householders, as saint Peters-streete, beautified with many costly
and comely buildings, Bampton-streete, Barrington-streete, saint
Andrewes-streete, with diuers other lanes, and backe-places, the
capitall graces of this now decayed Towne : here, at one time
burned they all : all in one fire, gaue light to the whole Countrie.

This blazing beacon summoned in neighbouring inhabitants for
helpe, but helpe too late presented it selfe, and too late lamented
the wofull ruine of blacke-burned Teuerton, which stood smoking
in her firie-red mantle, like the blazing towers of destroyed Jllium.

This was a day of heauinesse, a day of griefe, a day of moane, a
day of destruction, when the owner saw his goods burne before
his face, his estate brought to naught, and his many yeeres of
cares to gather for his wife and children thus unhappily wasted.
Oh what a griefe it was to relenfull hearts, to be made there the
heauie witnesses of the burning of new built houses, ware-houses,
and shops, stuffed full of cloath, all on fire, Garners of corne

62 THE CHKOOTCLES OF TWTFOED

flaming, rich houshould-stuffe, as bedding, linnen, woollen, silkes,
veluets, brasse, pewter, and such unvaluable necessaries, all trans-
formed to heapes of cole-black synders, spectacles of calamitie,
and true prospects of this world's uncertaintie.

If with the eye of pittie we can endure to behold this beautiful
Towne turned into a Chaos of confusion, without teare-bestained
cheekes, wee shall be thought more hard-hearted than untamed
Panthers : they by nature will rue at the hurts of their own
kinde, and shall not wee being men, replenished with reason and
understanding, and much more being Christians, mourne for the
loss of these our neighbours, and Christian brethren, who ranne
amazedly up and downe the streetes, proposing to helpe others,
while in the meane time their own fired, and in short time lost
the name of an house, and became nothing else, but a mixed heape
of ashes, synders, and tymber halfe burnte.

Who could endure without heart grieving sobs to behold people
in this ouer-toilesome labour, venter their Hues desperately betwixt
two houses, combating together with thundring flames of fire.
And most assuredly great doubt there is, but that some haue lost
themselues in the same adventer, and are become the careless
sacrificers of their own Hues, but as yet none are knowne to be so
cast away, yet diuers are missed, supposed to be trauelled abroad,
which if such goode lucke be, wofull will be their returne, when
they shall come to be eye-witnesses of their owne pouerties.

But this is most certainly knowne, and credibly verified, by
many sad beholders of that wofull accident that in the heate of
the fire, and in the greatest rage thereof, one friend had lost
another, the husband the wife, the wife the husband ; the father
his sonne, the sonne his father ; mothers crying for their children,
and children for their mothers, amazedly running up and downe,
neighbour calling for neighbour, friend for friend, till the heating
flashes of the unruly flames had forced each of them to shifte for
his owne life.

But now returne we againe, to owr sorrowful subject, the true
matter of lamentation, this consumed towne of Teuerton, this
gallant market, and late glorie of Deuonshire, being brauely beauti-
fied with a number of plentifull Orchards, and pleasant springing
Gardens, the delights of Gentlemen, and people of best fashion.
These ornaments of content (I say) had most of their fruits and
flowers pitifully scorched, and put into the liuerie garment of this
ruinating Tyrant, mercilesse fire.

Was it not a sight of dole ; to behold the mossy barkes of fruit-
full Trees, forcibly forsake their naturall colours, and their broad
branches loaden with green leaues, and neere ripened fruits,
withered and dryed up, through the extremitie of this flaming
heate, the springing grasse, couering the lowly earth in Gardens,
grasse-plots, orchards, and walking alleyes, had the like sable
ornaments, and in dumbe sorrow, lamented the vigour of this

THE GREAT FIRES 63

wasting conquerour, and leueller of Townes and towers ; yea, all
things within the compasse of this unfortunate Teuerton, serued
to feede the devouring flames of this outragious consumer.

I must here call to niinde many silly creatures, as Geese, Capons,
Pigions, Duckes and Henns, with diuers other sorts of Pullaine,
which being reasonlesse, knew not how to escape the fire, but
were euen roasted alive, nay more, burned to ashes, and no signe
left of their being, but onely emptie ayre, and void places covered
with puddles of water, and ashes mixed together, wherein comfort-
lesse people waded up to the knees, which was like unto a leastall
of * filthy dirt.

It is credibly reported, and very likely to be so, that many
cattle, as horse, kine, and such like, were burned, with many
fatted Beasts ready for the slaughter, and fit for the use of man.
Oh lamentable misery ! Oh misery without compare, that in one
day (through the sufferance of God), so much wealth should be
wasted, as might haue maintained tenne thousand people in good
estate for seauen yeeres.

Great is their griefe, and generall the losse, for few or none
their dwelling have escaped this fiery scourge, this flaming whippe,
this red instrument of woe, this woe of all earthly woes, which
benefiteth no Creature, not any one is bettered thereby : Euery
one (I say to my soules sorrow) bare a part, it was shared amongst
them : for the principall dwellings of the whole towne, from the
one end unto the other, are quite consumed, and nothing left
standing, but certaine Chimnies, and some wals, which are now
the mourning monuments of this townes ruine, some twenty or
thirty houses (we heare) of poore men have escaped, which was
the onely worke of the Lord, to make his poore manifest to the
world, which he preserued with their goods, for some speciall
cause best knowne to himselfe, as he delivered the three Children
out of the fiery fornace, Daniel out of the Lyons denne, and other
such like.

I must giue you likewise to understand, of the wonderfull
preseruation of a Schoole-house, (by the hand of God) with
certaine almes-houses, which was a most rare and strange thing
so hapning, and declares the great power of the Maker of heauen
and earth : for in the fiercest time of this consuming tempest,
when, the fire in the greatest fury flamed, invironing these silly
Cottages on euery side, when helpe was supposed to be quite
past, when other houses stood round about burning, they had
no hurt at all. no not so much as scorched, therefore wee may

* Leastall, Laystall, or Ley stall, a dung-heap.

" Scarce could he footing find in that foul way,

For many corses, like a great lay-stall,

Of murdered men, which therein murdered lay."

Spenser.

64 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

now say, it is the Lord that setteth by, and pulleth downe as
himselfe pleaseth.*

The aforesaid presented Schoole-house, t that place of poore
Childrens relief e, and Schollers comforts, may be likewise an
example of Gods mercy, and a setled wonder for ensuing times :
for the fire, as it were, forsooke it, and flew houering ouer it, with
a kinde of unwillingnesse to touch it, when others neere adioyn-
ing, were all leuelled with the earthe, and not one sticke left
standing upon another, to the admiration and amazement of all
those who beheld it.

These houses happy preseruation was (without doubt) the
workmanship of heaven, and an eminent signe and token, that
God will haue care of his beloved, and such as are brought up in
good learning, that in time to come, some brought up in this
place, may give true lusbre from his word, to the world.

But now by farther remembrances, I am againe forced to enter
into our former course of sad descriptions, and tell of some few
more pitif ull casualties happening in the afore-said towne : for
being all at one time on fire, as I said before, past helpe and
recouerie, the inhabitants thereof burthened with extreame sorrow,
ranne up and downe the streets like distracted and franticke men,
seeming (by reason of their long and wearisome labours) more
like ghosts then men.

Some there were, that, by good fortune, saued a few wares,
goods, and household-stuffe from the fire, where carrying the
same into the fields for better saftie, and returning backe, in hope
to recouer more, were deceived of the former, which were borne
away by purloyning Theeves, who had their hands rather prepared
for thevery, than to helpe the distressed Townesmen, in this their
great extremitie.

Oh lamentable case ! where was conscience then ? that in the
f ulnesse of misery would add woe upon woe, A.nd violently thrust
one losse upon another. Thus what escaped the fire, stood in
danger of stealing.

Here was the true state of calamitie, safetie remained neither in
towne nor fielde, and men knew not who to trust : for danger
upon danger had forcibly compassed and beset them round.

Upon the fift of August last (as 1 said before) the fire beganne
about foure of the clocke in the after-noone, and continued in
great extremitie, all that day following, with the ensuing night,
for nineteene or twentie houres space, flaming to (Mens
imaginations) up to the clouds, spreading forth such a fearfull
light, as if the whole countrey had been fired. The light hereof
strucke feare and amazement into all the adjoyning Townes and

* Psalm Ixxv. 8. "God is the Judge: He putteth down one, and
setteth up another."

f The allusion is, doubtless, to Chilcott's Free School.

THE GEEAT FIEES 65

Villages, as farre as Exeter, which is some tenne miles* from
Teuerton, from all which places came people flocking in numbers,
as it had beene to the greatest Faire or Mart in the Countrey.
Indeed it was to a Mart of woe, to a Mart of heauinesse, where
nothing was bought and solde but cares and griefe.

Here, when these people beheld the braue Market-place flaming,
Shops of Oloath, and Ware houses all on fire, Tyles, by ouer-
heating, flye cracking from the houses, and like well charged
Muskets, rattling in the ayre, houses cracke and burne asunder,
timber falling downe with might and maine, with many other
objects of remorse, it made their very hearts to shake, and euery
part of their bodies to tremble with feare.

All the night long the towne seemed like unto a burning moun-
taine, shooting forth fiery comets, with streaming blazes, or like
unto the Canopie of the world, beset with thousands of night-
candles, or bright-burning Torches.

Whosoever will enter into consideration hereof, must needes
acknowledge their case to be most lamentable, and their sorrow
unspeakable : for in the time of this burning battle, which was
about twentie houres, the fire with his commanding power, made
conquest and burnt into ashes, above three hundred houses,
beside commodities, as corne and victuall placed in vawts and
Cellars, which cannot be recouered againe, under many thousands
of Pounds : was not this a most unhappy time, which constrained
many of the wealthiest men in the towne, to lye in the fieldes, and
under hedges, with their Wiues and Children, and as then to
lodge themselues on the cold ground, that in the morning had
choise of beds to goe unto : such was their sodaine wracke and
hard fortune ?

Is it not likewise a most pittifull case, that their ripened corne
and graine, that this plentif ull haruest time lies unbrought home
in the field for want of barnes and roomes to place it in, and not
a shelter left against the drawing on Winter, to put their cattle
in : no, not a Cottage to lodge themselves, their wiues and chil-
dren in ? Therefore it is a vaine thing to trust in the uncertaintie
of worldly riches, which being gotten with paines, and kept with
cares, are soone lost, and subiect to a thousand dangers, as for
example it is now come to passe by the occasion of this fire, that
many rich Merchants, Trades-men, and Artificers, late abounding
in wealth, prospering in this world exceedingly, as it were, tying
prosperitie in a string, and sleeping, with good fortune, these men
I say (the more is the pitie) who lately denyed to grace a poor
mans house with their presence, and become comforts to their
needy necessities, are now glad to request these poore mens
fauours for the worst corner of their simple Cottage, where now
they remaine in this their unlookt for misery.

* Exeter is fourteen miles from Tiverton by the nearest road.

66 THE CHRONICLES OF TWSTOBD

You have heard before that there were twenty or thirty poore
mens houses preserued from the fire, the only remains of this
ruinated towne, which are now made the abidings and dwellings of
many of the aforesaid Merchants, and the same so peopled, as it is
wonderfull to thinke on : many be trauelled to their kindred and
friends, there to remaine, till it pleaseth God to upraise them
againe, others to neighbouring townes and villages adjoyning,
some to one place, and some to another : as for the multitude of
those that be in necessity, the Gentlemen and Magistrates of the
Countrey haue taken order for them, and in charitie allots them a
reasonable maintenance of reliefe, not one, as it is knowne, but by
the good mindes of well disposed people, are well provided for,
till it pleaseth God to renew this decayed towne to her former
estate of trading. The inhabitants whereof are numbred (as it is
credibly reported) to be very neere two thousand people, whereof
some twelue hundred haue suffered losse, and borne the burden of
this heauie punishment, this punishment of much bitternesse, and
heart-wounding terror.

Here let us a little grieve at this Townes ruines, consider her
fall, and pittie her distress. Let us learn by her calamitie to look
unto our selues, lest the same sodaine misfortune fall upon us (as
it lately did upon her) : let not a traveller passe by, but in relent-
ing sort afford her one teare to bewaile her case : shee was one of
the brauest Market Townes in all the flowrishing "Westerne-parts ;
shee had wealth and dignitie, and flowrished with all wished
pleasures. Gentlemen delighted to see her, Trades-men liued
richly in her, and Husband-men profited much by her, but now
all this her brauerie is conuerted into beggarie, her statelinesse
into disgrace, and all her mirth into moane : for now there is
nothing seene in her but lamentations and complaints, no meet-
ings at Markets, no buying and selling, nor scarse any name of
Teuerton, but that here once stoode stately Teuerton, Teuerton,
that braue Market of the West, and wealthy and riche town, for
which now many a Merchant weeps and mournes, saying, oh woe
are we for thee, for now thou sittest clad in mourning weedes, and
thy faire head couered with pale Ashes.

Then, what is he that passeth by this towne, late knowing the
flowrishing estate thereof, and now beholding her lamentable
spoyle, but in sorrow will shake his head, and cry, alacke, alacke,
you distressed inhabitants, in regard hereof well may you weep
day and night, and sit in solitary heauinesse without comforts of
the world ? but such losses are sooner pittied then relieued, and it
is an easie, but a good thing for men to say, The Lord which
hath brought them low, can raise them up again, which he for his
mercies sake grant. AMEN.

It would perhaps be too much to expect that the author of this
highly-wrought, and, as Shakespeare would say, ' soul-fearing '

THE GKEAT FIKES 67

description should descend to statistics, though, towards the
end, he does furnish an estimate of the extent of the mischief. In
the brief, however, issued by James I. and addressed to all and
sundry, it is stated that except a few poor houses at the town's end,
two almshouses, two free-schools, and a large and beautiful church,
" all the whole town " was burnt to the ground. Directly and
indirectly the clothing trade of Tiverton had supplied work for
8,000 persons. At the lowest computation £2,000 had changed
hands at the weekly market. From this happy condition of
affluence the inhabitants were reduced to utter destitution, and the
total loss, including goods, plate, ready-money, cloth, merchandize,
and provisions of every kind, was calculated at £200,000. Dunsf ord
says that the number of houses destroyed was 600 - not an
improbable statement, only there is nothing to show on what
evidence he bases it. Certainly in the range of its devastating
effects the second great tire would seem to have eclipsed the first,
and we are not surprised at the pessimism of King James, who
expressed the belief that the inhabitants were not " likely again
ever hereafter to recover their sad losses." The generous help,
however, which was afforded, especially by the rich people of
Devonshire, enabled the .inhabitants once more to re-build the
town and revive its industries. The parish register thus im-
proves the occasion :

" On the 5th of August, Anno 1612, the whole Town was again
Eired and Consumed, Except the Church, one Parsonage house, the
School-houses, the Alms-houses, and about 30 houses of the Poor
People. They are blind who see not in this the Finger of God,
wherefore Fear God's threatenings, Jer. 17, 27 and believe God's
Pphets if ye will prosper, 2 Chro. 20, 20."*

* In Thorn's " Anecdotes and Traditions," published by the Camden
Society, we find a reference to the Tiverton Fires, as well as an instruc-
tive note on that famous book, "The Practice of Piety."

"The towne of Tiverton," says the writer, " is mentioned as a fearful
example of God's judgment for the prophanation of the Sabbath (being
twice burnt), in a booke intituled ' The Practice of Pietie.' The
Practice of Pietie was written by Bayley, Bishop of Bangor, and
published in 1609. The book went through 59 editions between that
year and 1725, and was translated into most of the languages of
Protestant Europe. Among the examples of " God's judgment by fire,"
the learned Divine gives the following as regards Tiverton : — '' Teverton,
in Devonshire (whose remembrance makes my heart bleed),was often times
admonished by her godly preacher that God would sometime bring some
heavie judgment on the towne for their horrible prophanation of the Lord's
day occasioned chiefly by their market on the day following Not long
after his death on the 3rd of April, 1598, God in less than halfe an houre
consumed, with a sudden and fearfull fire, the whole towne, except only
the church, the court house, and the almes-houses, or a fewpoore people's
dwellings ; where a man might have seene foure hundred dwelling
houses all at once on fire, and about fiftie persons consumed with the
flames ; and nowe again since the former edition of this booke, on the
5th of August last, 1612 (14 years since the former fire), the whole town

88 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

In the year 1866 an anonymous writer contributed to the
Tiverton Gazette a tale, the subject of which was the fire at Tiverton
in 1612. On the whole the effort cannot be pronounced a
success, but the author, as the following extract will show, was
not devoid of talent. I have taken the liberty to make some
omissions, and also to invent a title for the story.

PETEE

The old man was beside himself with anger ; but he had re-
ceived such a shaking from the fall, that he had no strength left
to retaliate, and he, therefore, vented his rage on the boy. who
was busy with his horse, kicked the dog, ordered the other appren-
tice to light the furnace fire, and as his other workman was still
sick, he himself helped Tart to get open a cask containing walnut-
peels, which had been a long time under water. Tart found his
position worst of all, for his master's temper was so ruined that he
was in his most unreasonable mood, and the excitement of his
mind caused him to do more harm than good in the work, and to
blame his servant for every fault he committed.

The two apprentices were mightily entertained by their
master's wrathful mood, and diverted themselves at his expense.

" By my faith " said Peter, " Surely our master is possessed. I
wish Pincher would get out of sight — the old devil hath, 1 fear,
done him much mischief by the kick ; and he will kick him again,
if he gets in his way,"

" Thou thinkest more of the dog than thou dost of thyself,
Peter," returned Bill. " But hearest thou what he now saith to
Tart ? " he asked, suddenly stopping in his half completed
sentence. " We must work on Wednesday — the day when all
without distinction are to have a holiday, to seek enjoyment as
they list — if the cloth of the worthy Master Wynn be not dyed
by that time, till we have done the task ! Ho, my worthy master,"
pursued the boy in a whisper, "Thou wilt not find me so obedient
a hawk as to remain in my perch on that day. I prefer to obey
our honest lord the King for once."

" The tyrant " muttered Peter, " He hath ever more work than
can be done at holiday times."

" Thou sayest true, Peter, but wilt thou be here during the
holiday appointed by the King ?"

was again fired and consumed, except some 30 houses of poore people,
with the school house and almes-houses. They are blind which see not
in this the finger of God. God grant them grace, when it is next built
to change their market day and to remove all occasions of prophaning
the Lord's day.' And being a third time burnt, and a brief procured,
and a Devonshire man collector, the very memoire of the probable
occasion of the former flames cooleth the charitie of many that remem-
bereth the storie, and was objected to the collector, who replyed that
there was no truth in it, and the ' Practice of Pietie ' had done them
much wrong-, which words bearing a double sense occasioned much
laughter,"

THE GEEAT TIKES 69

" In sooth I must, whether I will or no."

"Why?" questioned Bill.

" Hast thou forgotten my uncle ? "

" By all the saints, no Thou hadst better please thy niggard
master, for he and thy uncle are warm friends."

At this point in the conversation a friend of the dyer's entered
the yard, and bore off that worthy to join the cavalcade which
had already started for Exeter. Fully confirmed in their deter-
mination not to be left alone in the house while it was unpro-
tected, the females of the household departed, as the evening
drew on, escorted by the ever attentive William Dickson, and
arrived safely, just as night was closing in, at Smith's Farm.

The 8th of August had come, and the streets of the ancient
town of Tiverton bore a much more lively appearance than they
generally did. But it was in the afternoon that the festivity of
the inhabitants was at its height. Men and women, youths and
maidens, and all else were in a merry mood. Pageants were got
up, pleasure parties were formed, a wealthy yeoman had an ox
roasted whole and afterwards cut up for all who chose to fetch
a steak of that favourite flesh on that day. Many a merry dance
was going on in one or two of the neighbouring fields, for all ser-
vants being liberated from work on that day, theyTwere determined
to make the utmost possible use of their holiday for enjoyment.
In a word, every body was merry, and a jocund expression sat on
every face. Then in accordance with the custom of the day a
bull was to be baited, to which amusement the young men and
boys in particular looked forward with great glee. The bull's
horns and tail were to be decorated with ribbons, and he was to
be driven or led round the town and thence to a field in the
suburbs, where he was to be placed within a strong wooden ring-
fence, in which, exposed to the full view of the spectators, he was
to be set upon by dogs, trained for the purpose, one at a time.

We have said that all servants were liberated from work on
that day, but we must except Tart and the apprentice Peter who
were busy in the dyeing house. They had tried hard to " finish
up " by noon, but their efforts had been vain ; there were still
enough pieces to keep them from pleasure till six o'clock in the
evening. They had done their best and had hoped above all
things to be in time to see the bull-baiting in the afternoon, and
to join in the principal games ; arid now they were disheartened,
and many were the words of dispraise spoken by them at the
expense of their master. Nevertheless, they were working with
a will, in order to be able to join in the evening carousals, when, a
little after three o'clock in the afternoon, Diller entered.

" By my faith," he cried on entering, " Te are content to re-
main here and work yourselves to death to please your niggard
master ?"

" Thou knowest we can't help ourselves, Diller," returned Tart.

70 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOKD

" I must e'en keep in the good graces of our master, if I won't see
my wife and children become beggars."

" Well, Tart ? " said his comrade, turning to the latter, " a cock
fight is being got up at the Green Dragon. "We have a famous
pit; but none, as far as I can see, will come up to thy birds.
Master Templer, who is staying there, hath promised £1 to the
owner of the best bird of the pit. Thou hast a good chance of
winning it, an.thou wilt take the trouble to bring thy best birds."

Thus tempted, Tart arranged to leave his work for an hour,
giving instructions to the boy Peter, to prepare a new lot of dye,
promising to let him off to see the bull-baiting in return for
working during his absence. This was part of the plot of Templer
and his confederate for getting the dyer's house emptied of its
inmates, in order the better to carry out their diabolical designs.
Templer was anxiously on the look-out for the arrival of Diller
and his dupe, and his eyes brightened as they entered the yard
together.

" Capitally done so far," whispered he ; " but thou hadst better
haste thee to finish the work so nicely begun. Methinks yonder
gull, Tart, will not think of his work for an hour, at least. The
boy, however, must now be attended to."

" Trust me," returned Diller.

This said, he left the premises, while Templer returned to
witness the sport going on in the cock-pit.

Diller, having left the Green Dragon, traversed the streets with
rather a pre-occupied air, which he vainly tried to disguise. He
had not been walking five minutes, inwardly regretting, if the
truth must be told, having lent himself to so villainous a scheme
as the one he had in hand, but which he now felt bound to carry
through, when suddenly a column of smoke rose into the air in
the direction of the dyer's house, accompanied a moment after by
a fierce tongue of flame. Diller stopt suddenly short in horrified
consternation. Here was the very crime which he had been
meditating, and of which he would probably have been guilty in
another hour, done ready to his hand, and by what agency ?
"Was it possible that it could be other than supernatural ? Had the
fiends then accomplished a work so congenial to them, and what
would they demand for their work ? The would-be incendiary
shook with fear as he had never quailed in his life, and turning
round, almost demented in his fright, fled rapidly from the spot.

We must now glance at the events which had in the meantime
taken place in the dye-house, whereby the evil designs of those
wicked men had been frustrated, or rather, we should say,
supplanted by circumstances utterly beyond their control, and
never contemplated by them. We have seen how the boy Peter
was left alone in the dye-house, and his acquaintance, the young
weaver on Angel Hill, who owned the stray dog of Saturday
night, had noted this fact also, and thought it a capital oppor-

THE GEEAT FIRES 71

tunity to pay a visit to his friend ; so whistling to Towser to
accompany him, he made for the dyer's, his dog following close to
his heels.

*******

Peter was quite delighted at the news brought him by his
friend. He felt sure his dog would win and that he should have
the shilling, Pincher was growling loudly, his nose was wrinkled,
and his teeth were showing, and the hair was standing upright on
the ridge of his back, at the presence of the stranger on his
particular domain ; while Towser's outside was just as forbidding
on perceiving how unwelcome a visitor he was. No sooner did
the boys notice the antagonistic attitude of the animals than the
idea of setting them to fight for their amusement suggested
itself, and was immediately caught at by both, Peter exclaiming,
" Let me put in some more firing first to keep up the fire while
our dogs be at it, and then we'll get 'em on."

Hereupon he laid hold of a pick to feed the fire with some
furze from a heap lying at a little distance from his furnace, in
which the dye was almost boiling. In his impatience he did not
disentangle a little from the heap at a time, as he would have
done had he been cool, but drew a lot carelessly to the furnace's
mouth, hastily pushing in what he thought enough to save him
trouble for a little while, leaving a train of furze from the fire to
the heap in the dye-house. Then reckless in their excitement the
boys set their dogs at it, and the animals fell upon each other
tooth and nail. The attention of their masters was so absorbed
that they thought of nothing and perceived nothing, until a
scorching heat at their backs made itself felt, accompanied by a
loud crackling and roaring sound, while a suffocating smoke filled
the room, and to their horror they saw that while they had been
engaged with their dogs, the train of furze had caught fire from
the furnace and communicating with the rest had ignited the
whole heap of firing. Almost petrified with horror the boys
stared open-mouthed at the flames, which were now spreading
with fearful rapidity, until fearing for their personal safety, they
instinctively rushed into the streets shouting " Fire ! fire ! " to
the great consternation of a crowd of people who were beginning
to collect to know the cause of the gathering smoke they had
observed issuing from the dyer's premises.

The third fire, which happened on the evening of Saturday,
June 5th, 1731, was on a smaller scale than the two previous,
but still sufficiently appalling. It had its historian in the Eev.
Samuel Smith, master of the Grammar School, to whom later
writers are indebted for most of the particulars ; but since his
style, chastened by the study of the classics, has not that
poignancy and abandon which lend such interest to the above-

72 THE CHKONTCLES OF TWYFOED

quoted naive recitals, I shall not do him the honour to reproduce
him verbally. The fire commenced at a baker's shop in Gold-
street, and spread with alarming rapidity. There had been a long
spell of dry weather, and this, together with the strong wind then
blowing, may account for its speedy progress. The fire engines
were kept at the church, but owing to the prevailing confusion it
was some time before they could be brought to the spot. It was
then found that some of the apparatus had been forgotten.
While it was being fetched, the fire attained such a height that
it was hopeless for anyone to think of remaining. The engine
was left to its fate, and, though full of water, was burnt. Mean-
while nothing was done to arrest the flames. The inhabitants
could only look on, oppressed by a feeling of horror and
despair. The fire extended a quarter of a mile in length, and
almost as far in breadth, and attacked three hundred houses, to
say nothing of out-houses. Gold-street and a considerable part
of Fore-street and Bampton-street succumbed to the flames.
Most of the houses appear to have been thatched, a circumstance
which helps to explain the swiftness of the disaster. At the
west of Fore-street, however, and at the north of Bampton-street
were the residences of some of the principal inhabitants. These
houses were built of stone or brick, and had slate roofs, which
rendered them less exposed to combustion. Great efforts were
made to save them, and as the wind had now fallen, the fire was
stayed at these points. ]t was then four o'clock in the morning.
*A propos of this event, the following entry occurs in the parish
register.

" On the 5th day of June, Anno. 1731, a fire broak out in the
house of one John Tucker, a Baker on Bans Hill, about 5 of the Clock
in the afternoone, which burnt all the Houses on both Sides of the
Street, from Loman bridge to Mr. Oliver Peard's house on the
South Side, and Mr. William Heathfield's house on the North Side
of High Street, with a great part of Bampton Street and Barring-
ton Street, Germany, and all the Back Sides and Courtlages
from the Same Streets ; but by God's mercy But one person, one
Henry Murray, a poor man belonging to Mr. John Greenway's
Alms-house, and in the same burnt."

The case referred to is curious, Murray being the victim of his
own obstinacy or superstition. He had been repeatedly warned
of his peril, but refused to go away, saying, " Who ever heard of
an alms-house being burnt ? " When at length he realised his
mistake, it was too late, escape being impossible. On the evening
of Sunday a committee was appointed to make out a list of the
houses destroyed, their tenants, and the losses sustained. It was
found that 298 houses had been burnt and 2,000 persons
rendered homeless. The majority had lost all their worldly gear.
Steps were at once taken to mitigate the distress, Exeter, as
usual, being foremost in this good work. A subscription list

THE GKEAT FIKES 73

having been opened, in a few days the sum of .£381 10s. 4d. was
forwarded from the Ever-Faithful City to the scene of desolation.
Meanwhile the inhabitants themselves had not been idle. With
commendable promptitude the Mayor summoned a meeting of the
Corporation, the Clergy, and the leading people to consider the
situation and advise on the best method of restoring the town.
A collection was at once made, and generous contributions were
received, among others, from some who, though losers by the
fire, still retained a portion of their wealth. The King sent
£1,000, and the Queen and the Prince of Wales made ample
donations. Sums were subscribed at London, Westminster, and
Bristol, and the Bishop of Exeter in an encyclical to his clergy urged
upon them the special exigency of the case. The losses occasioned
by the fire were estimated at .£58,976 14s. 9d. Of this large
amount only £1,135 was covered by insurance, while the sum
raised by subscriptions was £10,201 6s. 7|d., or one sixth of the
damage. The committee who had been appointed to distribute
the money, divided the sufferers into four classes. The first con-
sisted of those who had lost everything ; the second, of those who
had lost the bulk of their possessions ; the third, of those who
stood in need of some assistance : while the fourth was composed
of a number of individuals who did not want and declined to
receive any share of the contributions. The committee, acting
with rare discretion, drew up the following resolution : " That
we will not, in making the distribution to the sufferers by the
late dreadful fire, proceed by the rule of simple proportion,
allowing so much in the pound to all whom we shall judge fit
objects of this charity ; but due consideration shall be had of the
circumstances they are left in, and the state of their families; and
their allowance shall be great or less, in proportion to their necessi-
ties brought upon them by this calamity." In addition to this,bake-
houses were erected near the workhouse or " hospital " for the
benefit of the sufferers. One consequence of the fire must not be
over-looked. It seems that at the time of this disaster there was
an epidemic of small pox. Owing to the lack of shelter a great
deal of overcrowding took place, and eight or ten families were
huddled where previously there had been only one. Thus
great facilities were afforded for the spread of the disease ; and
pestilence completed the work which the fire had begun.

After such a dreadful experience it was plainly the duty of the
inhabitants to guard against its repetition. In 1732, therefore, an
Act of Parliament was passed, which contained, among others,
the following enactments : — That all houses, outhouse», roofs,
walls, and other buildings, should be covered with lead, slate, or
tile, and that a thatched house should be a nuisance. Any person
guilty of such a nuisance, and refusing to rectify or remove the
same in the space of one month after notice being given by the
Mayor or Justice, was subject to a penalty of five pounds for

74 THE CHBONICLES OF TWTFOED

every month during which the grievance remained unredressed,
and the costs of the action. Distillers, dyers, brewers, malt-
makers, chandlers, soap-boilers, neadlers of brass or copper, and
those engaged in any other dangerous trade were forbidden to
exercise their occupations in or near the principal streets, nor
was any stack or rick of hay, furze, wood, corn, or straw, or any
such combustible matter to be erected near the main thoroughfares.
The Mayor and Justice, or two Capital Burgesses, were empowered
to uncover or pull down houses, in order to prevent a fire from
spreading, while compensation was to be made to the owners by a
rate levied for that purpose by the Governor and Guardians of
the Poor. A court was constituted for the object of settling all
disputes arising out of the great fire between the various pro-
prietors and claimants. By the direction of the court any pro-
prietor refusing to re-build within three years was required to sell
his lands, the value of which was to be determined by a jury.
The court was authorised also to make alterations in the streets
and other places for the convenience of the public. If anyone
felt aggrieved at the decision of the court, he must appeal within
twenty-one days to the Judges of Assize, who might order a'com-
mission for re-hearing the case, and the sentence of the commission
was to be final.

The following verses, preserved by Dunsford, were evidently
written soon after 1731. As is often the case with these local
poems, there are one or two stanzas which are not easy to con-
strue, but taken as a whole they afford a picture of rural England
worthy of the imagination of Morland.

Summer's bloom now cheers the sight,
Sporting where the winter frown'd ;

Standing on the lofty height,
We command the landscape round.

Nature in the prospect yields
Humble dales and mountains bold ;

Meadows, woodlands, hills and fields,
Yellow'd o'er with waving gold.

On the uplands ev'ry glade

Brightens in the blaze of day ;
O'er the vales the sober shade

Softens to an ev'ning grey.

Sheep upon the mountain's brow,

Feeding o'er the daisied lea ;
Herds of redden'd hue below

O'er the valley's pasture stray.

Where the rill by slow degrees

Swells into a crystal pool,
Hanging banks and shelving trees

Shoot and keep the water cool.

THE GKEAT FIHES 75

On her waves the sunny beam

Glitters in meridian pride,
On proud Isca's rapid stream,

Hastening to the restless tide.

O'er the green a festal throng

Gambols in fantastic trim,
As the full cart moves along,

Hearken I 'tis their harvest hymn.

Cheerful as the summer morn,

Bounding from her loaded pad,
See the maid presents her corn

Smirking to the miller's lad.

Where the mantling willows nod

From the green bank's slopy side,
Patient with his well-thrown rod,

Many an angler breaks the tide.

Where the stone cross rais'd its head,

Many a saint and pilgrim hoar
Up the hill was wont to tread,

Barefoot in the days of yore.

Solemn see the shaded brow,

Where the Gothic pile appears,
O'er the trembling group below

Tott'ring with a load of years.

Turn to the contrasted scene,

Where beyond the hoary pile
Streets appear mid shades of green ;

Where the new built dwellings smile.

Villages, farms, seats, and spires

Scatter'd on the landscape lie,
'Till the distant view retires,

Closing in an azure sky.

APPENDIX.

I annex some documents, hitherto unpublished, relating to
legal proceedings under the Act of Parliament which was passed
for the rebuilding of Tiverton. I venture to think they will
" number good intellects."

At a Court held the Tenth day of May One Thousand Seven Hundred
and fforty ffour at the Guildhall of the Town of Tiverton In the County
of Devon in pursuance of an Act of Parliament made in the ffif th year
of the Reign of his present Majesty Entitled an Act for the better and
more easy rebuilding of the Town of Tiverton in the County of Devon

76 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

and for determining differences touching Houses and Buildings Burnt
Down or Demolished by reason of the late dreadf ull ffire there and for
the better preventing dangers from ffire for the ffuture, Before Peter
Bartow, Esq., Justice, Mr. Leonard Blagdon, Mr. William Burridge, Mr.
John Cannington, Mr. ffrancis Mathews, Mr. Thomas How, Mr. Clement
Govet, Mr. John Davey, and Mr. Henry Hodge being Nine of the
Co missioners appointed by the said Act of Parliament Cometh John
Mardon, of Tiverton aforesaid, Ropemaker, and Informeth the Court that
by the late dreadfull ffire in Tiverton aforesaid two Several Messuages
and Dwelling Houses with all the outhouses and Buildings belonging
thereunto, scituate lyeing and being in and near Bampton Street and
Gold Street, in the Town of Tiverton aforesaid, formerly in the several
possessions of Aaron Smith, sadler, and Robert Thomas or their Tenants
and lately in the possession of Benjamin Parkhouse, John Humphrys,
and John Murch as Tenants at a Rack Rent were Burnt Down and
destroyed and demolished and that the proprietors and Owners thereof
(To Wit) Bartholomew Davey, who is Intitled to a Moyety of one of the
said Messuages and Dwelling houses And of the Shop Chambers, Stable,
Linney, Courtlages, and Garden thereunto belonging and appertaining
which was formerly in the possession of the said Aaron Smith for the
Remainder of a Term of One Thousand years therein yet to come and
unexpired, Thomas Birchinsha and ffrancis Shobrook, Gentlemen, who
are Jointly Intitled to be ffee Simple and Inheritance of the one ffourth
part purporty and portion the whole in ffour parts to be divided of the
said Messuage or Dwelling House and premises formerly in the possession
of the said Aaron Smith, Thomas Rudd, who is Intitled co the Moyety of
the said Messuage or Dwelling House formerly in the possession of the
said Robert Thomas as assd for the Remainder of a certain Term of Two
Thousand years therein yet to come and unexpired, And also lawfully
and Rightfully seized in ffee of the one ffourth part of the said Messuage
or Dwelling House (formerly in the possession of the said Robert
Thomas) and Elisabeth Newton widow, who to also Intitled to two eighth
parts of the void or Vacant Plotts of Ground whereon the said two
Several Messuages Dwelling Houses and premises were lately standing
and being for the Remainder of a certain Term or Terms of Two Thou-
sand years therein yet to come and unexpired Any or either of them or
any person or persons Claiming under them any or either of them had
not Laid the ffoundation of any House or Houses to be rebuilt in the
space thereof Notwithstanding Three years and upwards have past since
the said ffire It is therefore ordered and decreed by this
said Court that the said Bartholomew Davey, Thomas Birchinsha, and
ffrancis Shobrooke, Thomas Rudd and Elisabeth Newton or some or one
of these do or doth within the space of one Month lay the ffoundation of
the said Houses in order to the Rebuilding thereof and Rebuild and
finish the same within the Space of Twelve Months then next following,
according to the true Intent and meaning of the said Act of Parliament
and the said Bartholomew Davey, Thomas Birchinsha, ffrancis Sho-
brooke, Thomas Rudd, and Elisabeth Newton have forthwith Notice of
this order and decree. Peter Bartow, Leonard Blagdon,
Wm. Burridge, John Cannington, Francis Matthews,
Thomas How, Clem* Covet, Jn°- Davey, Henry Hodge.

Whereas John Mardon hath entred his Complaint in Writing
before the Comissioners appointed by an Act of Parliament made in the
ffifth year of his present Majesty King George the Second, to determine
Differences touching Houses and Buildings Burnt Down or Demolished
by reason of the late dreadfull ffire in Tiverton against you for not

THE GKEAT FIEES 77

Rebuilding a Vacant plott of Ground Scituate lyeing and Being in and
near Bampton Street and Gold Street in the Town of Tiverton aforesaid,
now in your possessions haveing or Claiming a Right thereto or some part
thereof These are, therefore, to give you Notice that the Comissioners
appointed to put the said Act in Execution will hear the Matters of the
said Complaint on Monday, the Eleventh day of June next, by five of the
Clock in the afternoon, at the Guildhall in Tiverton aforesaid, when and
where you may severally attend to make your respective defences to the
said Complaint if you think proper. Dated at the Guildhall of Tiverton
aforesaid the Tenth day of May, One Thousand Seven Hundred & fforty
ffour.

To Mrs. Elisabeth Newton
Mr. Bartholomew Davey
Mr. ffrancis Shobrooke
Mr. Thomas Birchinsha

And
Mr. Thomas Rudd

John Nicolls
x Secretary.

The Proprietors.

At a Court held the Eleventh day of June One Thousand Seven
Hundred and fforty ffour at the Guildhall of the Town of Tiverton in the
County of Devon in pursuance of an Act of Parliament made in the
ffif th year of the Reign of his present Majesty entitled an Act for the
more Easy Rebuilding the Town of Tiverton in the County of Devon,and
for determining differences touching Houses or Buildings Burnt Down
or Demolished by reason of the late dreadful! ffire there and for the
better preventing dangers from ffire for the ffuture, before Peter Bartow
Esqe. Mr. Leonard Blagdon, Mr. William Burridge, Mr. Oliver Peard,
Mr. Peter Bartow, Junr- , Mr. John Cannington, Mr. ffrancis Matthews,
Mr. Robert Glass, Mr. Thomas How, Mr. Clement Govet, Mr.
John Davey, Mr. Thomas Bircbinsha, Mr. Henry Hodge, and
Mr. Peter Cart-hew, being ffourteen of the Comissioners ap-
pointed by the said Act of Parliament Be it remembered that
the sevi persons who have hereunto Respectively Subscribed their Names,
and whose names are herein Inserted (to wit) George Land, Richard
Downe, Thomas Paddon, John Noble, William West, JohnHaris, Thomas
Beck, John Palmer, John Langworthy, Richard Gully, John Duckham,
Thomas Shariand, honest and lawful men of the Town of Tiverton
aforesaid, having been duely Impanneled Summoned and Sworne as
Jurors by and before the Comissioners above named pursuant to the
said Act of Parliamt Find that by reason of the late dreadfull ffire in
Tiverton aforesaid five several Messuages and Dwelling Houses with all
the outhouses and Buildings belonging thereunto, Scituate lyeing and
being in and near Bampton Street and Gold Street, in the Town of liver-
ton aforesaid,fformerly in the several possessions of Aaron Smith Sadler
and Rob*- Thomas, and lately in the possessions of Benjamin Parkhouse,
John Humphreys, and John Murch, as Tenants at a Rack Rent, were
Burnt down, destroyed, and demolished And that Elisabeth Newton,
of Tiverton aforesaid, Widow, Bartholomew Davey, of Tiverton
aforesaid, Tallow Chandler, ffrancis Shobrook, of Tiverton aforesaid,
Gentleman, Thomas Birchinsha, of Tiverton aforesaid, Apothecary,
and Thomas Rudd, of Tiverton aforesaid, Mercer, or some or one
of them are or is Intitled to the same premisses or some part,
thereof for the Remainder of Two Thousand years or one Thousand
years or such like long Term of years absolute or are Seized
in ffee of the same premises or some part or parts thereof.
And that they, the said Elisabeth Newton, Bartholomew Davey

78 THE CHEONICLES OF TWTFOED

ffrancis Shobrooke, Thomas Birchinsha, and Thomas Rudd, or any or
either of them or any person or persons claiming under them or any or
either of them have not laid the ffoundation of any House or Houses to
be rebuilt in the placejthereof Notwithstanding Three years and upwards
have past since the said ffire And the said Jurors do think fitt and
Assess the Sum of Seventy Pounds of lawfull money of Great Britain to
be awarded and paid unto the said Elizabeth Newton, Bartholomew
Davey, ffrancis Shobrooke, Thomas Birchinsha, and Thomas Rudd, and
as a recompense for their every and either of their Respective Rights
and Interests therein by any person or persons undertaking to be the
rebuilder or Rebuilders thereof.

George Land William West John Langworthy

Richard Downe John Harris Richard Gully

Thomas Paddon Thomas Beck John Duckham

John Noble J. Palmer Thos- Sharland

At a Court held the Eleventh day of June One Thousand Seven
Hundred and fforty ffour at the Guildhall of the Town of Tiverton in
the County of Devon in pursuance of an Act of Parliamt made in the
ffifth year of his Present Majesty entitled an Act for the more Easy re-
building of the Town of Tiverton in the County of Devon and for
Determining Differences touching Houses and Buildings Burnt down
and demolished by reason of the late dreadfull ffire and for the
Better preventing dangers from ffire for the ffuture, Peter Bartow Esqe-
Mr. Leonard Blagdon, Mr. William Burridge, Mr. Oliver Peard. Mr.
Peter Bartow, Jun*-> Mr. John Cannington, Mr. ffrancis Matthews, Mr.
Robert Glass, Mr. Thomas How, Mr. Clement Govet, Mr. John Davey,
Mr. Thomas Birchinsha, Mr. Henry Hodge, and Mr. Peter Carthew being
ffourteen of the Comissioners appointed by the Said Act of Parliament
Be it Remembered that whereas at a Court held the Tenth day
of May last past John Mardon, of Tiverton aforesaid, Ropemaker, came
and Informed the Court that by reason of the late dreadful ffire in Tiver-
ton aforesaid two Several Messuages and Dwelling Houses with all the
outhouses and Buildings belonging thereunto Scituate lyeing and being
in and near Bampton Street and Gold Street, in the Town of Tiverton
aforesaid, formerly in the several possessions of Aaron Smith, Sadler, and
Robert Thomas or their Tenants (and lately in the possessions of
Benjamin Parkhouse, John Humphreys, and John Murch as Tenants, at a
Rack Rent), were Burnt down, destroyed, and demolished, And that the
proprietors or owners thereof (to wit) Bartholomew Davey, who is
Intitled to the Moyety of one of the said Messuages or Dwelling houses
and of the Shops, Chambers, Stable, Linney, (Jourtlage, and Garden,
thereunto belonging and appertaining, which was formerly in the
possession of the said Aaron Smith for the Remainder of a Term of
One Thousand years therein yet to come and unexpired, Thomas
Birchinsha and ffrancis Shobrooke, Gentlemen, who are Jointly Intitled
to the ffee Simple and Inheritance of the one fourth part purporty and
portion (the whole in four parts to be divided) of the sail Messuage or
Dwelling House and premisses formerly in the possession of the said
Aaron Smith. Thomas Rudd, who is Intitled to the Moyety of the said
Messuage or Dwelling House formerly in the possession of the said
Robert Thomas as aforesaid for the Remainder of a certain Term of Two
Thousand years therein yet to come and unexpired, and also lawfully and
Rightfully seized in ffee of the Ground whereon the said two several
Messuages, Dwelling Houses and premisses were lately standing and
Leting for the Remainder of a certain Term or Terms of Two Thousand
Years therein yet to come and unexpired any or either of them or any

THE GKEAT PIKES 79

person or persons Claiming under them Any or either of them had not
laid the ffoundation of any House or Houses to be rebuilt in the place
thereof Notwithstanding Three years and upwards have past since the
said ffire It was therefore ordered and decreed by the
said Court that the said Bartholomew Davey, Thomas Birchinsha, and
ffrancis Shobrooke, Thomas Rudd, and Elisabeth Newton, or some or oue
of them should within the Space of One Month lay the ffoundation of
the said Houses in order to the Rebuilding thereof and Rebuild and finish
the same within the space of Twelve Months then next following,
according to the true Intent and meaning of the said Act of Parliament
and that the said Bartholomew Davey, Thomas Birchinsha and ffrancis
Shobrooke, Thomas Rudd, and Elizabeth Newton, should forthwith have
Notice of this order and decree And it appearing unto this Court
that the said Bartholomew Davey, Thomas Birchinsha and ffrancis
Shobrooke, Thomas Rudd, and Elisabeth Newton have Respectively had
Notice of the said order and decree, and that they or either of them
have not within the Time Limitted by the said Court as aforesaid laid the
ffoundation of the said Houses in order to the Rebuilding thereof, but
have respectively made default therein, and the said John Mardon hath
undertaken and doth hereby Submitt and promise to Thomas Rudd and
Elisabeth Newton for their respective Rights and properties therein And
this Court haveing heard the said parties and their several Allegations
and having also Impannelled and Summond a Jury before them of
Honest and lawfull Men of the Town of Tiverton aforesaid pursuant to
the Directions of the said Act of Parliament, whose names are herein
inserted (to wit) George Land, Richard Downe, Thomas Paddon, John
Noble, William West, John Harris, Thomas Beck, J. Palmer, John
Langworthy, Richard Gully, John Duckham, Thomas Sharland (to whom
the oath required by the said Act hath been duely administred), who
upon their Oaths Administred to them by this Court have thought fitt
and assessed the Sum of Seventy Pounds of lawfull money of Great
Britain to be awarded and paid unto the said Bartholomew Davey,
Thomas B.irchinsha, and ffrancis Shobrooke, Thomas Rudd and Elisabeth
Newton for and as a Recompence and Satisfaction for their respective
Rights and Interests therein with Verdict or Assessment of the Jurors
aforesaid entred previous hereto among the Records and proceedings
of the said Act of Parliament Now this Court doth award, order,
adjudge, and decree that the said John Mardon who hath undertaken to
be the Rebuilder as aforesaid do give and pay the said Sum of Seventy
pounds to the said Bartholomew Davey, Thomas Birchinsha, and ffrancis
Shobrooke, Thomas Rudd and Elisabeth Newton for such their respective
Rights and Interests aforesaid which said Sum they the said Bartholomew
Davey, Thomas Birchinsha, and ffrancis Shobrooke, Thomas Rudd and
Elizabeth Newton do hereby accept and the said John Mardon hath now
brought the said Sum of Seventy pounds here into Court and paid the
same unto the said Bartholomew Davey, Thomas Birchinsha, and
ffrancis Shobrooke, Thomas Rudd, and Elisabeth Newton, who have re-
ceived the same. And this Court doth further order, adjudge, and
decree that in regard of such Default as aforesaid the Houses so to be
rebuilt and the Soil thereof and all Courts, yards, Backsides and other
the appurts thereunto belonging, be disposed of and Conveyed to the said
John Mardon who hath undertaken to Rebuild the same as aforesaid
and to his Heirs, Executors, and Assigns. And this Court doth
according by this their Judgment, Order, and Decree and by the power and
Authority of the said Act of Parliament dispose of, Assign, and Appoint
the said Houses so to be rebuilt and the soil thereof and all Courts,
yards, Backsides, Gardens and other appurts thereunto belonging to the
said John Mardon his Heirs Execs, and Assi8- And this Court doth

80 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOKD

further order, adjudge, and decree that the said Houses so to be Rebuilt
and the Soil thereof and all Courts, yards, Backsides, Gardens, and other
appurtenances thereunto belonging shall for ever hereafter be and
Remain unto the said John Mardon his Heirs, Executors, and Assigns for
ever.

Peter Barlow
Leonard Blagdon
William Burridge
Oliver Peard
Peter Barlow, Junr.
John Cannington
ffrancis Matthews
Rob*. Glass
Thomas How
Clem*- Govet
John Davey
Thos- Birchinsha
Henry Hodge
Peter Carthew

THE EARLY STUARTS

IV

THE EARLY STUARTS

B reign of James I. opens auspiciously for Tiverton with
the foundation of Blundell's School. Peter Blundell, who
was born at Tiverton, 1 520, is a kind of local Dick Whitting-
ton. Of humble parentage, he was accustomed as a boy to run
errands, and later on he became an ostler. Extravagant profits
were then realised on kerseys, as much, it is said, as a hundred per
cent., and Blundell's first venture was to invest his savings in a
kersey which he entrusted to a carrier. The latter charged him
nothing for the carriage, and on his arrival at London sold the
kersey for a considerable sum. He was faithful to his trust and
made over the profits to Blundell, who, encouraged by his success,
continued to speculate in the same way, and at last he purchased
enough kerseys to load a horse. After this he himself went to
London, where he found employment in the kersey trade, and
where he remained until he had acquired a sufficient capital to
commence the manufacture of kerseys on his own account. He
then returned to Tiverton. Here he established that business
which afterwards proved so lucrative, though he seems also to have
bought from other clothiers, and from time to time he re-visited
London, the market for his goods. For some years before his
death he permanently resided in the metropolis. He died April
18, 1601, and was buried in the Church of St. Michael Eoyal.
This church was destroyed in the fire of London, 1666, and
Blundell's monument, if any existed, must have perished at the
same time.

Although mercantile considerations led Blundell during the
later period of his life to exile himself from his native town, he
did not cease to feel an interest in its welfare. This is shown by
his will, dated the 9th of June, 1599. In it he directs his
executors that " with all convenient speede upon a fytt and con-
venient plott and piece of grounde in Tiverton aforesaid, by my
•2

84 THE CHEONICLES OF TWXTOKD

executors for that purpose to be purchased and procured, they
shall erecte and buyld a faier School House to conteyne for the
place for teaching only in length one hundred footeand in breadth
t'ower and twenty foot, a hawle, buttery, and kitchen, all of con-
venient space and biggness to be joined unto it, with fit and con-
venient roomes over the same hawle, buttery, and kitchin, all the
windows well and strongly glassed and barred with iron barrs and
well covered, the floor of the school to be well plancked with
plancks of oke, &c., and to be devided on or neere the middest
with some fit partition of fower foot in height, or thereabouts, and
to be strongly wainscotted round abowte, to extend abowte five or
six foot above the settles or formes, &c. The hawle to be alsoe
plancked or paved and also wainscotted round abowte, and to
have in the hall and chamber over the same one or other chimney,
and in the kitchen one faier great chimney with an oven and a
chamber over the kitchen with a chimney therein ; and that there
shall be adjoining to this school-house a convenient garden and
woodyard, with a fit house, &c., uppon or as near the river of Ex
there, or Loinan, as may be, and the whole to be rounde aboute
well walled and inclosed with a strong wall, the going in and
forthe to be at one only place with a fair stong gate with a little
dore, as is usual, &c. and that the whole may be substantially
done, my will is that my executors shall bestowe therein twentie
four hundred poundes within the least."

He directs further " that in the said schooles shall not be
taughte above the number of one hundred and fiftie scholers at
any one tyme, and those from tyme to tyme of children born,
and for the most parte before their age of sixe yeares brought upp
in the towne or parrish of Tyverton aforesaid ; and if the same
number be not filled upp, my will is that the wante shall be supplyed
with the children of forreyners ; and those forreyriers only to be
received and admitted, from tyme to tyme for ever, with the
assent and allowance of such tenne householders of the said towne
of Tyverton aforesaide, as for the tyme beinge shall be most in the
subsidie bookes of our sovereigne Lady the Queenes majesty and
of her successors for ever, and not otherwise. And my meaning
and desier is, that they, from tyme to tyme, will make choice of
the children of such forreyners as are of honest reputation and
feare God, without regarding the riche above or more than the
poore ; and that there shall bee noe scholar bee or continue in
the said schoole, as a scholer, but boyes, and none above the age
of eighteen yeares or under the age of sixe yeares, and none
under a grammar scholer."

The Master was to have the use of the buildings " and yearely
for ever fiftie poundes," while the usher had to be content with
" one chamber to himself only in the saide buildinge " and a salary
of twenty marks. " And my hope and desier and will is that they
hould themselves satisfied and contente with that recompense for

85

their travell, without seeking or exacting any more either of
parents or children, which procureth favour to givers, and the
contrarie to such as do not or cannot give ; for my meaning is, y*
shall be a free scholl and not a schole of exaction." Blundell,
moreover, left .£2,000 for the maintenance of six students in
divinity in the University of Oxford or Cambridge or both for
ever. Payment is to be made " from their first corainge to the
Universities untill they severally shall be, or by the order and
constitution of their howses might bee, bachilers in divinitie, or
otherwise shall be fellowes' of any howse or howses, or shall be
beneficed in the country. And as they shall be soe, or in the like
manner, severally preferred or promoted, or as they in the mean
tyme shall fortune to die, my will is that their several places shall
for ever be supplied with scholers, to be elected by the feoffees,
or the most parte of them, with the advise of the scholemaster
there for the tyme being, out of the saide grammer schoole of
Tyverton, and not elsewhere, and that of the aptest and most to-
warde in learninge, and such as of themselves or parents or other-
wise, are lest able to mainteyne themselves in the said ministrie."
Such was Blundell's dream, the fulfilling of which he left to his
' righte deare and honorable friende, Sr John Popham, ID, Lord
Chiefe Justice of England.' Let us see how the latter acquitted
himself of his trust. First, as to the edifice. The founder's wish
was so far respected that his school was built at the south east of
the town near the Lowman. The original intention was no doubt
to secure the school to the inhabitants, who for various reasons
have scarcely reaped that benefit from it which it was in Blundell's
heart to confer. For the sake of the minority of my readers who
have no knowledge of the locality I may here anticipate a little
by stating that in 1880 the school was removed to Horsdon, a
distance of one mile from the town, and the old premises were
converted into dwelling-houses. In describing the place, there-
fore, my narrative must partly run in the past tense. There were
two school-rooms, the higher and the lower. Tho former was 55
feet long by 24 wide, and the latter 43 by 24. Both wer,e floored
and wainscotted five feet high with oak. Between them was a
passage, leading to the usher's abode. Over the entrance to each
school was carved in oak or chestnut " P. 1604. B." The walls
are 18 feet in height and the roof: 38. The latter is said to have
been copied from a chapel of Frithelstock Abbay near Torrington.
There are two porches, one having been the entrance to the
schools, while the other led to a dining-hall, 35 feet long, in
which the Head-master's boarders used to take their meals. At
the extreme end of the building towards the north was a library.
Thus, on a front view, the eJific3 is seen to consist of three
divisions. The total length is 170 feet and the width 30 feet.
There is a tradition that many of the timbers were from the
wreck of the Spanish Armada, with the relics of which, twelve or

86 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

fourteen years before the building commenced, the coast of Corn-
wall was strewn. Agreeably with the founder's wish a play-
ground was formed. Hound it was built a strong wall about 10
feet high, and it was shut in by double wooden gates pierced by a
wicket. In 1695 these, having become much decayed, were removed,
and there were substituted for them the present iron gates. At
the same time the porters' lodges were erected, but Harding is in
error in stating that the lime trees surrounding the Green on
three sides date from this period. In reality they are not much
more than a hundred years old. Over the outer gate were the
following inscriptions :

" Hospita disquirens Pallas Tritonia sedem
Est Blundellinae percita amore Scholae.

Ascivit sedem, placuit, cnpiensque foveri,
Hospes, ait, Petre sis, qui mhi fautor eris."*

" This Free Grammar School was founded at the only cost and
charge of Mr. Peter Blundell, of this town, some time clothier.
Ann. Dom. 1604, Aetatis Suae 81."

Dunsford observes (1790) "few alterations have taken place
since these buildings were first erected." In 1836 and 1837,
however, some additions were made to the Masters' residences,
and in 1840 the roof was surmounted by a new cupola and bell.
The dial also was removed from its former position over the
entrance of the upper school to where it now stands. The bell
was originally hung in the cupola about the year 1613, and it
has been once or twice re-cast. When the building was turned
into private houses, the windows were lowered for the convenience
of the occupants, an alteration which rather enhances the
architectural effect, and the interior was so entirely re-modelled
that few traces remain of its ancient state.

We now return to consider the way in which Chief Justice
Popham carried out his mission. One of his first duties was to
appoint a head-master, and in 1601 he offered the post to Hall,
who afterwards held the sees of Exeter and Norwich and gained a
name as one of the most famous of English divines. Hall, how-
over, declined it. His account of the matter which is given in
his autobiography (vol. i. p. xvii., Oxford, 1837),. is interesting
and deserves to be quoted :

"There was at that time a famous school erected at Tiverton

*These verses have been the despair of translators. Among the many
versions which have been attempted the following perhaps conveys the
sense as well as any, while in smoothness it far surpasses the original :
' When wand 'ring Pallas sought some sweet retreat,
In Blundell's school at length she fix'd her seat ;
" Peter," she said, " beneath thy roof I'll rest
And at thy table sit a well-pleas'd guest.'

P.

THE EAELY STUABTS 87

in Devon, and endowed with a very large pension ; whose goodly
fabric was answerable to the reported maintenance ; the care
whereof was, by the rich and bountiful founder, Mr. Blundell,
cast principally upon the then Lord Chief Justice Popham. That
faithful observer, having great interest in the master of our house
(i.e., Emmanuel College, Cambridge), Dr. Chaderton, moved him
earnestly to recommend some able, learned, and discreet governor
to that weighty charge ; whose action should not need to be so
much as his over-sight. It pleased our master, out of his good
opinion, to tender this condition unto me ; assuring me of no
small advantages, and no great toil ; since it was intended the
main load of the work should be upon other shoulders. I
apprehended the motion worth the entertaining. In that severe
society our times were stinted ; neither was it safe or wise to
refuse good offers. Mr. Dr. Chaderton carried me to London ;
and there presented me to the Lord Chief Justice, with much
testimony of approbation. The judge seemed well apaid with
the choice. 1 promised acceptance ; he, the strength of his
favour. No sooner had I parted from the judge, than in the
street a messenger presented me with a letter from the right
virtuous and worthy lady, of dear and happy memory, the Lady
Drury, of Suffolk, tendering the JEtectory of her Halsted, then
newly void, and very earnestly desiring me to accept of it. Dr.
Chaderton, observing in me some change of countenance, asked
me what the matter might be. I told him the errand and
delivered him the letter ; beseeching his advice : which when he
had read ' Sir ' quoth I, * methinks Q-od pulls me by the sleeve ;
and tells me it is His will I should rather go to the east than to
the west.' ' Nay,' he answered, ' I should rather think that
Grod would have you go westward, for that He hath contrived
your engagement before the tender of this letter ; which therefore
coming too late, may receive a fair and easy answer.' To this I
besought him to pardon my dissent ; adding that I well knew
that divinity was the end whereto I was destined by my parents ;
which I had so constantly proposed to myself, that I never meant
other than to pass through this western school to it ; but I saw
that God, who found me ready to go the farther way about, now
called me the nearest and directest way to that sacred end. The
good man could no further oppose ; but only pleaded the distaste,
which would hereupon be justly taken by the Lord Chief Justice,
whom I undertook fully to satisfy : which I did with no great
difficulty ; commending to his lordship, in my room, my old friend
and chamber-fellow, Mr. Cholmley ; who, finding an answerable
acceptance, disposed himself to the place ; so as we two, who
came together to the University, now must leave it at once."

It would seem, however, that, notwithstanding Dr. Hall's
diplomacy, his friend Cholmley never entered on the duties of
the Head-master of Blundell's School. Such an excellent post,

88 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTPOED

for it is evident that Hall at least regarded it in this light, was
not likely to go a-begging, and, as a matter of fact, we find that
before much tims had elapsed a Mr. Samuel Bubler, who had held
a similar appointment elsewhere, became Master of the school at
Tiverton and " brought his scholars with him." From what
quarter exactly Mr. Butler hailed, is not clear. It seems probable,
however, that he came from Barnstaple, for in 1600 a Samuel
Butler was appointed Master of the Grammar School there.
Appended to his name is the not very complimentary
note: — "Inhibited from teaching 'till he shows by what authority
he teaches; December, 160 1." Among Butler's pupils was a boy who
was destined to shine as perhaps the greatest theologian of the
English Church— Bishop Bull. In his Life by Nelson is to be
found the following notice of the bishop's early years :

" When he (i.e. Dr. Bull) was fit to receive the first rudiments
of learning he was placed in a Grammar School at Wells, where
he continued not long ; but by the care of his guardians was to
great advantage removed to the Free School of Tiverton in Devon-
shire, of the greatest note of any in the West of England. This
school was founded by Mr. Peter Blundell, a clothier, in the year
1604, with a very good maintenance for a School-master and
Usher, and is not more considerable for its liberal endowments
than it is for its stately and noble structure. There are one
hundred and fifty of the foundation and if that number cannot
be supplied from the town and parish of Tiverton itself, which
seldom furnisheth above half so many, then the adjacent places
have the advantage of providing the rest, for the scholars gener-
ally rather exceed that fall short of the prescribed complement.
It hath the privilege of sending two Fellows and two Scholars to
Balliol College in Oxford, and the same number of both to Sidney
College in Cambridge, which are chosen here, and incorporated
afterwards in the respective societies in the Universities. An
encouragement wisely contrived to preserve the school in honour
and reputation, and experience confirmeth the observation ; for
it not only flourisheth at present, but hath made the most con-
siderable figure of any in that parb of the nation ever since its
first foundation.

" Mr. Samuel Butler, the master under whom Mr. Bull was
educated, was very eminent in his profession, an excellent
grammarian both for Latin and Greek, diligent in his office, and
vigilant in his care and observation of his scholars. He was
recommended to this post by my Lord Chief Justice Popham,
who by the will of the founder was constituted the chief director
of everything which related to this free school ; and he was so
considerable in his einploymsnt, that when he removed to
Tiverton, he brought several gentlemen's sons with him : so that
he had scholars from many parts of the Kingdom, and bred several
persons, considerable for their learning, during the long time he
continued master, which was above six and thirty years."

THE EARLY STUABTS 89

So distinguished a Blundellian, however, as Bishop Bull, should
not be dismissed without a few words on his after career. On
leaving Tiverton he proceeded to Exeter College, Oxford, where
he entered as a commoner July 10, 1648, being then hardly more
than fourteen. The next year, on account of his refusal to take
the commonwealth oath, he had to quit the University. His first
charge, after taking holy orders, was the parish of St. George's,
Bristol. In 1658 he was presented to the rectory of Suddington
St. Mary's, near the same city ; and in 1662 the living of
Suddington St. Peter's was given him. He was appointed
Prebendary of Gloucester in 1678, and a year later Archdeacon
of Llandaff. In 1705 he was consecrated Bishop of St. David's.
He died February 17, 1709. Bull was the author of a number of
works on theological subjects, nearly all of which were in Latin.
Perhaps the best known are his Defensio Fidei Nicenae, and his
Judicium Eccle-nae Calholicae, for which the thanks of the whole
French clergy were conveyed to him through the eloquent
Bossuet. His last work — Primitive and Apostolical Tradition, &c.
— was in English.

Among Blundell's provisions as given in his will before quoted
was one referring to the six studentships in divinity which he
desired to have instituted at the Universities. Within a year,
therefore, of his friend's death, Sir John Popham nominated six
scholars, of whom two were assigned to Balliol College, Oxford,
and an equal number to Emmanuel and Sidney Sussex College in
the University of Cambridge. The authorities of one of the
Colleges, however, looked coldly on the proposal. Mr Incledon,
who compiled some notes on the history of Blundell's School, thus
describes the incident :

" It happened that Emmanuel College would not accept the
nomination, which was thereupon revoked (20th of August,
1603), and the two scholars intended for that College were added
to those in Sidney Sussex ; the first scholars appointed to Balliol
were John Berry, of Tiverton,after\vards of Corpus Christi College,
who was to have a ' pension of <£15 per annum,' and Christopher
West, both of whom received their nomination from Sir John
Popham himself in 1602. The Berry here mentioned was
probably the Canon Residentiary at Exeter, and born at Tiverton
in 1580, and not the founder of the lectureship in divinity, as
suggested in Mr. Boyce's publication, &c."

This was an excellent beginning, but evidently some time must
elapse before the founder's intention could receive definite
fulfilment. A generation of Blundellians would have to be bred,
and possibly some le^al or technical difficulties surmounted, before
the scheme by which Blundell's School became affiliated with the
Universities, could begin to work. It was only in 1615 that the
first Blundell's Scholarship and Fellowship at Balliol College were
founded, the former being obviously designed as a stepping-stone

90 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOKD

to the latter. During the following year two scholarships and two

fellowships were founded at Sidney Sussex, Cambridge. In

1676 a second scholarship and a second fellowship were founded

at Balliol College. Shortly after this the trustees came into

possession of fresh funds to be applied to scholarships. In 1678

a gentleman of Uplowman, named John Ham, left £200, which

was to be devoted to the maintenance of a Fellow and Scholar

either at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, or Balliol College,

Oxford. The amount, however, was not sufficient for the purpose,

and the interest was allowed to accumulate. By the year 1732

the trustees had a balance in hand of £2,000, of which one half

arose from Ham's donation, while the other resulted from fines,

rents, &c., of the estates of Peter Blundell. Again in 1783

Benjamin Gilberd, a citizen of Exeter, but a native of Tiverton,

assigned for the benefit of the school, and without making any

express stipulation, as much money as, invested in the public

funds, would produce a dividend of =£60 per annum. This

property became available in 1801, and the trustees decided that

out of it should be founded a Gilberd 's Exhibition of the annual

value of £'20, and that a quota of £10 should go to augment the

stipends of the four BlundelPs Scholars at Balliol and Sidney

Sussex. In 1813 this arrangement was disturbed and the £10

added to the Grilberd's Exhibition, making it of the value of £30

per annum. The trustees founded also another exhibition of the

same amount and of the same name, tenable for four years, the

holder being required to enter some college within the next term

after his election on pain of forfeiture. In 1806 Richard Down,

" of the City of London, Esq." gave £700 to the Mayor and

Burgesses of Tiverton and their successors for the support of a

Blundell's scholar at one of the Universities, and in 1829 the

feoffees established a fourth exhibition of £'30 tenable either at

Oxford or Cambridge. The latter was called the Blundell's

Exhibition and seems to have been provided out of the balance of

£2,000 already mentioned. On finding themselves blest with

this superfluous wealth the trustees appear to have taken alarm.

An information was filed praying for the directions of the Court

of Chancery as to the disposal of this sum, and the Master

accorded his gracious sanction to the proposition that it should

be employed either for increasing the stipends of the scholars on

Blundell's foundation at Balliol and Sidney Sussex College, or for

establishing new scholarships and exhibitions. Previous, however,

to the year 1829 we do not hear of any scholarship or exhibition

founded by the trustees other than those directly attributable to

private benefactions. So far I have omitted to notice one bequest

of this nature, because it differs from the rest owing to a peculiar

condition attached to it. By his will dated January 10th, 1715,

and rather strangely worded, John Newte, Hector of Tiverton,

left certain lands, the proceeds of which were to be devoted to an

THE EARLY STUAETS 91

exhibition at Balliol College. The candidates were to be pupils
of Blundell's School, but the selection rested not with the
trustees, but with the Rectors of Tiverton or any two of them
for the time being. In 1857 when Her Majesty's Commissioners
tore up with ruthless hands so many ancient customs and local
privileges, the Blundell fellowships were reformed out of exis-
tence. The Down and Newte Exhibitions were suffered to con-
tinue, and five close scholarships both at Balliol College and
Sidney Sussex were secured to the School, The pupils
have a right to compete also for the Huish Exhibition which is
open to the Tiverton, Exeter, Sherborne and Taunton Schools.
Except in the last instance, the candidates are elected on the
results of the ordinary Midsummer examinations, and there is no
reason to doubt that the utmost fairness is shown. Formerly,
however, a good deal depended on the attendance of the trustees.
If they did not attend in sufficient numbers, a candidate might
become superannuated, as in that case the election was put off
till the following year. The candidates, instead of answering
questions on papers, made Latin epigrams, were catechised by the
masters in classics, and delivered^ English and Latin speeches
before the feoffees and inhabitants of the town. The Master
then "gave his judgment of the character of the candidates " and
the trustees elected the scholar or exhibitioner by vote. Such a
mode of procedure was evidently much open to abuse, and one
is not surprised that complaints of favouritism should have arisen,
particularly on the part of Tiverton boys or their friends, that
their claims were ignored in favour of " forreyners."

I shall conclude my present reference to Blundell's School by a
passage taken from " Lorna Doone." Mr. Blackmore, the author
of this romance, is himself an Old Blundellian, and wrote of
course from personal recollections. The period with which he
professes to deal is the latter part of the seventeenth century,
and his story, so far as it relates to Hlundell's School, may possibly
include some anachronisms ; but, he paints so vividly scenes which
have for ever passed away, except in the memory of those who
participated in them — the old life of Blundell's— that few, I
think, will grudge the somewhat liberal space allotted to him.

JOHN RIDD'S SCHOOLDAYS

My father being of good substance, at least as we reckon in
Exmoor, and seized in his own right, from manv generations, of
one, and that the best and largest, of the three farms into which
our parish is divided (or rather the cultured part thereof), he
John Ridd, the elder, churchwarden and overseer, being a great
admirer of learning, and well able to write his name, sent me, his
only son, to be schooled at Tiverton, in the county of Devon. For
the chief boast of that ancient town (next to its woollen-staple)

92 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

is a worthy grammar-school, the largest in the West of England,
founded and handsomely endowed in the year 1640, by Master
Peter Blundell, of that same place, clothier.

* * *

But if you doubt of my having been there, because now I know
so little, go and see my name, " John Bidd" graven on that very
form. Forsooth from the time I was strong enough to open a
knife and spell my name, I began to grave it in the oak, first of
the block whereupon I sate, and then of the desk in front of it,
according as I was promoted to one or other of them ; and there
my grandson reads it now, at this present time of writing, and
hath fought a boy for scoffing at it — '' John Ridd his name,"
and done again in " winkeys," a mischievous but cheerful device,
in which we took great pleasure.

This is the manner of a " winkey," which I here set down,
lest child of mine, or grandchild, dare to make one on my
premises ; if he does, I shall know the mark at once, and score it
well upon him. The scholar obtains, by prayer or price, a hand-
ful of saltpeter, and then with the knife, wherewith he should
rather be trying to mend his pens, what does he do but scoop a
hole where the desk is some inches thick. This hole should be
left with the middle exalted, and the circumfere dusr more deeply.
Then let him fill it with saltpeter, all save the little space in the
midst, where the boss of the wood is. Upon that boss (and it
will be the better if a splinter of timber rise upward) he sticks the
end of his candle of tallow or *' rat's tnil " as we called it, kindled
and burning smoothly. Anon, as he reads by that light his
lesson, lifting his eyes now and then it may be, the fire of candle
lays hold of the peter with a spluttering noise and a leaping.
Then should the pupil seize his pen, and regardless of the nib,
stir bravely, and he will see a glow as of burning mountains, and
a rich smoke, and sparks going merrily ; nor will it cease, if he
stir wisely, and there be good store of peter, until the wood is
devoured through, like the sinking of a well-shaft. Now well
may it go with the head of a boy intent upon his primer, who
betides to sit thereunder ! But, above all things, have good care
to exercise this art before the master strides up to his desk, in
the early grey of the morning.

Other customs, no less worthy, abide in the school of Blundell,
such as the singeing of night-caps, but though they have a
pleasant savour, and refreshing to think of, I may not stop to
note them, unless it be that goodly one, at the incoming of a flood.
The school-house stands beside a stream, not very large, called
" Lowman," which flows into the broad river of Exe about a mile
below. This Lowman stream, although it be not fond of brawl
and violence (in the manner of our Lynn), yet it is wont to flood
into a mighty head of waters when the storms of rain provoke
it ; and most of all when its little co-mate, called the " Taunto n

THE EAELY STUARTS 98

brook" — where I have plucked the very best cresses that ever
man put salt on— comes foaming down like a great roan horse,
and rears at the leap of the hedge-rows. Then are the grey stone
walls of Blundell on every side encompassed, the vale is spread
over with looping waters, and it is a hard thing for the day-boys
to get home to their suppers.

And in that time, the porter, Old Cop (so-called because he hath
copper boots to keep the wet from his stomach, and a nose of
copper also, in right of other waters), his place is to stand at the
gate, attending to the flood-boards, groved into one another,
and so to watch the torrents' rise, and not be washed away, if it
please God he may help it, and while it is only waxing, certain
boys of deputy will watch at the stoop of the drain-holes, and be
apt to look outside the walls, when Cop is taking a cordial. And
in the very front of the gate, just without the archway, where
the ground is paved most handsomely, you may see in copy
letters done a great P.B. of white pebbles. Now, it is the custom
and tbe law that when the invading waters, either fluxing along
the wall from below the road-bridge or pouring sharply across the
meadows from a cut called " Owen's ditch - " and I myself have
seen it come both ways — upon the very instant when the waxing
element lips though it be but a single pebble of the founder's
letters, it is in the licence of any boy, soever small and un-
doctrined, to rush into the great school-rooms, where a score of
masters sit heavily, and scream at the top of his voice " P.B.'

Then, with a yell, the boys leap up. or break away from their
standing ; they toss their caps to the black-beamed roof, and
haply the very books after them ; and the great boys vex no
more the small ones, and the small boys stick up to the great
ones. One with another, hard they go, to see the gain of the
waters and the tribulation of Cop, and are prone to kick the
day-boys out, with words of scanty compliment. Then the
masters look at one another, having no class to look to, and
(boys being no more left to watch) in a manner they put their
mouths up. With a spirited bang they close their books, and
make invitation the one to the other for pipes and foreign
cordials recommending the chance of the time, and the comfort

away from cold water.

*******

On the 29th day of November, in the year of our Lord 1673,
the very day when I was twelve years old, and had spent all my
substance in sweet-meats, with which I made treat to the little
boys till the large boys ran in and took them, we came out of
school at five o'clock, as the rule is upon Tuesdays. According to
custom we drove the day-boys in brave rout down the causeway
from the school porch even to the gate where Cop has his dwell-
ing and duty. Little it recked us and helped them less, that they
were our founder's citizens, and haply his own grand-nephews

94 THE CHEONICLES OF TWXTOED

(for he left no direct descendants), neither did we much enquire
what their lineage was. For it had long been fixed among us,
who were of the house and chambers, that these same day-boys
were all " caddes," as we had discovered to call it, because they
paid no groat for their schooling, and brought their own commons
with them. In consumption of these we would help them, for
our fare in hall fed appetite ; and while we ate their victuals we
allowed them freely to talk with us.

After these " charity boys " were gone, as in contumely we
called them — "If you break my bag on my head," said one,
" whence will you dine to-morrow" — and after old Cop with clang
of iron had jammed the double gates in under the scruff-stone
archway, whereupon are Latin verses, done in brass of small
quality, some of us who were not hungry, and cared not for the
supper-bell, having sucked much parliament and dumps at my
only charges — not that I ever bore much wealth, but because I
had been thrifting it for this time of my birth — we were leaning
quite at dusk against the iron bars of the gate, some six or it may
be seven of us, small boys all, and riot conspicuous in the closing
of the day-light and the fog that came at eventide, else Cob
would have rated us up the green, for he was churly to little
boys when his wife had taken their money. There was plenty of
room for all of us, for the gate will hold nine boys close-packed,
unless they be fed rankly, whereof is little danger ; and now we
were looking out on the road and wishing we could get there ;
hoping, moreover, to see a good string of pack-horses come by,
with troopers to protect them

A certain boy leaning up against me would not allow my
elbow room, and struck me very sadly in the stomach part, though
his own was full of my parliament. And this 1 felt so unkindly
that I smote him straightway in the face without tarrying to
consider it, or weighing the question duly. Upon this he put
his head down, and presented it so vehemently at the middle of my
waistcoat, that for a minute or more my breath seemed dropped,
as it were, from my pockets, and my life seemed to stop from
great want of ease. Before I came to myself again, it had been
settled for us that we should move to the " Ironing-box," as the
triangle of turf is called where the two causeways coming from
the school-porch and the hall-porch meet, and our fights are
mainly celebrated ; only we must wait until the convoy of horses
had passed, and then make a ring by candlelight, and the other
boys would like it

It is not a very large piece of ground in the angle of the
causeways, but quite big enough to fight upon, especially for
Christians, who love to be cheek by jowl at it. The great boys
stood in a circle around, being gifted with strong privilege, and
the little boys had leave to lie flat and look through the legs of
the great boys. But while we were yet preparing and the candles

THE EAELT STTJAETS 95

hissed in the fog cloud, old Phoebe, of more than four score years,
whose room was over the hall porch, came hobbling out, as she
always did, to mar the joy of the conflict. No one ever heeded
her, neither did she expect it ; but the evil was that the two
senior boys must always lose the first round of the fight, by
having to lead her home again.

For the particulars of the historic encounter between Jan
Eidd and Eobin Snell I must refer the reader to the lively and
authentic description in " Lorna Doone." It will be noticed
that JBlackmore has represented the school as though it were a
kind of " Dotheboys Hall." How matters may have been in Jan
Eidd's time I cannot say, but under the rule of Dr. Eichards
(1797-1823) the regimen was undoubtedly very severe. In those
days boys had to rough it to an extent which few parents now-
adays could either realise or endure for their children. Break-
fast consisted of a roll with a small quantity of milk ; tea was a
repetition of this, and there was no supper. Morning ablutions
were performed at a pump in the green. At dinner the boys
had but one carver — an old woman who used her knuckles and
fingers as freely as her carving-knife ; and the meat was brought
oil to the table in a condition not always agreeable to the
olfactory organs. The hardihood of the boys was still further
increased by the variations of temperature which they had to
undergo ; and during the winter gales it was by no means a rare
event for sleet to find its way through the unceiled roof and to
drip on the boys' copy-books. At other times, all writing had to
be intermitted because the ink in the desks was frozen. In the
seventh chapter of " Lorna Doone " Mr. Blackmore alludes to
an interesting ceremony called " sheep- washing," which was per-
formed in the " Taunton pool," and in which the younger boys
were, by rough enough methods, taught swimming.

The foundation of a grammar school might have been deemed
a sufficient achievement for one man's generosity and forethought,
but evidently this was not Blundell's opinion. The benefit of his
fellow-creatures, especially those of his native town, seems ever
to have been uppermost in his mind, a fact which one is tempted
to ascribe to his being a bachelor. Lord Bacon's ideas on this
subject are well-known : ' ' Certainly, the best works and of
greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried
or childless men, which, both in affections and means, have
married and endowed the public." (Essays, viii.J Besides the
donations which he lavished on the school, Blundell bestowed
three other gifts on the town. The first was for apprenticing
poor boys. With his usual care Blundell in his will gives strict
and precise directions what is to be done. " As much as the true
Laboure and exercise of Husbandry is a thinge very profitable in
the Common Wealthey and acceptable and pleasinge to Almightie

9B THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFOED

God, and yet at this present in most places much neglected and
decaied, my will and desier is that twentie powndes yearly shall
bee ymploied and disbursed by the said Feoffees yearely for ever,
as followeth, that is to saie, the sume of five powndes yearly for
ever of such fower poore boys born and for the most part brought
up in the saide Towne or Parish of Tiverton, of the age of fifteen
years or under, as to the said tenne Inhabitants for the tyme
being for ever shall be thought meetest, whose parents shall be
dwellinge in the saide Towne or Parrish, to be bounde to serve
in Husbandry for seaven yeares or upwards, the saide five
powndes to be delivered to the Master he shall soe serve, with
allowance to be taken by the saide Clarke for repayment as
followeth, that is to saie, to the servante yf the same seaven
yeares service or more bee by him duely and truely done with the
saide Master or his Assignes. And yf the same bee not done
accordingly in the servants default, in every such case the same
five powndes to be repaid and bestowed towards the relief of poor
Householders in Tiverton Towne aforesaid, at the discreation of
the said tenne inhabitants or the most parte of them ; and yf the
same service bee in parte done accordingly, and then the said
servante happen to die in the saide service within the tyme
agreed of, then to goe to the Executors and Assignes of the
same servante, with that I doubte not but the master of the
same servante, will, dureing the tyme he hath the said monie,
ymploye the same to some good and godly uses for the said
Servant's benefitt, as my meaning is. And if in the saide parish
of Tyverton there shall not yearly goe forth in the service of
Husbandry soe many as aforesaide, then the want to bee from
tyme to tyme of forreyners of and in other places adjoining as to
the said feoffees or the moste part of them shall be thoughte
meete, the same order and course to be obtained of the same
forreyners as is before limited of the others. And my will and
meaninge is that the said feoffees for the tyme beinge, or the
most parte of them shall from tyme to tyme, make abolish and
set down such Orders, Laws, and directions, both touching the
Schole and matters of Husbandry, and all matters and circum-
stances thereof."

In harmony with these directions every Easter Monday four
poor boys used to be bound apprentice to farmers. The custom
seems to have been observed down to the year 1841. About
this time the apprenticeship system as applied to agricultural
pursuits went out of fashion. The apprentices were bound
by parish indentures until they were twenty one, when they
received from their master a sum of £5 with interest, for which
he had previously given a bond on being paid that amount by
the trustees.

Blundell's second gift was " fower hundred powndes to the
marriage of twentie poor maydes in Tiverton, borne there, and to

THE EAELT STTJAKTS 97

them that their fathers have dwelled tenne years in Tyverton
Towne, to the discression of my Executors equally to be divided
amongst them." Thirdly and lastly he gave " to the Maior,
Bailiffs, and Cominalty of the Citie of Exon the sume of nyne
hundred powndes." Of this £500 was to be devoted to poor
artisans of the City of Exeter. " And touchinge the saide four
hundred pounds, residue of the said stocke of nine hundred
pounds, the saide Maior, Bailiffs, and Cominalty, for the time
being, or the most parte of them as aforesaid, shall also on the
Wensdaie next after the feast of St. Michael th' Archangell
alwaies forever put forth the same fower hundred powndes alsoe
forever untill the said Wensdaie nexte before the fowerthe feast
of St. Michael, that is to saie, for fower years lacking six daies, as
aforesaid to twenty Artificers, Weavers, and Tuckers of the
said towne of Tyverton, and in default of such, to others there of
other honest trades and misteries of honest name and reporte
and reputation willing to take the same, being also dwellers and
householders in the said towne of Tyverton, that is to wit, to
each of them twentie poundes, each of them taking such good
and sufficient assurance as well for repayment of the pryncipal,
and for and after the rate of eighte poundes by the yeare forever
for the said fower hundred poundes, &c." The amount was to
be repaid " on the Wensdaie next before the said fowerthe feaste
of St. Michael th' Archangell next after the putting forthe
thereof as aforesaid, between the howres of one and fower of the
clocke in the afternoon."*

I have quoted so much of Peter Blundell's will that the reader
may like to see the ending. It is as follows : " Subscribed the
day and year first above written, in the presence of those whose
names are subscribed to this my last will, which contayneth in all
fourteene sheets of paper. I say fourteen sheets of paper —
written by me Peter Blundells owne hand writinge.

" PETEB BLUNDELL."

Blundell had a nephew, Eobert Chilcot or Corny n, son of
Eleanor his only sister, who was married to John Chilcot, of
Fairby. Robert was his uncle's clerk, whence in no disparaging
sense he is often termed a " servant." He succeeded to Blundell's
business and realised a large fortune. Chilcot did not live at
Tiverton, but at Isleworth in Middlesex, and there in all proba-
bility he died in 1609. He had ere this been appointed by
Blundell in his will as one of the overseers of his property, and it
has been believed by some that the money with which Chilcot's
School was erected was left for that purpose by his uncle. If so,
there is no acknowledgment of the circumstance in Chilcot's

* The interest of this money is now supplied to the Infirmary. I have
been unable to find what has become of the two other legacies.

H

98 THE CHEO1HCLES OF TWYFOKD

will. This instrument was executed on the 25th of August, 1609,
and contains some quaint provisions. Thus the schoolmaster was
to be a celibate : "No married man or any that hath any childe or
children shall at any time be schoolmaster in the saide schoole ; "
and in the same inexorable way he lays down that " no maydes or
girls shall be taught in this schoole." The number of scholars was
not to exceed a hundred, but if less than a hundred boys from the
town and parish attended the school, that number might be made
up by " foreigners." If, on the other hand, there were in the school
more than a hundred " men children," natives of the place, then the
schoolmaster with the consent of the feoffees was to " put out of the
saide schoole such men's children as there parents are best able to
paye for there Schooling in another place." The master was to
be appointed by the feoffees " with the allowance of the Bishoppe
of the Diocesse for the time being," and he was to have as his
salary ,£20. With this he was expected to be satisfied, his only
perquisite being a fee of sixpence from each scholar for register-
ing his name. The master had, of course, the use of the school-
house, and this was no doubt one of the reasons why so many of
the teachers transgressed Chilcot's strict injunctions as to
marriage. It appears to have been the rule for the feoffees to
elect single men to the office, and not to interfere with them if in
the exercise of their own discretion they afterwards became
married. To go back to the will — the sum of £400 was to be
spent on the building and an annuity of £90 was left for the
maintenance of the school. £3 a year was to be paid to a " perfect
clerke " for keeping the accounts of the charity. The school was
to be free and the pupils taught " onely to read englishe and to
write." The original endowment has been somewhat increased by
later donations. Thus in 1790 Benjamin Gilberd, already men-
tioned as one of the benefactors of Blundell's School, bequeathed
£300 to Chilcot's foundation. This was invested in consols, and
the interest was added to the master's salary. Again, in 1802
Richard Davis gave by will £50, the interest of which was to be
employed in the purchase of books for the six most deserving boys.
The actual building was erected in 1611. The style is
Elizabethan, and as the school fortunately escaped in the fires of
1612, 1731, and 1794, it has preserved its ancient features intact.
Over the gate of the building is the inscription :

Robert Comin als
Chilcot, borne in
this Towne, founded
this Free English
Schoole, and indowd
it witn maintenanc6
for ever, Anno
Dni 1611

THE EAELT STUABTS 99

We come now to an event of the highest importance. Hitherto
the town had been under the rule of the Portreeve, who, as we
have seen, was a subordinate of the Lord of the Manor. This
arrangement answered very well so long as Tiverton was com-
paratively small, and, so to speak, a mere appanage of the Castle.
.But now with increasing prosperity and a population which in
sixty years had nearly trebled, such a mode of government was
felt to be not merely an anachronism, but a grave inconvenience.
This fact had been emphasised in the recent fire. Though the
inhabitants generally may have been guilty of great negligence
in not taking adequate precautions against such a calamity,
especially after their previous warning, still the accident must be
largely attributed to the want of properly constituted authorities,
whose business it should be to frame suitable bye-laws and to see
that they were duly carried out. In the year 1615 Tiverton had
a population of 6,000 souls and the total value of the property
was estimated at .£350,000. As a matter both of interest and
dignity, therefore, it was felt that a change should be made.
The inhabitants petitioned for a Charter. The claim being
eminently reasonable, the King, James I., found no difficulty in
acceding to it. A.mong other reasons assigned in the preamble
it is stated that Tiverton was an ancient town and that the
poorer people " flying slothfulness and idleness (being the root of
all evil) " devoted themselves to the making of cloth, whereby
they escaped the penalties of the law and added considerably to
the revenue. Moreover, it seems, King James had been credibly
informed that the inhabitants " to their perpetual praise and
glory " had performed " divers good and acceptable services both
to himself and his progenitors and predecessors," though in what
these services consisted, he has been graciously pleased to with-
hold. On the grounds, therefore, of public policy and private
gratitude he vouchsafed " to make, ordain, constitute and create
the same inhabitants into one body corporate and politic, by
the name of Mayor and Burgesses of the town and parish of
Tiverton."

Here I must interpose a remark both as to what this measure
did signify and what it did not signify. Many of my readers will
no doubt have formed their ideas of municipal government on
existing institutions, but in the present instance these are
hardly a safe guide. What the first charter granted by James I.
— and for that matter the second and third charters also — did
mean was that the town was to be under local officials vested with
power and responsibility. It did not mean representation. The
first appointments were made by the Crown and all subsequent
ones by co-optation. So far, therefore, from having a voice in
their own affairs, the bulk of the inhabitants were no better off
than they were before, and the "Eadical" portion of the community,
as we shall see, regarded their exclusion as a first-rate grievance.

H2

100 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYTORD

And indeed one does not need to be strongly tinged with Eadicalism
to perceive that this close corporation was not the happiest con-
trivance for the good of the town. If any one thinks otherwise,
he may turn back to my chapter on mediaeval Tiverton, where
the way in which the corporators kept guard over the local
charities receives painful illustration. However, I am omitting to
state the actual constitution of the body. First of all there was
the Mayor, and under him were twelve " capital burgesses " and
twelve assistants, who together formed the Common Council. The
Mayor was elected annually, on the Tuesday after the feast of St.
Bartholomew, between nine and twelve in the morning, and he
was sworn a fortnight later before the Mayor, his predecessor, and
the capital and assistant burgesses. Should the Mayor happen to
die, one of the capital burgesses was chosen in his stead by the
majority of the Council, and after being sworn before ten or more
of the members, held office for the remainder of the year. The
chief burgesses and assistants before entering on their duties were
sworn before the Mayor. Their appointments were for life, but
misconduct subjected the offender to removal. If a capital
burgess died, the vacancy was supplied by one of the assistants, while
on the death or removal of an assistant, the Mayor and Council
were empowered to elect one of the discreetest and honestest
inhabitants of the town and parish in his place. It was not
altogether a matter of choice whether one became Mayor, capital
burgess, or assistant, for any one refusing to act in these
capacities was liable to a fine, and he was committed to gaol until
the fine was paid. The Mayor and Council were permitted to
make statutes and ordinances for the government of the town and
impose punishments in the shape of fines and imprisonment. It
was stipulated, however, that their statutes, fines, pains, and
penalties should be reasonable, and not contrary to law. There
was also a Recorder, and a Town Clerk, as well as a Deputy
Recorder, and all three were sworn before the Mayor. The
Recorder was a justice of the peace in the town and parish, as was
also the Mayor for one whole year after his term of office. The
Mayor, Recorder, and Justice, or any two of them, might hold
sessions in any county of England for the purpose of investigating
such crimes and misdemeanours as were committed within the
town and parish, and might punish the offenders, but their powers
did not extend to cases of felony. All felons and persons sus-
pected of felony were sent to the county gaol. It was provided
in the charter that the Mayor and burgesses should have a prison
for offenders, or such as should be arrested, and that the Mayor
should be the keeper of the prison. " A court of record " was to
be held every Tuesday fortnight by the Mayor and Recorder, or
Deputy Recorder, for dealing with debts, trespasses, and personal
actions, within the town and parish, for any sum not exceeding
£100 ; and the defendants might be compelled to plead either by

THE EAELY STTJABTS 101

arrest of their persons or seizure of their goods and chattels. The
latter duty devolved on the Sergeants-at-Mace, two of whom,
appointed by the Mayor, attended on him like a small body-guard
and were continued during his will and pleasure. They carried
maces of gold or silver engraven with the king's arms. Without
leave of the Mayor no Sheriff of the county of Devon or any
bailiff or minister of the king might enter the town or parish or
the liberties thereof, to execute anything belonging to their office.
On the other hand warrants directed to the Sergeants-at-Mace
could only be executed within the liberties and precincts. Accord-
ing to Martin Dunsford the Sergeants-at-Mace were entitled to
10s. 8d. for every arrest beyond what he calls the out-bounds of
the town. These limits are stated to have been as follows :

LOWMAW BRIDGE ; and no further up Elmore than opposite and
adjoining Lowman-bridge.

Great gutter at the town's end.

Red gate at the head of Frog (i.e., Castle) Street, which is adjoining
the town-leat.

Little-Silver-bridge.

Barnstaple Inn at the higher end of Westexe.

A gutter at the lower end of Westexe, which comes from Mr. Hodge's
court, just above Mr. Gorton's mills.

N.B. Well-brook and the leat are not in the town.

Some of these land-marks have unfortunately disappeared, but it
is possible to gain from this statement a very fair notion of what
was considered the " town," as distinct from the parish, of
Tiverton.

Finally, by the charter of 1615, the Mayor and Burgesses were
privileged to return two members to Parliament. In connexion
with the present agitation for paid members the following passage
will be read with interest : " And the same Burgesses so elected
and chosen, we will have them to be present and continue at the
Parliament of us, our heirs and successors, at the costs and charges
of the aforesaid Mayor and Burgesses of the town and parish
aforesaid for the time being, and their successors, during the
time that such Parliament shall happen to be kept, in like manner
and form as other Burgesses of the Parliament, for any other
places, cities, boroughs, or towns whatsoever within our Kingdom
of England, they do or have used to do."

The first Mayor was Richard Hill, alias Spurway, a merchant of
Tiverton belonging to the younger branch of a family which had
been domiciled at Oakford since the time of Henry II. It is
possible that he lived in Barrington-street, where there was
formerly an ancient building called " Spurway's house." For various
reasons Richard Hill is an interesting personage. It appears that
in January, 1583, he married Wilmot, second daughter of John
Comin or Chilcot, who was sister to the founder of Chilcot's
School and niece to Peter Blundell. He was a great benefactor of

102 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

the town, and his will, dated 17th July, 1630, contains this curious
item : " And whereas I have a house in St. Andrew's street, the
which I have granted unto the Mayor and Burgesses of Tiverton
for seven years, upon condition that it be for a' house of
Correction, my will and meaning is that they shall employ the
said House to that use only, that if it come to good perfection
for ye benefit of ye said Towne and parish of Tyverton, then my
will is that it shall be and remaine unto ye said Mayor and
Burgesses, and their successors, for ever, provided always that
whensoever the said House shall be converted or imployed to any
other use and not continue a house of Correction, that then my
son and his heirs and Assignes shall take the same into his and
their hands and custody." The house in question stood on the
ancient site of St. Andrew's Chapel (see p. 43). Whether the
Mayor and Burgesses at once took possession of the premises, or
the good conduct of the inhabitants left no opportunities for
using them as the excellent donor had contemplated, does not
appear, but in 1650 the property was formally conveyed to the
Corporation by William Spurway, of Oakford, gentleman, and
Eichard, his son, they being respectively son and grandson of the
testator.

In the charter of 1615 it is laid down that the tolls,
stallage, picage, profits, etc., appertaining to the fairs, besides the
rights and privileges, were to be enjoyed by the Mayor and
Burgesses for ever, on condition of their paying an annual rent of
five marks to the Exchequer or the receiver general of the county
of Devon. Tiverton, however, being a recent Corporation, the
revenues belonging to it were very small, so the authorities hit upon
a somewhat novel expedient for " raising the wind." They erected
in the bridewell a malt-mill worked by a horse or horses and a
hand-mill which was worked by the prisoners. Here all the malt
consumed by the victuallers in the parish was ground, a privilege
for which they paid 2d. a bushel to the Mayor for the time
being, who, it is said, applied the profits to the support and
splendour of his office. It is not known whether the Corporation
ever made a bye-law for this purpose, but it is believed that they,
having through their magistrates exclusive jurisdiction, influenced
the latter to withhold the victualler's licence, on some frivolous
pretext or without giving any reason whatever, when the
victualler refused to have his malt ground at the Mayor's mill, or,
in lieu of that, to pay the Mayor or his servant 2d. a bushel for
grinding, when he received it ground from his maltster. Subse-
quently the mill was removed from the bridewell and given into
the possession of an individual, known as the Mayor's tenant, who
farmed the proceeds at an annual rent of £70. The wholesale
brewers refused to pay the 2d. a bushel for the malt consumed by
them. The Mayor's tenant, however, demanded the fee of the
victualler who retailed the liquor, and who paid him for such

THE EAELY STUAKTS 103

quantity of malt as is commonly used in a hogshead of beer re-
tailed at a certain price. We may add that there is nothing in
the charters authorising the Corporation to levy money on the
inhabitants in this way. Indeed, such conduct can only be re-
garded as a gross interference with the liberty of the subject, but
for nearly a century the good people of Tiverton, through ignor-
ance of the law, tamely submitted to this abominable imposition.
It would appear that the bridewell at one time was not a model of
cleanliness, but a visit of the " worthy Mr. Howard" to the town
had a marked effect on the authorities. The different apartments
of this prison as well as of the common gaol were properly white-
washed and both places rendered as decent as the health of the
inmates demanded. Harding seems to imply that the original
bridewell was demolished about the year 1780, but as Dunsford
does not allude to the event, the supposition is almost certainly
false. In 1844, owing to several prisoners having escaped, a new
building was commenced on a very much larger scale, and was
completed at a cost of £5,000 in September, 1846. As I hinted
just now the bridewell or house of correction was distinct from
the common prison which was situated under the Town Hall.
The latter had two divisions, one of which was used for solitary
confinement. In 1 829 this gaol was abolished and the prisoners
sent to the bridewell.

The Town Hall stood on the site of the old chapel of St.
Thomas at the west end of Fore-street. The ezact date of its
erection is unknown, but it probably took place soon after 1615,
the date of the first charter of incorporation. At first the building
seems to have been private property. It was sold by Thomas
Prowse, clothier, to John West, gentleman, by whom in 1625 it
was conveyed to the Mayor and Burgesses of Tiverton for a con-
sideration of £280. The hall was approached by an open stair-
case from a small court at the south end and contained apartments
for the grand jury, meetings of the corporation, the constables,
and other officers. Adjoining the Town Hall was the Mayoralty-
room, which is described as a large elegant chamber 32 feet long,
19| feet wide, and 14| feet high. It had three large windows
facing Fore-street and contained portraits of George I., George II.
and George III., which are preserved in the present Guild-hall.
The last mentioned portrait is life-size. Under the Mayoralty
room was the Tiverton Bank, and behind it was a private
house.

Nor must we forget to add — a fact which was of capital im-
portance in those convivial days — that below were convenient
cellars, while an under-ground passage made, it is believed, for
conveying provisions, formed a connecting link between the
mayoralty room and the Angel Inn. In 1650, and on several
subsequent occasions, alterations were made in the buildings which
were only finally completed in 1788. The whole was taken down

104 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOED

to make room for the present structure, which was finished in
1861.

As I may not have so favourable an opportunity again for
alluding to the epicurean tendencies of the old Corporation, I
may say that the members regarded it as one of their most
important duties to provide for their mutual entertainment. My
information does not go back to the seventeenth century, but it
is probable that except for a short interval under the Puritan
regime the habits of the Corporation in this particular were pretty
much the same as at a later period. One resource was the
Parliamentary pipe of wine, an annual present, in consideration
of which the Corporation allowed Lord Harrowby to nominate as
representatives of the borough his relations or personal friends.
Every year it was the custom to " lay down " a certain supply of
choice wines; and sundry members, chosen for their excellent
taste and knowledge of the subject, proceeded to Exeter in a coach
and four for the purpose of making purchases. A tradition says
that the condition of the deputies on their return was generally
such as to suggest that they had drunk " not wisely, but too well."
The reader may perhaps be inclined to wonder from what quarter
the funds were obtained. I have already mentioned the municipal
tax on beer, but the Corporation had other sources of income
besides that. Richard Hill or Spurway, the first Mayor of the
town, left them in 1630 the sum of £100, and in 1636 Mr. George
Webber bequeathed them <£50 . These amounts are supposed to
have formed part of the sum of .£250 paid by the Mayor
and Burgesses for the purchase of » " Mayor's Tenement "
at Bolham, the rent of which was devoted to the " good estate "
of the Corporation. Then again every tradesman on com-
mencing business had to pay a fee for the privilege. This he
was said to do "on taking up his freedom." The bye-laws, which
were first framed in 1626 and revised in 1767, laid down that
" every Stranger or Foreigner not being Free of the said Town
and Parish, who should keep any Shop or use or Exercise any
Trade, Mistery, Occupation, or Manual Art should for every week
forfeit 6s. 8d." This regulation prohibitive of unlicensed trading
was probably found effectual, and, if anyone desired to exercise his
calling without being molested, he had to come to an under-
standing with the Corporation. Mr. John Sharland has in his
possession a parchment, with a large seal attached, being the
deed enfranchising John Mardon, already mentioned in the
appendix to " The Great Fires." The following is a copy :

Tiverton Libtas \ "We whose names are Subscribed, the Mayor
in Com Devon f and Burgesses of the Town of Tiverton afore-
said, do hereby declare our full and free
Consent and Assent that John Merdon of the
City of Exon, Eopemaker, be admitted and

THE EARLY STUARTS 105

sworn a freeman of the Town and parish of Tiverton aforesaid,
Such his Admission being to be entered on proper stamps for
that purpose In Testimony whereof We have hereunto set
our hands and Comon Seal the ffifteenth day of January Anno
Dm. 1731.

Naih1 Thorne, Mayor
Peter Bartow
Geo Davey
Leonard Blagdon
Jn° Norman
Rob. Dunsford
John Maunder
Oliver Peard
Jn° Richards
Walter Broad
Clem* Govett
Caleb Inglelt
Geo Osmond
TTio. Glass, Junr
Wm Burridge
Peter Bartow, Junr
Thorn8 Heathfield

What he paid for his privilege is not stated on the document
itself, but is believed to have been over twenty pounds, and
doubtless went to the expenses of the Corporation dinners. Mr.
Sharland tells an interesting anecdote of this worthy John
Mardon, who happens to have been his great-grandfather, so that
we may rely on its being authentic. Mr. Mardon's premises
were situated at the corner of Bampton-street and Gold-street,
where he had a " rope walk." In addition to rope-making he
carried on a large business as a seedsman and a powder and shot
merchant. On a certain evening after dark a customer sent for
some article, either connected with the rope or seed department,
and Mr. Mardon sent an apprentice up the yard, at the back of
what is now the Post Office, to fetch it. When the boy came in,
his master asked him what he had done with the candle, " Oh, ''
said the boy, " I forgot it ; I stick'd un in the turnip seed." Mr.
Mardon stood aghast for a moment, then walked to the shed
where the candle was still burning, stuck in a barrel of gunpowder !
Tremblingly spreading two fingers, he carefully took the candle
gut, returned indoors, and fainted.

To return to the Corporation. When the members of
Parliament came down, as they usually did once a year, they were
feted and dined by their constituents, and then it was that the
corporators who had sons to provide for made the most of their
opportunity, and occasionally secured very comfortable berths for
their budding offspring. One instance is recorded in which the son

106 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

of a member of the Tiverton Corporation was appointed governor
of a distant island, which up to that moment he had never heard of,
and which he certainly never visited, though he continued to
draw a very handsome salary from the post. Considering the
many advantages, direct and indirect, which a seat on the
Corporation produced to the holder, the initial fee of £30 (for
the Wine Fund) can hardly be termed exorbitant. On their
extinction in 1835 the Corporation left few or no effects to their
successors. They had sold the " Mayor's Tenement" and the
furniture of the Mayoralty room, and the remainder of their
stock of wine they distributed among their own worshipful
sejves.

In 1623 John Berry, among other benefactions, left £60 "to be
employed towards the setting up and continuance of a Lecture in
Divinity, in Tiverton, if the same be permitted." I have been
unable to discover whether Berry's desire was ever carried into
effect — probably not : but as the institution was a peculiar one
and particularly obnoxious to the High Church party, some of my
ecclesiastically minded readers may like to hear more of it.
Heylin, in his " Life of Laud," supplies the following account :

" Lectures upon week dayes were not raised upon this founda-
tion (i.e. that of the Keformation) but were brought in after-
wards, borrowed by Traversand the rest, toward the latter end of
Queen Elizabeth's reign, from the new fashions of Geneva ; the
Lecturer being superadded to the Parson or Vicar, as the Doctor
was unto the Pastor in some foreign Churches. Nor were they
raised so much out of care and conscience, for training up the
people in the wayes of Faith and Piety, as to advance a Faction,
and to alienate the people's mindes from the Government and
Forms of Worship here by law established. For these Lecturers
having no dependence upon the Bishops, nor taking the oath of
Canonical obedience to them, nor subscribing to the doctrine and
established Ceremonies, made it their work to please their Patrons,
on whose arbitrary maintenance they were planted, and conse-
quently to carry on the Puritan interest, which their Patron
drove at. A generation of men, neither Lay nor Clergy, having
no place at all in the Prayers of the Church, where we find
mention only of Bishops, Pastors and Curates ; nor being taken
notice of in the terms of Law, as being neither Parsons nor
Vicars ; or, to speak of them in the vulgar proverb, neither flesh,
nor fish, nor good red herring. No creatures in the world so like
them as the Bats or Eeremice ; being neither Birds nor Beasts,
and yet both together. Had these men been looked upon in time,
before their numbers were increased, and their power grown
formidable, before the people went a madding after new inven-
tions, most of the mischiefs which have thence ensued might
have been prevented."

This being the spirit in which lectureships were regarded

THE EAELT STUAETS 107

by a powerful section of the Church, we can understand
why John Berry thought it necessary to attach a con-
dition to his bequest and to arrange for a different employment of
the money. The rubric of the Book of Common Prayer enjoins
one sermon or homily on the mornings of Sundays and holy-days
for the benefit of the older people and catechising in the after-
noon for the instruction of the children ; and something like this
seems to have been the practice in Tiverton down to the year 1820,
when, probably through the influence of the Evangelical move-
ment, Sunday evening " lectures " were introduced, the preacher
on the first occasion being the curate of Prior's Portion.

Notices relating to local events during the early part of the
reign of Charles I. are unfortunately very sparse. We learn, how-
ever, from the manuscript diary of Farmer Robert Roberts, of
North Combe, in the parish of Stockley Pomeroy, that on October
13th, 1625, there was a great flood at Tiverton and that fifty-three
houses collapsed. In 162b' as Exeter was suffering from the
plague, the Assizes were held at Blundell's School, Tiverton.
According to Farmer Roberts, the name of the Judge was Dinham,
and one Master Fry was High Sheriff of Devon. A Dutch-
man having been convicted of robbery and a Chevithorne
man, named Comins, of sheep-stealing, both were hanged
at White-down, about two miles on the road to Cullompton.
The local pronunciation of the word " White-down " is
" Whid-down, " and the place was supposed to be haunted. Even
within the recollection of persons still living, people wereafraid
to pass the spot, which certainly looks desolate enough, after
nightfall ; and horses, it was said, would instinctively start and
plunge on approaching the fatal cross-road.

The following report of a magisterial enquiry was discovered
some years ago by Mr. H. S. Grill.

The exaicon (examination) of John Staddon, of Tyverton, in
the Countie of Devon, ffuller. Taken before Peter Blundell,
gent., Maior of the Towne and Parrishe of Tyverton, aforesaid,
and Vallentyne Hartnoll, gent., two of the Kinges Majesties
Justices of the peace within the said towne and parisshe, the
Three and Twentieth daie of November, 1627.

The exaiate (examinate) confesseth that on Mondaie last was a
month he sould threescore and two pounds of ridgewasht wool to
one Thomas Cornishe, of Tyverton, aforesaide, Clothier, for
eleven pence and three farthings a pound.

And being demanded where he had the same woole, sayeth that
he bought part of the same woole about six weeks since in the
Markett of Tyverton aforesaid, for eleven pence and three, but
howe muche he knoweth not, and where he had the rest of the
saide woole he refuseth to discover.

108 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

The exaiabe (exanimate*) further confesseth that after he had
the same woole, and by all the tyme before he sould it unto the
said Thomas Cornishe, he left the same in his father's woodhouse,
and hid it under strawe there.

PETER BLTJNDELLE, Maior
VALENTINE HARTNOLL.

In conclusion, Hewett's MS. contains this entry: " 1630, John
Francis, of Chevithorne, Esq., he was the first person that did
keep a coache in this parish of Tiverton."

APPENDIX.

THE FIRST SET OF BYE-LAWS, A.D. 1627.

ORDINANCES MADE AND RATIFIED by Arthur Culme, Esq.
Mayor of the Towne and Parish of Tiverton in ye County of Devon and
the Capitall Burgesses and Assistants of the said Towne and Parish
being the common Counsell there, the ffoure and Twentyeth Day of
March Anno Domini 1627. In The Third Year of the Reign of our
Sovereign Lord Charles by the grace of God of England, Scotland,
and ffrance and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith &c, And the Same
day and year aforesaid Examine i and approued by Sr John Walter Kt,
Lord Chief Barron of the Court of the Exchequer, and Sr John Dynham
Kt one of ye Barrens of the same Court, the Justices of Assize of and for
the said County of Devon according to the forme of the statute made
and Provided.

IMPRIMIS If any Merchant. Tradesman, or artificer, dwelling or in-
habiting within the prcints of this Liberty shall open or cause to be opened
any Shop Windows within ye Towne of Tivertou to Sell or put to Sale
any goods or Wares vpon the Lords day, he shall forfeit & pay for every
time so doing Two Shillinges and ffoure pence, to be levyed by distress to
be taken of ye G-oods and chattels of ye offender or offenders.

ITEM If any Butcher or Victuler within the said Towne or Parish of
Tiverton by himselfe or his Servante shall Kill any Beast vpon the
Lords Day with ye intent to put ye same to Sale, he shall fforfeit and
pay for every Bullock ffive Shillings, and so for every other Beast so
killed, to be levied as aforesaid.

ITEM It is also agreed, ordered, and established that if any of the Capitall
Burgesses or Assistants here being by the Mayor's Command Summon'd
to ye Election of ye Mayor of ye said Towne and Parrish do make Default
at such Election to be made, haueing no reasonable excuse for his absence,
That every person so offending contrary to this Act and ordinance shall
forfeit for every Default twenty Shillinges, to be levied of his goodes and
chatties by way of distress as aforesaid.

ITEM It is ffurther agreed and ordain'd that if any of ye Capitall
Burgesses or Assistants shall not attend here vpon Summons given to
attend by the Mayor here for ye time being at ye Guild Hall here or any
other Convenient place within the said Towne and parrish appoiuted by
ye Mayor for the time being, either for ye Service of his Majtie Or for
inattars or business touching ye Estate and welfare of this Towne and

THE EAELY STUARTS 109

Parrish and ye good Government of ye Fame, but do make default,
having no reasonable excuse to ye contrary, he shall forfeit and lose for
every such default three Shillings ffoure Pence, to be levied of his goods
by distress aforesaid.

ITEM To ye intent that ye Capitall Burgesses and Assistants here for
ye time being may hereafter be seen in decent and Comly Habit accord-
ing to their degree and Calling, It is ordered, decreed, and concluded vpon
that every one of ye said Burgesses and Assistants here vpon all Sundays
and at all other the principall festivall daies in ye year and at all other
their Solemn and Special Assemblies vse and ware a decent and Comly
GOWNE and that every one of ye Said ffellowship doing to ye contrary
to be there Sensured by ye Mayor and Capitall Burgesses or ye greater
part of them for ye time being, whereof ye Mayor for the time being,
shalle every one fforfeit and lose for every Such default Three
Shillings and ffoure Pence, to be levied of his goods by distress.

ITEM It is further ordered, ordained, and agreed that no inhabitant or
dweller within the said Towne and Parish shall accept recieue, entertaine
or take into his or her house or houses or any part thereof any vnder
tennant or Inmate, or Suffer more ffamilies or households but his owne
to be in his or her house without ye consent and agreement of ye Mayor
and Capitall Burgesses here, or ye greater part of them for ye time being,
vpon paine to fforfeit Ten Shilliuges for every Moneth that any Such so
accepted, receiued & taken vndertennant, inmate, or family as aforesaid
contrary to this agreement Shall dwell or inhabit in any Such house or
houses vntil such vndertennant, inmate, or family as aforesaid be againe
put away, Provided that this order and agreement do Extend only against
ye acceptance, receipt, and taking of Strangers and fforainers.

ITEM It is further ordered and agreed that no Inhabitant or reseant
within ye said Towne or parish or any other person or persons shall
within this Towne or parish out of ye Burrough build, or erect, or cause
to be made, builded, or erected any manner of cottage for habitation or
dwelling, nor con/ert or ordaine any building or houseing made or here-
after to be made to be vsed as a Cottage for habitation or Dwelling or
maintaine, Convert, or vphold any such Cottage Erected or ordained as
aforesaid for habitation and dwelling without ye Consent or agreement
of ye Mayor and Capitall Burgesses here for ye Time Being, vpon paine
that every such offender against this ordinance shall for every such
making, Building, erecting, or Converting & ordaining as aforesaid pay
ffive Poun.les & for eury Moneth that Such Cottage shalbe by him or
them upholden, maintained, and continued Twenty Shillinges.

ITEM It is likewise further ordered, ordained, and agreed vpon by y
Generel Assent that no Inhabitant or dweller within the saiil Towne or
any other person or persons shall within this Towne or parish
henceforth accept, receive, or take to keep for a more or less time what-
soever either to nurse or table any Bastard or Bastards Childe or
Children, or any other Childe or Children not borne within ye said Towne
or parish whch shall be likely in ye judgemt of ye Mayor for ye Time
being to be Chargeable to ye said Parrish without good Securyty alowed
by ye Mayor first giuen to discharge the said parish of Tiverton of all
damage that may happen or accrue to them by or in respect of such
Childe or Children, or without ye Consent or agreement of ye Mayor,
Justices, or Capitall Burgesses here for ye time being therevnto first had,
procured, and obtained, vpon paine to forfeit and pay for every such
Bastard or Bastards Childe or Children so taken and kept contrary to
the intent and true meaning of this ordinance ffourtye Shillings for
every Moneth that he or they shall so take and keep any such Bastard or
Childe contrary to ye purport and true meaning of this order.

110 THE CHEONICLES OF TWXTOED

ITEM It is ffurther ordered that ye Sonne of any ffreeman being a
Merchant, Haberdasher, ffeltmaker, or retailer of wares in any Kind of
Merchandise whatsoever not being the Eldest Sonne shall pay for his
ffreedom at or before he sell or proffer anything of his trade to be sold
within ye Towne of Tiverton aforesaid Six Pence, and every such Person
refuseing the same and so Selling for every moneth's Default of pay-
ment shall fforfeit Two Shillings, to be levied by way of Distress of the
goods and Chatties of ye offenders.

ITEM It is ffurther ordered that every apprentice of every such
ffreeman made as aforesaid, being a Merchant, Mercer, Haberdasher,
ffeltmaker, or retailer of wares in any kind of merchandise wtsoever
(having served Seven Years) shall pay before he Sell or proffer any wares
to be Sould as before Sixpence for ye Inrolling of his Name, vpon paine
to forfeit Twelve Pence for every Moneth's Default or non paymt of ye
said Sunie of Six pence, to be levied as aforesaid.

ITEM That the Son or Apprentice of any ffreeman, having served
Seven Yeares, being a Tannar, Shoomaker, Glover, Smith, Sadler, weaver,
white Tawer, Leatherman or any such like handy-craftsman shall pay
ffor his ffreedom Six Pence before he sell or proffer any commodities to
be Sold, vpon paine of Twelve Pence for every Moneths default or non-
payment of ye said Summe of Six Pence, to be levied as aforesaid.

ITEM If any one being the Sonne of any ffreeman shall claime a
ffreedome within this Towne or parrish professing none of the former
Trades or Sciences before spoken of, he shall pay for his freedoms Two
Shillings Six Pence, vpon paine to forfeit ffiue Shillings, to be levied as
aforesaid.

ITEM That if anyone being a Stranger and in the Towne inhabiting
and not free shall desire to be made free, it shalbe done by the Consent
of the Mayor and Burgesses and Assistantes there for the time being, or
ye greatest Number of them, or otherwise he shall not be ffree.

ITEM, that every ffreeman or person being made ffree and having his
name registered in the Common Book by the Town Clarke and being
particularly Summon'd by the Mayor or ye Sergeants or others being the
knowne officers or officer of ye Towne or Parish or any other person
authoriz'd by ye Mayor in writing under his hand, to appear or be at any
Court or Sessions of ye Peace to be holdenf or or within the said Libbertie,
or at any publick meeting of the said Mayor and Burgesses for mattars
concerning ye publick good of the said Towne, if he then inhabit within
the said Towne or parish, shall make his personall appearance at every
such general sessions of ye peace to be holden within and for this
Towne and Parish being openly made knowne, or other public Meeting
for ye cause aforesaid, and having no reasonable cause of excuse which
shalbe alowed by the Mayor or greater part of ye Capital Burgesses and
Assistants then present, vpon paine of Three Shillinges and ffoure pence
to be fforfeited by every severall ffreeman for every such default, to be
levied as aforesaid.

ITEM It is further ordered that if any Inhabitant or dweller within
ye Prycincts of this Towne shall permit or suffer his or her Hoggs or
Piggs, or any of them, wilfully and negligently to goe abroad in ye streets
of the Towne or in the Churchyard of ye said Towne, that then every
such inhabitant or dweller being owner of such Hoggs or Piggs shall
fforfeit and pay for every time for every such Ho^g and Pigg so straying,
wandering, or going abroad as aforesaid, Three Pence to be levied as
aforesaid.

ITEM It is further ordered and established by ye general consent that
if any Inhabitant or dweller within the Pcincta of this Liberty shall at

THE EAELT STTTAKTS 1 1

any time hereafter by him or her selfe or his or their Servant or Ser-
vants wash any Clothes, wooll, or any other thing such may give offence
in ye Towne lake wch floweth or runneth through ye Streets of ye said
Towne, or so nere therevnto as may give cause of offence in abusing or
annoing ye said water, or shall suffer his or their dye water to runne,
flow, or come into any. Street within ye said Towne, that then every such
Person so offending shall forfeit and pay for every time so therein
offending Three Shillings and f oure Pence, to be levied as aforesaid.

ITEM It is further ordered , agreed, and ordained that if any Inhabitant
or dweller within ye pcincts of this Liberty shall hereafter divert or
turne the said Towne lake out of his right and ancient course or shall
suffer ye Breast channel or Banks of ye said Towne lake adjoyning
thereunto, lying or being before or adjoining to his or her Dwelling
house or ground to be ruinous or in decay, whereby the said water course
or any part thereof shall runne out of his ancient course, and shall not
Sufficiently repair and amend the same within Ten dayes next after
notice thereof to him, her, or them given by ye Said Mayor appointed,
that then every such Inhabitant for so doing and suffering, and not re-
pairing and mending after notice as aforesaid, shall fforfeit and pay for
every such offence Six Shillings Eight Pence.

ITEM It is further ordered and agreed that every inhabitant or
dweller within ye pcincts of this Liberty shall from henceforth every
Tuesday in ye forenoon and every Saturday in ye afternoon cause
ye Street lying or being before his or her dwelling house, Tost (?) or
ground within ye said Towne of Tiverton, by all the length or breadth
of his house or ground to ye middle of ye Street, to be clean swept and
cleansed and shall not at any time from henceforth suffer any Dounge,
dirt, soyle, or any other noisome thing to lye in ye same Street before
his or her dwelling house or ground, but shall remove or carry the same
within one day next after notice hereof being given by the Mayor or
any officer by ye said Mayor Appointed, vpon paine to forfeit or Jose for
every Such offence Twelve Pence, to be levied as aforesaid.

ITEM It is further ordered and established that none of ye Capitall
Burgesses or Assistants of ye said Corporation shall in their publick
meetings and assemblys speak to eveiy mattar to be propounded in
ye said Solemn assemblies but uncouered, to induce a better respect to
their solemn assemblies and meetings, tending to ye good Government
of ye Corporation, and also that no person then present do interrup the
Mayor, Recorder, or his deputie, or any other of ye Burgesses & Assistants
Dureing the time of their discourse to ye Mattars in question, vpon
paine to fforfeit & lose for every time so doing to ye Contrary hereof
Twelue pence to be levied as aforesaid.

ITEM It is ffurther ordered, agreed, and established for ye avoiding
of ye Danger of Fire that if any Dyer, Clothier, Colour Maker, Baker or
Brewer dwelling or inhabiting within ye Towne & parish of Tiverton
shall lay, Set, or put, or suffer to lie or be placed in ye Same Roome
of his or her dwelling house in Tiverton aforesaid, where his or her oven
or ffurnace now is, or standeth, or hereafer shall be or stand, vpon any
such oven or ffurnace any ffurse, wood, or other fewell except only such
as there shalbe present vse for ye same to burne, that then every such
inhabitant so offending for every time that he or she shall so lay, set, or
put, or suffer such wood, ffurse, or other ffewell to lie or be in such of
his or her Room or Roomes as aforesaid, contrary to the true meaning
of this Order or ordinance, shall fforfeit. lose, and pay the sume of six
shillings eight pence, to be levied by distress, as aforesaid.

And for ye better pvencon therof it shalbe lawf ull for ye Mayor for
ye Time being by his officers to make search in any man's house within

112 THE CHRONICLES OF TWIFOED

ye said Towne of Tiverton, if any inhabitant do offend therein, when &
so often as he shall think ffit.

ITEM It is further ordered and established that every inhabitant
within ye said Towne of Tiverton shall from Time to time & so often as
it shall be needfull Sufficiently repair and maintaine by all the length
& breadth of his house vnto ye middest of ye streets the PAUEMENT
of the Street, lying before his or her dwelling house or ground in ye said
Towne, vpon pain to forfeit and pay for every week that the same stialbe
decayed and not amended, after ten days' warning given by the Mayor or
his officer, Twelve pence, to be levied by distress as aforesaid.

ITEM It is further ordered and established that no Inhabitant
within ye said Towne or parish shall hereafter wth ffire heat any wollen
or other cloth at any Rack or Racks standing or being within eighty
ffoot of any Dwelling or other house, or any Rick, Mow, or Stack of
ffurse, feme, wood. Hay, or Corne, or any mud wall which shalbe
Thatched with Reed or Straw on ye top of ye Said Wall within the Said
Towne or parish, under pain of Three t-hillings ffoure pence to be
fforfeited and lost for every time So doing.

ITEM It is further ordered and established that no inhabitant
within ye said Towne of Tiverton shall BREW in ye night time within
his or her dwelling house lying in ye Same Towne of Tiverton vnless it
be before Eight of ye Clock at neight or after Three of ye Clock in
ye Morning, vpon pain to forfeit and lose for every time so doing Six
Shillings Eight pence, to be levied asjaforesaid.

ITEM It is further ordered, established, and agreed that if any Person
inhabiting or resident within the said Towne being aboue the Age
of Eighteen Yeares & vnder the Age of Threescore shall vpon
command given them by the Mayor, Justices, Constables, or Tything
men of the Saide Towne, parish refuse to WATCH, or being
appointed therevnto shall depart from his place of watching be-
fore the time Limitted Such pson, or psons, so refuseing or de-
parting, haveing no lawfull cause of excuse to be allowed by ye
Mayor for ye Time being ffor every such refusal or departure shall
fforfeit two Shillings and Six pence.

ITEM It is further ordered, established and agreed, for the better relief
and setting the POO R on work, and for ye Better Incourgment of them
to worke, that no person inhabiting or residing within the said Towne,
parish Shall pay or satisfy any Spinster or Carder with any Wares,
Victualls, or other Commodities but only with ready Money vpon paine
to fforfeit for every offence against this ordinance ffiue Shillings.

ITEM It is ffurther ordered, established, and agreed if any person that
is SUMMON'D to appear at ye Sessions of ye peace for this Towne
Parish to serue in ye GRAND JURY or in ye office of a Constable shall
come to such Sessions without their Cloak (if they have any) in a
decent and Civill mannar. every such person shall fforfeit for every such
offence contrary to this ordinance Two Shillinges.

ITEM It is further ordered, agreed, and established that every person
of the said Towne and Parish of Tiverton which now is. or hereafter
shalbe, Mayor there, within Three Monetbs next after he shalbe out of his
Said office of Mayor shall make a true and perfect account before ye
Mayor, Burgesses and Assistants, or the greater part of them for the time
being, of and ffor all Such Seuall Sumeor Sumesof money as such Mayor
hath recieved, for or by virtue, colour, or reason of his said office of Mayor,
and of the Imployment of the Same, vpon paine to fforfeit Ten Poundes
for every moneth that he shall not perf orme the Same, being not lawfully
hindred therein according to the true Meaning of this ordinance, to be
levied aa aforesaid.

ROUNDHEADS AND CAYALIERS

ROUNDHEADS AND CAVALIERS

.¥lir.HE year ~\ 642 is famous for the commencement of the Great
£MA2 Rebellion. The inhabitants of Tiverton, it is evident,
<°^^s were not of one mind on this subject. A section favoured
either party. But a priori one would say, Tiverton being a trad-
ing and manufacturing centre, that the majority were Round-
heads. This much is certain, that at the outset of the struggle
the Parliamentarians were the masters, and had a garrison here
under Colonel Weare. This arrangement, however, was not
destined to continue. As is well known, Fortune at first smiled
on the Royalists, and Tiverton was early a victim of her caprice.
In August, 1643, a troop of the King's dragoons, led by Sir Allen
Apsley and Major Buckingham, left Exeter and captured the
town by surprise. Sir Allen, I may mention, was a brother of
Mrs. Lucy Hutchinson, wife of Colonel Hutchinson, and authoress
of the celebrated memoirs ; and he was commander of Barnstaple
at the time of its surrender to the Parliamentarians. Whether
any or what amount of resistance was offered by Colonel Weare
and his men, does not appear, but the mob, waxing valiant, pelted
the soldiers as they rode up Gold-street with a choice miscellany
of stones, brickbats, &c. The troopers, irritated at this recep-
tion, discharged their pieces, placing a large number of their
assailants hors de combat. The rest thereupon dispersed. The
Cavaliers, however, were not satisfied with this easy victory.
Doubtless by way of example, they seized John Lock, a miller,
and executed him at the sign of the White Horse in Gold-street,
which ceremony being enacted, they proceeded to plunder the
town. I may add that the Colonel Weare who was thus caught
napping was no soldado, or professional fire-eater, of the Dalgetty
type, but a local hero — John Weare, of Halberton.

For two years the Royalists remained in undisturbed possession,
i2

116 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOKD

and during this time, it would appear, the ordinary municipal
functions were suspended. Tiverton, besides being under martial
law, was saddled with a most merciless tyrant in a certain Colonel
Connocke. The true name of this person was Fiennes. He was
a son of Lord Say. He had been formerly a colonel in the
Parliamentarian army, and was governor of Bristol when that
city capitulated to the Eoyalists. He had been tried on that
occasion for cowardice and sentenced to lose his head. Fortunately
for himself, though not so fortunately for the general community,
he succeeded in evading the penalty. After that he transferred
his allegiance to the Eoyalists. His conduct at Tiverton
must certainly have been very bad, the proof being that when in
1645 he attempted to join Fairfax at Axminster, Sir Thomas
for that reason refused to have anything to do with him. " The
General " says Spragge (" Anglia Kediviva," pt. ii. c. 3) " understood
of his cruel conduct to the country, whilst he was governor of the
place, in torturing people and burning them with matches and
otherwise cruelly using both men and women (in such manner as
is not fit to be mentioned)" and as the sequel " he was required to
depart the quarter of the Parliament or to be proceeded against
as a spy."

In September, 1644, Lord Goring and Sir John Berkley united
their forces at Tiverton, and Berkley's horse, engaging the enemy
in or near the town, forced them to beat a retreat. The
possession of Tiverton was just then of considerable value to the
King, forming as it did one of regular stages for the royal forces
in their march from Plymouth. It would appear also to have
been important from a strategic point of view, being, to use the
phrase then current, " upon a passe."

Whilst these events were in progress, a new disaster loomed on
the horizon. This was the plague or sweating sickness. Cases of
the sort had occurred in the two previous months, but the
epidemic was most virulent in October. In this month alone 105
persons are recorded to have died. The total number of victims
was 450, and largely on account of this visitation the town was
almost forsaken. The hasty burial of so many corpses in a few
feet of earth afterwards excited fears lest the pestilence should
return, and the south and east parts of St. Peter's Churchyard,
where most of the interments took place, were raised much above
their original level by heaps of earth which, in the hope of pre-
venting infection, were thrown down there. The mai'ket was
held in a field (which from that circumstance received the name
of Shambles) near the two-mile-stone on the Halberton road ; and
it has been conjectured that Little Silver, which is said to have
been colonized as a harbour of refuge during a time of pestilence,
may have sprung up at this period. Certainly what with cavalry
skirmishes, the oppressions of Colonel Connocke, and the plague,
Tiverton was then no very enviable spot to dwell in.

ROUNDHEADS AND CAVALIEES 117

Next year Sir Kichard Greenvil, descendant as well as name-
sake of the famous Elizabethan sea-dog, got into trouble with the
Royalists (the party to which he adhered) through his negligence.
It was his duty to look after the commissariat. This, however, he
conspicuously failed to do. Complaints were rife that the
garrisons of Dartmouth, Barnstaple, and Tiverton were both
badly provisioned and inadequately supplied with arm sand ammu-
nition. Representations were made on the subject by the
county gentlemen who, under the name of Commissioners, had
charge of the royal interests ; but Sir Richard successfully com-
batted all attacks. This would have been all very well, but in
January, Essex had been succeeded in the command of the
Parliamentarians by Sir Thomas Fairfax, a far abler man, who
might be expected before long to put his opponents' preparations
to the test. Meanwhile the Prince of Wales (afterwards Charles
II.) appeared in the West as a mediator. After settling the
vexed question of contributions he gave orders that detachments
should be forwarded to Sir Richard Greenvil at Tiverton from
Dartmouth, Exeter, and Barnstaple. The Exeter company obeyed;
but the Dartmouth and Barnstaple contingents, a report reaching
them that Lord Goring had retired from Taunton, abandoned the
march, whereupon Sir Richard Greenvil, we are told, " took occa-
sion to exclaim against the Prince and his Commissioners."

Towards the end of the same month of August, 1645, in which
these events occurred, the Prince of Wales held a council of war
at Exeter. It was resolved that the infantry should proceed to
Tiverton and the cavalry to the east of Exeter, and that on the
arrival of the indispensable Sir Richard Greenvil, the entire army
should advance to the relief of Bristol. The fall of that place,
which was announced the following month, negatived the last
proposal ; otherwise there was no change in the plan of campaign.
According to Clarendon it was the intention of the Royalists
" that, if the enemy gave time, the force of both counties (i.e.
Devon and Cornwall) should be drawn to Tiverton and upon that
pass to fight with the rebels." However, the retreat of Lord
Goring ruined these calculations.

It was in these circumstances, apparently, that Connocke, with
the instinct of the proverbial rat, deserted. He was not alone in
his poltroonery. The governor of Tiverton Castle was Colonel
Amias Pollard, but he had no stomach for the fight, and on the
approach of General Fairfax threw up his command. The person
whom the Prince of Wales commissioned to succeed him was Sir
Gilbert Talbot. Sir Gilbert, I should say, though not a great
man, had a very distinct personality. He did not come to Tiverton
with an absolutely clean record, but his loyalty at all events was
unimpeachable. Previous to this he had rendered himself chiefly
famous by some extraordinary proceedings in the Levant, where
he had attempted to confiscate the effects of the English

118 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

merchants to the sole use of His Majesty King Charles I. The
merchants, however, by liberal bribes to the Grand Vizier managed
to defeat the scheme. Good or bad, Sir Gilbert Talbot deter-
mined to hold his own.

On Tuesday, October 14, Fairfax marched to Honiton from
Chard. On Wednesday his vanguard reached Cullompton. Here
the loyalists had 300 dragoons and a body of infantry, under
Lord Miller. They attempted, however, no kind of stand, and
incontinently evacuated the place. The Parliamentarians pursued
and took some of them prisoners. The others, it was ascertained,
had retreated to Tiverton. At a council of war which was held
the same night, it was decided that Major-General Massey with
the cavalry and a brigade of infantry should advance on Tiverton
and besiege the Castle. On Thursday he marched. Eeaching his
destination he drove the enemy before him and compelled them
to take refuge in the Castle and Church. In an assault on the
Castle, Massey appears to have sustained a repulse. On
Thursday, Fairfax had paid a visit to Bradninch, but on receipt of
this intelligence he hastened to Tiverton, where he arrived on Fri-
day, the 17th, and called on the enemy to surrender. They refused,
and Fairfax commenced a regular investment of the place.

The contest was no doubt very unequal. Talbot states that
his cavalry were mutinous, that the garrison included only 200
infantry, and that some of his principal officers were disaffected.
All this may easily be believed. The Royalists found great
difficulty in paying their men, provisions ran short, nor was it
unlikely that the examples of the virtuous Colonel Connocke and
the valiant Colonel Pollard should have influenced other chiefs of
the party. In so far then as Talbot's asseverations relate to him-
self and his resources, they may, I think, be implicitly received.
As regards the enemy his estimate is clearly exaggerated. He puts
them down at two and twenty thousand men. If this were
correct, the proportions would be those of a fairy tale. As a
matter of fact Fairfax had about six thousand under his command,
and we know of what they consisted — Weldon's brigade of
infantry, six companies of foot which had formed part of the
Chichester garrison, an equal number from Lyme, and a division
of cavalry ranging from 1800 to 2000.

Friday and Saturday were spent in the erection of batteries
over against the Castle. Massey had already, before Fairfax's
arrival, commenced this necessary work, and now, under the
supervision of both generals, it was prosecuted with so much
energy that by Saturday afternoon the batteries were complete.
There has been much discussion as to where these batteries
were placed. Tradition says, near the present site of the
Black Horse Inn, Bampton - street, and, taking all the cir-
cumstances into account, it would be difficult to hit on a
more plausible situation. The reader must beware of sup-

ROUNDHEADS AND CAVALIERS 119

posing that Newport-street then presented at all a similar appear-
ance to what it does now. The term " Works," applied to
the open space adjoining St. Peter's Churchyard, must often have
perplexed strangers who, seeing no signs of industry thereabouts,
may have jumped to the conclusion that the name was imposed
arbitrarily, on the lucus a non lucendo principle. The description,
however, has reference to an earlier state of things, to a period
that is to say, when the area in question was enclosed by the
outworks of the Castle. One flank, it seems, extended along
Newport-street as far as Castle-street, while the other ran
parallel to it from the northern end of the Castle to the juncture
of William-street, Castle-street, and Bartow's-causeway. Castle-
street is the " causeway " (the only specimen still left in the town)
which Dunsford describes as leading to the eastern gate of the
Castle, and which, though now cut off from it, was doubtless the
regular approach. At the south-east angle was the outer gate,
from which Newport-street (Fr. porte " a gate ") derives its
name. This gate was surmounted by a Gothic arch ; and a wall,
with battlements and small stone arches, guarded the causeway.
Moreover, two other gates, under like arches, at intervals of
eighteen feet, helped to fortify the entrance, " the whole of
which was thirty-six feet long and fifteen feet wide, divided by
the gates into equal parts, the ceilings of each of them strongly
arched with stone to support the building over, and branches of
hewn stone in the Gothic style, sprung from the angles and sides
to the centre, where they were united beneath the Lancastrian
rose " (Dunsford). Both the north and south walls were defended
by deep and wide moats. According to tradition there was a
drawbridge connecting the round tower, which still exists, with
the churchyard, and this may well have been the case. But it
seems necessary, as it is certainly natural, to believe that there was
another drawbridge between the outer gate, which, as we have
seen, was elaborately fortified, and Newport-street.

After this amount of explanation which the reader, I am sure,
will not deem superfluous, I return to my narrative. On Saturday
afternoon the garrison seems to have become aware of their
desperate situation, and a man was let down from the Castle by
means of a rope. The manoeuvre, however, was observed by the
Parliamentarian sentries, who promptly arrested the fugitive.
Nothing of importance was found on him, but, stimulated by
threats, he confessed that before his capture he had thrown a
missive of which he was the bearer " by the water-side." It is
not clear what is meant by this enigmatical phrase — either the
moat or the River Exe may be intended — anyhow the letter was
found. It proved to be a despatch from Sir Gilbert Talbot to Sir
John Berkley, the governor of Exeter, entreating aid and
promising to hold out to the last. On Sunday before daybreak
Fairfax had mounted his guns, and at seven o'clock his artillery

120 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

began to play. It is evident that he did not expect any
immediate result, for a council of war was being held at Blundell's
School, when a lucky shot broke the chain of the drawbridge. From
that moment all was over. A panic seized the garrison, and,
without a thought of their other lines of defence, they fled into
the Castle and the Church. The Eoundheads, on their part, did
not wait for instructions, but poured into the works. Finding
that the enemy had locked the doors, they broke through the
windows of the Church, and stripped their adversaries to their
shirts. Sir Gilbert Talbot now thought that the time was come
for capitulating. He shut himself up in his room and hung out a
flag of truce. No notice was taken of this, but the Castle
having been seized, quarter was freely given. " We tooke in the
Castle " says Vicars, (" Parliamentary Chronicle " p. 300.) " Sir
Gilbert Talbot, G-overnour of the place, above 20 other Officers
and Gentlemen of note and quality, and among them, one
Master Kemp, a grand Malignant Priest, above 200 Common
Souldiers, foure Pieces of Ordnance, thirty Barrels of Powder,
500 Armes, and store of other Ammunition, Provision, and
Treasure, good prey for the Souldiers paines who so well deserved
it."

The same authority ascribes the capture of the Castle to a
miracle, and he does not forget to cite the nameless archer who
drew a bow at a venture and killed Ahab. Without adjudicating
on the subject of special acts of Providence, it is hardly irrelevant
to remark that a great deal depends on our point of view. Though,
as we shall shortly see, Anglicans as well as Puritans were fond of
interpreting extraordinary events as arising from Divine inter-
position, the Eoyalists could scarcely be expected to accept
Vicars' theory in regard to the drawbridge. To them the affair
must have seemed diabolical rather than providential. Officially,
however, Talbot preferred a simpler explanation, attributing the
loss of the Castle to the treachery of Major Sadler. This account,
though not quite accurate, involved no injustice to Major Sadler,
who would have betrayed the garrison if he could. He had
formerly served in the Parliamentary army and promised, if his
desertion were pardoned, to supply valuable information. His
offer was rejected, and after the taking of the Castle he was
sentenced to death. Having escaped to Exeter, he was placed
under arrest by the Royalists, who had also a grudge against him
for seeking to betray their cause, tried by court-martial, and
executed. Such was the end of Major Sadler, who cannot be
congratulated on playing his cards well.

A curious episode is recorded to have happened during the
siege. A Mrs. Cunick, Sir Gilbert's nurse, was in the round
tower holding his child. Suddenly a cannon shot entered, killing
her, but sparing the child. What the moral may be, I am unable
to say. Another anecdote is this. It was the custom for farmers

EOUNDHEADS AND CAVALIEES 121

to bring into the town large quantities of wool which was deposited
for sale under the church-house in a place called " the Chapel."
This wool appears to have been appropriated by the garrison as a
means of defence against the shot, and after the siege the church-
yard was strewed with it. Now for the pith of the story. A
John Salter told Dunsford that as no one claimed the property,
his (Salter's) grandfather gave some men sixpence to drag one of
the bags to his house. His example was generally followed and
in this way the wool was gradually cleared off. One is certainly
not disposed to vilify Salter for his part in the matter, but what
are we to say of the denseness, the almost incredible denseness, of
those who, when such an admirable opportunity presented itself
for " self-help,'' went thus out of their way to serve another?
; 0 caecas hominum mentes ! 0 pectora dura !

It has been conjectured, without any great probability, that
some members of the garrison may have escaped by a subterranean
passage constructed for the purpose, and believed to have had its
other embouchure in the centre of the town. It is possible of
course that there may have been such a passage, though all
attempts to explore it have so far ended in failure. Moreover, it
is likely even then to have been long disused. Tet a man will
overlook minor inconveniences when he is in danger of being put
to the sword, and this is just the moment when the thought of
topographical investigation most readily occurs to him. As the
subject is a pleasing one, a brief note on subterranean passages
generally may prove not unwelcome. Until people became
acquainted with them in the vulgarized form of underground
railways, a world of romance encircled these dark mysterious
thoroughfares. The imagination naturally turned to kobolds and
gnomes, who, it might be supposed, would indignantly resent this
intrusion on their legitimate domains ; and tbe reader is not
likely to have forgotten the use which Horace Walpole makes of
such a passage in his " Castle of Otranto." Victor Hugo, again,
in " Les Miserables " lights up with a lurid interest the unpoetical
and unsavoury regions of the Paris sewers. But subterranean
passages have a claim on the attention of the antiquary and
historian, so numerous are the traditions concerning them. Let
me quote a few. Thus a passage under the earth is said to have
connected Shrewsbury Castle with Lyth ; and Broughton Castle,
the seat of Lord Saye and Sele, is stated to have been similarly
furnished. At Bury Hall, Edmonton, "there is in one of the
cellars the opening of a subterranean passage, now blocked up,
said to lead to the church, a mile distant." At Wakefield a
tradition formerly prevailed that there was a passage extending
from Landal Castle to Wakefield Church, a distance of about a
mile and a half. To come nearer home a subterranean passage is
supposed to have run from Bampton Castle to the Church.
Legendary lore has clustered round some of these remains. At

122 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

Pendeen in the parish of St. Just, Cornwall, the story goes that
an Irish lady, dressed in white, with a red rose in her inouth, is to
be found on a Christmas morning at the entrance of a cave, where
she confides to the visitor tidings brought from her native land
through the submarine recesses connected with it.

The reader will not fail to have noticed the element of un-
certainty pervading these instances. Every subterranean passage
is said to have led to this place or that; but from whatever cause —
whether from the fear of meeting the same fate as Bishop Haddo
or from a reasonable dislike to noxious gases, fetid smells, and cob-
webs— no man seems to have adventured himself within their pre-
cincts, so that he might announce to a grateful world whether
these things were so. At Tiverton, however, in 1 773, a half-
hearted attempt was made to find out the truth of the matter.
Some Cornish miners, who had been enlisted in the 31st Regiment,
were persuaded to excavate a garden at the back of a house in
Fore-street. They dug to a depth of 30 feet, but all they could
discover were some lumps of tin ore. It has been surmised that
these, even, did not come there by nature.

In an old number of the Tiverton Gazette appears a tragic
tale. As it relates to this period and seems to be founded on a
legend, I insert it here, with apologies to the author for changing
the title :

UNDIVIDED !

A few ivy-clad ruins are all that now remain of the once noble
Castle of Tiverton ; a castle which loyal to its King, held out
bravely, but unsuccessfully, against the besieging army of Fairfax.
Gay ladies, brave cavaliers once dwelt beneath its roof and under
its protection ; the courtyards once resounded with the neighing
and prancing of gaily caparisoned steeds ; and its banqueting-hall
was often the scene of mirth and enjoyment. Those times have
passed away ; age and decay, helped by destructive man, have
laid their withering touch on the old castle ; and all which they
have left are a few crumbling stones, which seem almost held
together by the ivy which envelopes them, and which barely
mark the spot where the castle once stood. These ruins have
seen many a strange sight, and if they could but speak, would
tell, doubtless, many a startling tale. They were witnesses, and
the only witnesses now extant, which can bear testimony to the
following which in this age, when antiquity is looked upon with a
certain degree of reverence, may perchance be interesting to
some.

It was in the year 16 — that a gentleman whom we will call Sir
Hugh Spencer was the Governor of Tiverton Castle, a fine,
straightforward Englishman, a little proud, perhaps, of his descent
which he could trace back as far as the time when William the

KOTJNDHEADS AND CAVALIEES 123

Conqueror subdued England, but in all other respects a brave and
worthy man. His wife had died, and his only child was a beautiful
girl, by name Alice, who was just verging on her twenty-first
birthday.

Alice Spencer was a perfect Saxon beauty, light hair, and blue
eyes, and with such a sweet temper and charming disposition,
that she was beloved by her father and respected by everyone
else.

As may be naturally supposed, there were many suitors for the
hand of this young lady, but the one selected by Sir Hugh as the
future husband of his daughter was Sir Charles Trevor, a man
many years older than Alice and possessed of great wealth.

In those days the lady had very little choice in the matter, and
undoubtedly Sir Hugh considered that in marrying his daughter to
a man with plenty of money, he was in every way doing his duty
as a parent. -Bub Sir Charles Trevor was decidedly what might
be termed a disagreeable man. His countenance was far from
pleasing, he was of a sour disposition and frequently burst
into violent passions on the most trifling matters. He had long
black hair and a very black moustache, which, ending in a twirl,
gave him a fierce expression of countenance. In short, everyone
agreed that had Miss Alice's feelings been the least consulted in
the matter, he was the last man she would have chosen as her
partner through life. But she had not as yet resisted the will of
her father, and whether she loved or hated Sir Charles Trevor was
known to herself alone. There was only one other inhabitant
of the Castle whom we need describe by name : this was Maurice
Fortescue, a young man of noble blood, who possessing a hand-
some face, a fine figure, and an excellent disposition, was a general
favourite. His father had died and had left him but little property
and one large mastiff. Vulcan, for that was the name of the
dog, was faithfully attached to his master, and his master was
equally fond of him, so much so indeed that they were generally
to be seen together. Living in the same castle with Alice, the
intimate friend of her father, and with a heart not made of stone,
Maurice Fortescue fell deeply in love with her. He loved her with
all the fervency of his nature, and yet such was his high sense of
honour that knowing Sir Hugh would expect the husband of
his daughter to be a man of great wealth, he never breathed his
love for her, but kept it a secret wrapt in the inmost recesses of his
heart; nay more, he tried to quench it, although he felt how
utterly impossible it would be to do so. Sir Hugh Spencer
trusted him implicitly, and gave him the management over the
whole castle ; thus his life was a happy one till Sir Charles
Trevor came as a suitor for the hand of Alice Spencer, and was
accepted by her father. Then the heart of Maurice Fortescue
was cruelly tortured ; he saw that it was impossible that one so
young and beautiful as Alice could have any affection for a man.

124 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOEI)

like Sir Charles, and yet he could not, dared not interfere, but
must stand by and see her absolutely sacrificed and bound to a
man with the temper of a demon. Think not, gentle reader,
that it was from jealousy. Maurice Fortescue knew not what
that was, but he, nevertheless, imbibed a hatred of Sir Charles
Trevor, which was as unaccountable as it was lasting. Vulcan
joined his master also in this respect, for sundry kicks received
from Sir Charles had made that gentleman anything but a
favourite with the faithful dog. This then was the state" of feel-
ing between the various parties, Sir Charles Trevor hating
Maurice on account of his honest disposition and good temper,
while the latter returned the hatred from the very bottom of his
heart.

It was on a lovely May day, when the foliage had once again
made its appearance, the trees were in their summer attire, and
the flowers shedding abroad their fragrance, that Sir Charles
Trevor was meditating as he walked in the beautiful grounds of
Tiverton Castle. To him nature had no particular charms ; he
cared not for the lovely scenery which surrounded him on all
sides : the subject which occupied his mind was how easily he had
gained his suit, and how he would tame his wife to his will. Alice
had shown him no attention, he thought ; she certainly did not
seem to care much for him, but that was no consequence. A
sudden thought struck him : perhaps she might be in love with
Maurice Fortescue. That idea seemed to please him, and he
muttered aloud " Well, if that be the case, I will marry her
directly. Ere a week passes, she shall be Lady Trevor. I wonder
how that will please our gallant Fortescue. Arrogant young Knave,
I hate the fellow !" He had flung his handsomely embroidered
cap on the ground during his soliloquy, and was pacing up and
down, laughing at the feelings Maurice would have at seeing Alice
Spencer married to another man, when Vulcan came bounding
along and seeing the cap lying on the grass took it in his mouth
and playfully shook it to pieces. Sir Charles turned round, saw
its fate, and in an instant the fiery demon of passion took
possession of his mind, he drew his sword, and ran its blade
through the body of the poor animal. Maurice Fortescue, who
was a little way behind, saw his favourite thus cruelly treated. The
dog which had been so faithful, so affectionate to him, crawled
towards him bedewing the turf with his life's blood ; and looking
into his master's face as if to wish him farewell, immediately died.
Maurice Fortescue lost all self-possession, he sprang forward, and
with one well-directed blow, felled Sir Charles Trevor to the
ground. That gentleman slowly arose and simply addressed him in
these words : " Mr. Fortescue will perhaps give me the satisfac-
tion of treating him as I did his dog, at seven o'clock this evening,
in the wood near the river." This speech, gentle reader, in the
present day would seem absurd. Now if Brown insults Jones,

KOTJNDHEADS AND CAVALIEES 125

and Jones is of a quick temper, he, to use the language of the
P.E. " lets out straight from the shoulder," and makes what may
be termed a marked impression on Brown ; but it was not so in
the old time, and therefore, when Maurice heard these words from
Sir Charles he knew that at seven o'clock, in the little wood near the
river, he would have to fight for life or death and that the weapon
used was to be the sword. He well knew that Sir Charles was a
most skilful swordsman, and that he was well experienced in the
art of duelling. He himself was a good hand at it, but he had
neither the practice nor the skill of Sir Charles, and, though he had
quite as much courage, he felt that his chance of life was poor
indeed. In four short hours he might be a corpse, and then Alice
would be left without a single friend to protect her from Sir
Charles Trevor. This thought drove him almost to madness, and
he determined to seek her and wish her good-bye. He rushed
through the grounds of the castle, but nowhere could he see her ;
at last, after a long search he found her in the wood, where in
such a short time his fate, one way or the other, was to be
decided. His heart beat painfully loud as he approached her.
" Miss Spencer," he said, " I have come to ask you, as my greatest
friend, to do me the favour of taking care of this little locket for
me, which was given to me by my mother."

" Mr. Eortescue," she said smiling, " I am sure that 1 am not
your greatest friend : that title belongs to Vulcan."

" Vulcan is dead," he replied.

" Dead " ? she said, and seeing then that something serious
was the matter, she quickly added : " I beseech you, tell me how it
happened, for he was a great favourite of mine."

He told her all, told her how for a trivial offence Sir Charles
Trevor had killed his faithful dog, how, stung with madness at the
sight of his dying favourite, the only being that loved him, he
had struck its murderer to the ground, how, of course, he had con-
sented to give him satisfaction, and how little chance he had of
surviving, and then he told her how madly, hopelessly, and deeply
he had loved her, how he could not help seeking her to wish her
good-bye, and how he hoped that if she really loved Sir Charles
she would forgive him for insulting him. You may judge, gentle
reader, ef his unspeakable joy, when, with a flushed cheek, but in
a determined voice, she replied : " Maurice Fortescue, if in the duel
with this wicked man you fall, the heart of Alice Spencer dies
with you."

Here, reader, let us leave them ; in a moment the fervent wish
of many long years has been gratified, and when on the point of
fighting for his life, he has discovered that Alice Spencer loves
him. *

It is seven o'clock ; the birds have hushed their song, the rooks
are wending their way home, and Sir Charles Trevor walks alone
in the small wood near Tiverton Castle. The river Exe, swollen by

126 THE CHEONICLBS OF TWYFOKD

the previous day's rain, flows more rapidly and not so clear as
usual ; pieces of wood and stick dash past borne downwards by the
current to the sea. Another personage makes his appearance : it
is Maurice Fortescue. With a bold step he advances to meet his
opponent. " I am come true to my word, Sir Charles," he said,
" and ready to avenge the death of Vulcan."

Sir Charles Trevor sneered, and, pale with rage, told him to
draw and defend himself.

The swords clash, each a trusty blade, each wielded by an
arm strengthened by the fearless heart within ; the weapons
flash in the setting sun, the passes are rapid, each fighting for his
life — his honour. See, blood is trickling down the arm of Sir
Charles staining his embroidered sleeve ; they become more and
more excited and fearfully in earnest. Long the contest remains
uncertain, till at last, oh ! awful sight, skill has the victory, and
Maurice Fortescue has fallen pierced through the neck. His con-
queror bends over him, a ghastly smile flits o'er his face as he
beholds his prostrate victim, he lifts him in his arms and, though
he is not yet dead, hastens to the river. Oh, heavens ! surely he
is not going to drown him while yet breathing ? Can such base-
ness, such wickedness be in man ? He reaches the bank, and hurls
him into the flooded river. He looks round to see that there is
no witness of his treachery. A white dress may be seen in the
distance rapidly nearing the stream, he rushes madly towards it —
a plunge, alas ! he is too late, and the same Exe which carried
down with it the body of her lover, bore the gentle spirit of Alice
Spencer to her last long home.

Since the days of the Cavaliers Tiverton Castle has ceased to
justify its name. A modern castellated building was added some
twenty years ago to the only habitable part of the old structure, but
the term " castle " seems to imply preparations for war, not merely
solid masonry and mediaeval architecture. The following poem,
therefore, written by Mr. H. J. Carpenter of this town, which
has been pronounced by a competent judge a worthy echo of "In
Memoriam," has a special appropriateness in this place.

THE KUINS OF TIVERTON UASTLE.

A PRIZE POEM, READ BEFORE THE TIVEETON DEBATING SOCIETY,
MARCH 12TH, 1885.

I sit upon the arching hills

That look on Isca's winding wave,

And rising as from out a grave,
The long gone past my spirit thrills.

I
As musing there on thought intent

I gaze towards the town I love ;

And still shall love where'er I rove,
Until this earth with earth be blent.

EOUNDHEADS AND CAVALIEES 127

And gazing there, methinks a stream

Of pageants mirror'd on my soul

Doth through my tranced vision roll,
With all the swiftness of a dream.

They gather round thy crumbling towers,

They people thy deserted shades,

They wander through the leafy glades
That crown thy slopes with waving bowers.

Thou relic of the days long past,

Of chivalry's forgotten pride,

Of heroism proved and tried,
Aye ready at the trumpet's blast.

Old mystery of childhood's hour,

How oft I longed that veil to raise,

That hides thy tale from mortal gaze ;
Armed with some fabled wizard's power,

To summon from their silent sleep,

Those who once trod thy stately halls,

Where now no sound of footstep falls,
And naught but ghostly shadows creep.

Yet now obedient to my call,

The centuries their course repeat ;

And phantom forms, with noiseless feet,
Hasten toman thy moulder ing wall.

Once more, amid the glittering throng

The neighing horses proudly prance ;

And warriors charge with quiv'ring lance,
While beauty waits to crown the strong.

Once more, in festal time throughout

The livelong night thy walls resound

With mirth and laughter circling round
To greet the mummers' sportive rout.

While Yule-tide fires their ruddy light

Cast through the mullioned window pane,
To mock the splash of drifting rain

And pierce the darkness of the night.

Yet other scenes before me rise,

And other sounds ring in these ears,

Rending the misty veil of years ;
And rivals strive before mine eyes.

A clash of swords, a fatal blow,

A shriek that tells a broken heart,

A leap — to meet where none shall part ;
'Tis o'er — and on the waters flow.*

* A legend of the Castle.

128 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFORD

The centuries roll on, and now,

Unwilling slave to tyranny,

Yet ever longing to be free,
Thou rearest there thy sullied brow

Beneath their sway whose paltry worth

Could hold a despot's smile above

The faith, the fealty, the love,
They owe the country of their birth.*

And now these phantoms fade, yet still

Thou standest there a ruin grey,

Shrouded in silence deep as they
Who lie beneath this grassy hill :f

To as, immortal, changing naught,

To us, the creatures of a day,

To us, who hymn thee in a lay,
With inspirations faintly caught

From memories which thy towers awake,
Links in the chain that binds the past
To that which is, and o'er us cast

A magic spell we could not break ;

To us, immortal — yet to thee

But, as it were, of yesterday

Sweet river rushing on to pay
Thy tribute to the changeless sea ;

Who wast ere yet the Norman's might
Kaised by the wave yon castle proud,
Who wilt be when oblivion's cloud

Hath wrapt his name in starless night.

A last word on Sir Gilbert Talbot. On being taken prisoner he
was sent first to Lyme and afterwards to Weymouth. Having been
released in exchange he joined the King (whom he says he had not
seen since his return from Italy), at Oxford. After the Restor-
ation Talbot was employed as an envoy at the court of Denmark,
where he concluded an alliance with the King against the States ;
and subsequently he was appointed the King's jeweller. He is
described in the " Plagellum Parliamentarism," a contemporary
lampoon, as " a great cheat at bowls and cards, and not born to a
shilling," but, as little or no weight attaches to this authority,
we will hope that the first accusation at any rate is untrue. The
latter charge, though Sir Gilbert with his aristocratic connec-
tions may have found it hard to bear, is of no importance.
General Massey's inclinations were naturally somewhat different.

* The Castle was held by the Royalists.

t A battle was fought on Skrinkhills in 1549 and bones have
been dug up there.

EOUNDHEADS AND CAVALIEES 129

Among the many pamphlets which issued from the press at this
time was one with the extraordinary title :

OP A

BOY,

Who was entertained by the Devill to

be servant to him with the consent of his Father, about

Crediton in the "West, and how the Devill carried him up in the

aire, and shewed him the torments of Hell, and some

of the Cavaliers there, and what preparation

there was made for Goring and

Greenvile against they came.

Also, how the Cavaliers went to rob a Carrier, and how
the Carrier and his Horses turned themselves into

With a Coppie of a Letter from Major General Massie,

concerning these strange and wonderfull

things, with a certaine Box of

Reliques and Crucifixes

found in

TIVERTON CHURCH.

The letter of which a " coppie " was inserted was addressed to
Mr. Davenport, a Cheshire gentleman residing in London, and ran
as follows :
Sir,

I lately received your Letter wherein you give me notice that
my business is much retracted, and hath not obtained that happie
issue which I expected it should have done. We have no news
K

130 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

at present, but such as I suppose is already come to your eares,
only this wonder here enclosed, the true relation whereof I re-
ceived from Mr. Cullum, of Cannon's Lea, a Gentleman of
approved integritie and estimation in this County : I have sent
you by this bearer a Box of Eeliques, with a great Crucifix, found
in Tiverton Church, in the wall which the Cavaliers had there
built for the strengthning of the porch, which may serve as a
sufficient argument to convince your wives good opinion, which
she formerly conceived of those champions of Antichrist the
Cavaliers. You shall doe me a favour, if you please to hasten
Mr. East, about the finishing of my Watch, and send me halfe a
pound of the best sealing wax.

I remaine

Tour faithful Friend,

EDWAED MASSIE.

The allusion which this letter contains to a box of reliques
reminds us of another act of spoliation which probably took place
at this period and which, for the thief, had a lamentable ending.
In " a Discourse on the Impiety of Tithe Stealing " which was
published by the Eev. John Newte, Rector of Tidcombe, in
1711, the matter is thus referred to :

" A person named William Hill, of Tiverton, who, in the
beginning of the Parliament's Rebellion, heard that some were
demolishing the Earl of Devonshire's Chapel, which stood in the
Churchyard, and were carrying away from it what they could.
He came thither upon the same wicked design, and found that
they had broke to Pieces a Stately Monument made for the Earl
and his Countess, and carried away the materials, and the orna-
ments within, and the Lead at Top, and, upon which, he lamented
his misfortune for coming so late, and said, ' Now they have taken
away all before 1 came, there is nothing left for me.' But
looking up, he saw a Bell at the end of it, which they called the
Saints Bell. ' Oh ' says he, ' I'll have this/ And getting a
Ladder, he goes up to take it down, and so letting it slip through
his Hands, the Brim of it cut off his Toes on both Feet, by which
means he became a Cripple, and wasting his substance and a small
Tenement he had in the cure of his wounds, he became miserably
Poor and unfit for Business, went about a Begging upon his Heels
with a Crutch and an underhand staff, and so he continued
several years, till a gentleman gave him a little Horse, that he
might ride farther off and beg abroad ; and he did for some time,
till at last in the Parish of Anstey in this County, he and his
Horse were found Dead together in a Ditch. A dismal end of a
Sacrilegious Person."

There is some fear that this story may be apocryphal, as Bisdon
(who wrote circiter 1630) speaks of the chapel as already demol-
ished, but if it is not true, it is at least leu trovato.
K2

EOUNDHEADS AND CAVALIEES 131

On receiving the news of the fall of Tiverton, the House of
Commons passed the following resolutions :

" Ordered that on the next Lord's day, whereon thanks are
ordered to be given unto God for the many successes it hath
pleased God to give the Parliament's forces, this great blessing, of
God's delivery into the hands of the Parliament of Tiverton and
the Castle, may be remembered, and thanks given God for this
blessing also ; the manner of taking thereof being very remark-
able.

" Ordered, that the committee of the West do forthwith pay
unto the two messengers that brought this good news of the
taking in of Tiverton, the sum of £15 : to the messenger that
lives at Blandford the sum of £10 ; and to the other .£5."

After this the much-afflicted town entered on a period of com-
parative quiet, but individual citizens who had the misfortune to
differ either in politics or religion from the constituted authorities
did not find their lot a pleasant one. As we have already shown,
Tiverton was governed by a close Corporation, not necessarily in
sympathy with the general inhabitants. The members of that
body still retained their respect for the first estate of the realm, and
in 1649, the date of the " martyrdom" of the King, courageously
changed their scarlet robes for black. They do not, however,
appear to have openly flouted their masters, as at Exeter. There
the Mayor refused to proclaim the usurpers, and withheld the
customary honours from the judges on circuit. For this show of
independence he was mulcted in a fine of £200, and the assizes
were removed to Tiverton. "The judges' names" (says Blundell)
" were Lord Chief Baron Wild and Mr. Justice Eigby." I learn
from the same writer that the scene of their labours was
Blundell's School, Wild adorning with his presence the Fives'
Court in the Green, while Eigby presided at the desk in the
Higher School. A section of the Corporation seem to have per-
sisted in their contumacy, and in 1655, when the Eoyalists made
a feeble attempt at a rising, the Mayor received the following
billet from Desborough :

Mr. Meayor.
Sir,

I have received sundry informations against John Deyman,
Aquila Skinner, George Waldron, Thomas Prowse, and Thomas
Hartnoll, Members of your Corporation, wherein they are
scandalous in their Lives or Enemies to the Commonwealth, which
indeed is a Dishonour to God, or Scandal to the Government,
and a Burden to the well-affected : For the prevention of which
I am to remove such whithersoever (sic) I find them, either in
magistracy or in Places of Trust. And being unwilling to make
them public examples, I thought a private Dismission fitter.
Wherefore pray signify this unto them, and that you may make
Choice of others in their Eooms or Places, as the Act of Parlia-

132 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

ment directs you thereunto. And if any of the Persons above
mentioned do refuse to yield Obedience hereunto, then you are to
give me Account thereof that I may take an effectual Course for
the same. Being all at present from

Tour affectionate friend

JOHN DESBOBOWE.

Desborough was then Lord-lieutenant of the County, and the
letter is dated " Exon, March 16th, 1655. Some of the members
expelled bore honoured names, and as the accusations brought
against them are loose and general, we may easily infer, reading
between the lines, that they were the victims of party spite.
Possibly, also, the narrow inquisitorial spirit, so characteristic
of the Puritans, may have detected little indulgences, which
served to give colour to the extravagant censures " dishonour to
God" and " scandal to the Commonwealth." So far as Prowse is
concerned, there is evidence which strongly supports this view —
that he was not really a bad man. At the Restoration he was
re-instated in his municipal honours, and in the parish register
amongst the burials is this obituary notice, "August 17,1661,
The Right "Worshipful Thomas Prowse, Mayor of the Town and
Parish/' so that he must have died in office.

In 1653 an alteration was made in the marriage laws, whereby
a civil ceremony before the mayor, or a justice of the peace,
might be substituted for the religious office. Among other persons
who made themselves useful in this capacity was Daniel Cudmore,
the Puritan Master of Blundell's School. The result of
this change was an immediate rise in the number of marriages.
It is possible, however, that this increase may be more apparent
than real, since it is likely that by the new law people were pre-
cluded from going out to Cove to be married, a favourite resource
both before and after the Commonwealth. Indeed it is not too
much to say that Cove was the Gretna Green of Tiverton. In a
note appended to a list of benefices in Devon in the time of
Elizabeth it is stated that " by reason of many lewd marriages the
chapel at Cove is called a lawless Church." The person chosen as
registrar was Henry King, and the first marriage after his appoint-
ment is thus entered in the parish register :
" Joshua Fursley and Margaret Holbiamthare contract of marriage
ware (sic) published in our church or meeting place three severall
Lordes dayes, viz. the nynth October, 16th, and 23rd, and noe
exception nor opposition against the said contracte, they ware
married 24th day of October, by the Right Worshipfull William
London, Maior, in the presence of John Hatswill, Robert Smyth,
Joane Multon, and me, Henry King."

In this singular entry the word " opposition " is written over
" contradiction," the latter being cancelled. In other respects
King was not a good penman, his letters being small and the ink

KOUNDHEADS AND CAVAL1EES 133

poor. To those, therefore, who are unacquainted with the crabbed
caligraphy of the period, the writing is rather difficult to decipher.
In the larger number of notices the same words are employed as
in the case cited, but occasionally the form varied. Here is a speci-
men of one of the entries, given verbatim :

" William Langford of t*he Parish of Washfield, Clothier, and
Elizabeth Morrish, of Tiverton, thare contract of marriage was
three severall markitt dayes following published in our Markitt
place, viz., October the 30th, November the 6th and 13th. And
there was no opposition nor exception against the saide contract,
thare marriage was solemnized the 20th of November, 1654, by
the Eight Worshipfull John Deyman, Maior."

In 1649 a market-cross was erected in Fore street not far
from Coggans Well. This building appears to have been des-
troyed in the fire of 3731. In its place a new edifice was raised
at the expense of a merchant named Upcott, who, says Dunsford,
placed a marble slab in front of it bearing this inscription

IN MEMORY

Of that dreadful fire, which, on the fifth day of June, A.D. 1731, by
God's permission, burnt down near one half of this populous town,
whereby the damage sustained amounted to the sum of 60,OOOZ.

And to the immortal honour of those well-disposed Christians, who
at several voluntary contributions collected upwards of 11,OOOZ to the
relief of the unhappy sufferers ; particularly of those worthy persons of
this town, who, by disclaiming any share in the charity, though sufferers
themselves, became generous benefactors.

May this marble stand as a lasting monument of our gratitude and
repentance, till the general conflagration.

Glory be to God, who in the midst of his judgments remembers
mercy. Amen.

W. UPCOTT, P.

The donor's oddly expressed desire was not destined to be
fulfilled, for in 1783 the structure was taken down and the
materials sold to a builder. The meat and fish shambles, which
extended from that point as far almost as St. George's Church-
yard, were also removed. Like the famous Temple Bar, the
Market Cross and its adjuncts may have been somewhat of a
hindrance to traffic, but it is impossible riot to feel some regret at
the loss of this interesting memorial. The sentiment of the
inhabitants seems to have been anything but unanimous on the
subject. One effect of the change was a diminution in the tolls,
to which allusion is made elsewhere. Two pillars of the Market
Cross were in 1847 still to be seen at the entrance of a Mrs.
Brewer's shop in Bampton street .

The reader may recollect that the fires of 1598 and 1612 were
looked upon as visitations of Divine wrath on account of the
impiety of the inhabitants of Tiverton in preparing on Sunday
for the market which was held on the Monday. This state
of things was remedied during the Commonwealth, By a grant
from Oliver Cromwell, dated 15th November, 1655, the market

134 THE CHEONICLES OF TWTFOED

day was changed from Monday to Tuesday. This arrangement
was confirmed by Charles II. in a document bearing date the 14th
August, 1674, and has been continued to the present time.

It is now time for me to speak of the religious changes which
marked the period of the Commonwealth. One of the rectors
was the Eev. Eichard Newte, who was a pluralist and held both
Tidcombe and Clare portions. The name is said to be Danish,
being identical with Canute or Knut. For several generations
the Newtes were an important factor in the ecclesiastical life of
Tiverton. Thus Eichard was followed by his son John, who was
rector of Tidcombe, and also of Clare portion. John again was
succeeded in the Tidcombe living by his nephew Samuel (1716),
whose son, also called Samuel, combined Tidcombe and Pitt
(1742). Finally John Newte was rector of Tidcombe from 1782
to 1795. Thus for more than 150 years continuously members of
the Newte family were rectors of Tiverton. To return to Eichard
Newte. He was the son of Henry Newte, Town Clerk of Tiver-
ton, and he was educated at Blundell's School and at Exeter
College, Oxford. His life reads like a chapter out of " John
Inglesant " ; and from any point of view he must be regarded as
one of the best clergymen who ever officiated in Tiverton. He
was in Italy at the time of the siege, and on his return in 1646 he
found his parsonage in ruins. It stood on the site of Clare
House, which, however, except for a short time by the Eev. Henry
Venn, has never been used as a rectory. In 1815 the property
was sold for the redemption of the land tax ; and the present
edifice was built in 1816.

The plague was still raging when he returned, but Newte
was indefatigable in discharging his duties. He preached at St.
Peter's as long as there was anyone to hear him, and then
held services in a field. His courage, however, went for nothing.
He was a loyal adherent of the King and in theological matters a
firm believer in Anglican doctrines. He had already, when in Italy,
defended those doctrines against Eoman Catholics, and an
animated controversy with some members of that communion
affected, it is said, his plans of travel. One of the party, beaten
apparently in argument, observed that he would give Newte an
answer if they met at Eome. The Eector of Tiverton had
intended to visit the Eternal City, but he was too well versed in
the ways of the world not to perceive the covert threat. Accord-
ingly he turned his steps homewards — not however, in the
direction of peace. In England, in his own parish, he was con-
fronted by a new set of dangers. The Government had appointed
certain '' tryers, " whose office it was to investigate the orthodoxy
of the clergy according to presbyterian and republican standards.
As may be imagined, Newte with his staunch Anglicanism did not
come well out of the ordeal. A deputy, Mr. Lewis Stukely, was
forced upon him, and at length he was deprived of both his livings.

ROUNDHEADS AND CAVALIERS 135

Preaching in St. Peter's for the last time before his expulsion,
Newte observed that his doctrine was good, but had the misfortune
to fall among thorns.

Walker in his " Sufferings of the Clergy " refers to Newte
in the section devoted to parish priests. He relates the following
anecdotes :

" Either at this or some other time of his appearance before
the Committee, a Godly Sister of the Town Lockt the Door upon
her Husband and would not suffer him to go out, when she
understood he was to be an Evidence on Mr. Newte 's behalf. And
yet Mr. Newte had attended this very Woman, at a time when no
one else would venture to do it, and when she stood most in need
of such a Charitable Visit ; being not only seized with the Plague,
in the time of that Common Calamity, but under some Disturb-
ance of Mind also

" In the meantime, as the Committees performed their Part, so
the Soldiers and Rabble were not wanting to play theirs, and by
all the Methods of Violence and Outrage which they could think
of, endeavoured to worry him out of his Possession as long as he
continued to defend it. To this end they Order d sometimes Ten
sometimes Twelve Soldiers to Quarter on him, and took care to
pick out such among them as were the Lewdest and most
Profligate Villains, and the greatest Enemies to the Clergy in the
whole Regiment ; and when he was at length forced by these and
other Methods to abscond, his Wife was threatened by the
Commissioners in the Town, to be Thrown out of Doors, with her
Tender Infants, into the Highway, if they would not Depart ; and
the Mob of the Town were encouraged to make Alarms all Night
at the Grates and Doors of the House several times, to Weary and
Frighten her out by their perpetual Disturbances ; all which, with
many more Indignities too tedious to Relate, the poor Gentle-
woman bore for a long time with a great deal of Patience and
Courage ; but at last she was forced to Remove, though even then
she refused to deliver up the Possession, and stoutly told them,
she knew no Right they had ; and if they entered there, it should
be like Rogues as they were. However, when at length they
broke in, notwithstanding this Provocation, they shewed her, as it
must be owned, such a Piece of Mercy, as was not common in
those Times : For they only threw the Corn out of the Barns into
the Court which, it seems, they had no occasion for till the next
Harvest, and some of it into the High-way, in the Midst of
Winter : Whereas they used, either to give it their Horses, or
secure it for the Intruder

"While he was in Possession of that Office,* the Lecture-Day once

* A lectureship at Ottery St. Mary of the value of £2U a year, which he
obtained after his ejection from Tiverton.

136 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

happen'd to be Coincident with that of Christmas ; and Mr. Newte
who was so bold as to Preach on the Subject of the Nativity, in
Prosecution of his Discourse, happen'd to mention that Text of
St. John, Abraham rejoiced to see My Day, and he saiv it, and was
glad : upon which a Fellow in the Congregation cried out aloud
(as the fashion then was to disturb a Godly, as well as a Malig-
nant Minister, \\i they did not like his Doctrine] What ! doth he make
Abraham a Christmas-man ? And, in truth, it was such Preaching
as this which occasioned his Removal from that place

" These were some of the Troubles which this Excellent Person
met with from the Hands of the Reformers ; but all of them can-
not be recovered at this distance of time ; only in general, it is
further to be added, that he was forced in the whole, to remove
his Family no less than Seven times : and more particularly had
once been certainly Murther'd, had not the Providence of God
prevented him from going to Tivcrton (the Parsonage-House,
where he lived, lying about a Mile out of Town) at that time to
Officiate, as he had intended : for a Fellow who afterwards con-
fessed it on his Death-Bed, had Waylaid him, with a full Reso-
lution to have Murther'd him. Nor will it be thought that the
Villain would in the least have Scrupl'd to perpetrate this Wicked
Design, when it is known that he had Murther'd a Man before in
Tiverton. Tho' the Reader may well be amazed to hear, that he
had proposed to Bathe his Hands in the Blood of Mr. Newte
also, when he is informed, that the Fellow being Tryd and
Condemned for the Murther which he had accomplished, was saved
from the Gallows, by the Interest of Mr. Newte, and his Eldest
Brother, who procured his Pardon. How fit a Match this Fellow
was for the Woman before mentioned, is easie to observe : But
'tis not so easie to Parallel those Circumstances of Mr. Newte' s
Troubles, from the Hands of one, whose Life he had Saved ; and
of another, to save whom he had ventured his own Life"

Newte, it is clear, had a good deal to contend with, and once at
least was exposed to actual destitution. At the Restoration both
livings were returned to him. He re-built Tidcombe Rectory,
and there after his stormy life he remained quiet and secluded.
He died, August 10, 1678, at the age of sixty. " He was a learned
man and particularly skilled in the Eastern languages, as also in
French and Italian. He had a high character for piety and
meekness— a polite preacher, an accomplished gentleman, an
excellent scholar and a good divine. " Not a bad panegyric to
have pronounced on one. Still more eloquent testimony is that
supplied by the epitaph which his son Peter, in a spirit of filial
piety, but surely unnecessary self-abasement, caused to be inscribed
on a white tablet still visible in the outer wall of St. Peter's
chancel : " Peter Newte, an unworthy son of the right worthy

EOUNDHEADS AND CAVALIEES 137

Eichard Newte, dyed June the 15th, 1720."* No members of the
family are now living in Tiverton, but the name is preserved in
connection with JSewte's Hill on the road to Cullompton, and the
Newte Exhibition at Blundell's School.

*The epitaphs of the Newte family are generally more stately, and in
Latin. Here are some :

i.

HENBICI NEWTE GENEROSI, QUI SUM-
MA INDUSTRIA & AEQUTTATE, PER
BIENNIUM, HUIUS OPPIDI PBAE-
TURAM EGBEGIE OESSIT & OBIIT
ANNO AETAT. SUAE 62 ANNOQ;
DOM. 1670. OCTOBRIS D.

29. & ALOISIAE

UXORIS SUAE PBOBA-

TAK VIRTUTIS MA-

TEONAE.

PRINCIPIS & JURIS NON OBSERUANTIOR ALTER
UTQ ; SUUM REGI SIC DEDIT ILLE DEO.

II.

SISTE VIATOR, FAUCIS TE VOLO.
PRUDENTIA, PIETATE & DOCTRINA INSIGNIS VIE
RICHABDUS NEWTE, A.M. PEE 37 ANNOS

HUIUS ECCLESIAE RECTOR.

QUI JUVENTUTEM IN SCHOLA NOSTRA MUNIFICENTIS-
SIMA PROVECTIOREM AETATEM & VIRILEM
STUDIIS VERSATUS OXONII EXCOLUIT

COLL. EXON. Socius.

THEOLOGIA, LINGUIS, OMNIQ; POLITIOBI LITERATUR-
A DIPFICULTER IMITABILIS, TANDEM, QUASI CA-
PACIOREM ANIMUM INGENIA BEITTANIA NON Ex-
PLERENT, AESTUANTE BELLO INTESTINO EXTERAS GEN-
TES visuRus, PARI VIRORUM PRAECLARISSIMORUM
CONSORTIO, EUROPAM PEEAGEAVIT. REDIENS ECCLESIAE
FIT BENIGNUS & EXIMIUS PASTOR, PESTIL-
ENTIA VIGILANTISSIMUS, REGI FIDELISSIMUS ; UTRI -
USQ ; OFFICII (.JONSCIUS NEQ ; EXPECTAVIT PEAEMIUM
NEC ACCEPIT. SEEENISSIMO CAEOLO 2 DO E SACEIS
ORDINAEIIS; MARITUS CHARISSIMUS, PATER DOMINUS &
AMICVS CLEMENTISSIMUS ; VITAEQ; OMNIBUS INCULPATAE

[ADMIRANDUM EXEMPLAR.
DEMUM NON TAM SENECTUTE QUAM MORBO LA-
BOBANS, ARTHBITIDE COREEPTUS, PIAM CLAUSIT, BE-
ATAM VITAM INCUOAVIT 10 DIE AUG.

ANNO DOMINI 1678. AETAT. SUAE 66.
E JCONJUGE THOMASINA RELICTA 10 LIBEBOS
SUSCEPIT, E QUIBUS HENBICUS, KATHABINA & Su-
SANNA, PBIUS MOBTI SUCCUBUEB.E, RlCHABDUM
JOHANNEM, EDUABDUM, THOMAM, PETBUM,
HENBICUM & CHRISTIANAM SUPERSTITES RELIQUIT,
OMNES MAERENTES TANTO PABENTE OBBATOS.

PIETATIS & AMOBIS EBGO
JOHANNES (IN ECCLESIA INDIGNUS SUCCESSOB) NO-

MINI SUO MONUMENTUM

PONI CUBAVIl. JUXTA SITUS KSX.

138 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

The Anglicans, however, had not the monopoly of good men
and it is only fair that, having referred to Eev. Richard Newte,
I should allot some space to the Puritan incumbent who at the
Restoration had to make room for him. Theophilus Polwhele
was a Cornishman by birth and educated at Emanuel College,
Cambridge, where he had as his tutor Bancroft, afterwards
Archbishop of Canterbury, and where he became a Fellow. He
was one of the committee for ejecting scandalous ministers in
Cumberland and Durham, but having been appointed rector of
Tidcombe and Clare, was himself ejected in 1660. In 1664 the
Conventicle Act was passed, whereby meeting houses were declared
illegal, and anyone convicted of attending them was subject to
various penalties — fines, imprisonment, or exile — according to the
quality of the offence. Polwhele was now to learn not only the
instability of fortune, but, a still more bitter lesson, the treachery
of man. One of his co-religionists during his time of prosperity
was a merchant named Foot, but now that the wind no longer sat
in his sail, his quondam acquaintance veered round, and became
his most violent persecutor. This was particularly the case when
Foot was Mayor. He interrupted Polwhele's sermons, called
upon him to come down, and gave him in custody to the
Sergeant. This hard usage however he survived, and in 1687
after King James's proclamation of freedom, opened a meeting
house on the site of the Congregational Chapel. Mr. Polwhele
was the author of several works of a devotional and controversial
nature. He died at a great age in 1689.

I may fitly conclude this portion of my narrative by referring to
a peculiar custom, not unlike that of Guy Fawkes' Day, which was
formerly kept up here with great vigour, but owing to the " rowdy-
ism " connected with it has within the present century been
suppressed. This custom was a reminiscence of the time of which
I have just been speaking, and in order that the reader may form
a just conception of it, I think I cannot do better than quote
from a graphic description which appeared, in 1853, in the Leisure
Hour. This is what the writer says :

" In the year 1810, and of course for many generations

III.

QVANDOCVNQUE DEO OPT. MAX.
UISUM FVERIT, SEPELIENDOS ESSE
STATVENS MARMOR Hoc
SAMUEL NEWTE

M. P.

IPSE ETIAM VOTI COMPOS, PODAGRA ALIISQ ; MOR-
BIS DIU VBXATUS, ET PER TOTOS MENSES, NE DICAM
ANNOS (SUPRA FORSAN QUAM QUOD CUIQ; CHEDIBILE
FUERIT) VIX UNQUAM SOMNO OCULOS DECLINANS
PARAXYSI TANDEM LASSATUS, Hie REQUIEM INVENIT
27° MAR. MAEI 1742. AETA.T: 57.

KOUNDHEADS AND CAVALIEES 139

previously, the 29th of May was as complete a holiday in this
town as it could ever have been in any part of England since the
first year of the Restoration. At early dawn the whole town was
awakened by the furious clanging of church bells, and instead of
rising to pursue their usual occupations, they had to turn out and
sally forth into the neighbouring fields, woods, and hedgerows,
where they set to work felling huge branches of oak from the
trees, with which the locality abounded, and which they brought
into the town on their shoulders to decorate the fronts of their
houses. Woe to the luckless or drowsy tradesman who by the
usual time of opening shop had not metamorphosed his shop-front
into a green bower ! Oak-apples which had been carefully
collected for many days previous were gilded or silvered and worn
in the hat or button-hole by all who could procure them.

" King Charles was personated by a rosy boy of two or three
years of age, dressed in white, and decorated with ribbons or
flowers, with a crown on his bead, and sitting in a compact bower
made by interlacing oak branches, open in front, and carried by
two men without coats or waistcoats, their shirt sleeves and hats
decorated with ribbons ; on each side were his body guards, dressed
in a similar way and armed with cudgels, with which they would
repel the attacks of Cromwell, who, ever and anon, advanced to-
wards the bower, yelling like a wild beast in search of his prey.

" The exhibition usually halted at the houses of those most
likely to contribute to the royal treasury, which was for very
good reasons taken charge of by his Majesty in person ; a box
being placed on the seat beside him for that purpose. The bower
provided with legs was placed opposite the door or window, and
the guards in broad Devonshire dialect struck up a song, known
by every school boy —

' It was in tha year of forty and wan,

When the meddaws an veealds wur all in thur bloom,' &c.

The whole town was delivered up to the mercies of the mob.
It was a day on which ruffianism may be said to have been at a
premium ; the greatest ruffian being invariably selected from
among a hundred or two of candidates to enact the part of Oliver
Cromwell.

" This historical personage made his appearance upon the stage
about eleven o'clock in the day, by which time it was supposed
that all unavoidable business might be transacted ; and no female
dared venture forth after that hour. The appearance of Oliver
was the general signal for fight, wherever he came. Imagine a
brawny six-foot man, his face begrimed all over with a mixture
of lamp black and oil, and surmounted by a prodigious shock of
hair dripping with grease, the lank locks of which hung dangling
over his savage eyes ; his body, like that of a prize-fighter, some-
times naked to the waist, round which was tied a bag containing

140 THE CHEON1CLES OF TWTFOED

several pounds of the mixture with which his own skin, so far as
it was visible, was anointed. This was Oliver Cromwell, and his
mission was to catch hold of anybody and everybody that he could
overtake, and, by forcing their heads into his capacious bag, make
them free of the commonwealth, if they refused to come down
with a ransom, the amount of which he fixed at his own discre-
tion, according to the circumstances of his captive. As a fleet
and powerful fellow was invariably chosen to play Oliver, it was
of course necessary to take measures to prevent him from becom-
ing, in the excitement of the chase, too indiscriminate in the
bestowal of his favours. As he was pelted by the mob, and
plentifully swilled with water, of which there are running streams
in most of the streets, it is no wonder that he should lose his
temper, and become really savage, after having played the tyrant
and the target for a few hours. By way of restraint, therefore,
he was tied round the waist with a stout rope about fifty yards
long, the end of which was in charge of his Cabinet Council, con-
sisting of half-a-dozen congenial spirits, who probably shared his
profits, and who, if they chose, could moderate his pace or pull
him up suddenly when in pursuit of unlawful prey-- such, for
instance, as the parish doctor on a visit to a patient, or a magis-
trate amusing himself with a sight of the popular sport. That
they were not very particular in these exceptional cases may be
gathered from the fact that we once saw the Reverend Caleb
Colton, the author of ' Lacon ' and the ' Sampford Ghost,' who
was a clergyman of Tiverton, and perfectly well known to every
individual in the town, made captive by Oliver. The reverend
gentleman suffered hideously from the grasp of the Protector, and
only escaped a dive into the grease-bag by the prompt payment
of a guinea.

" It is not easy to imagine all the circumstances presented by
this unique and disgraceful spectacle ; the uproar and tumult
which swarmed round Oliver wherever he went — the panic which
seized the pursuing multitude when he turned and pursued them
— the insane yells and cries of encouragement when he had
caught some unlucky or obnoxious individual — and, above all, the
hideous appearance of the wretch himself, when worn out with
the toils of his disgusting occupation, and savage with the jeers
and injuries of the mob. Between the green boughs that covered
every house front, the windows were filled with spectators, among
whom women and children looked on in safety upon a spectacle
little calculated to inculcate the social or domestic virtues.

" In our time Oliver held undisputed possession of the town
until five o'clock in the afternoon, when his reign was at an end,
and he was led off to retirement to count, and enjoy if he
could, the fruits of his labours. After he disappeared, the more
respectable inhabitants were at liberty to come forth from their
dwellings."

ROUNDHEADS AND CAVALIERS 141

" On the transportation of ' Eouser* ' who had been the rough
representative of Cromwell for so many years, the whole drama
languished. Some feeble attempts were made to revive it, but
the taste of the populace for such sports was on the decline ; and
a few indiscreet applications of ' smut ' brought magisterial
authority to bear upon ' Old Oliver,' who, together with the
Royal Charles, has altogether disappeared from these realms.

" It may seem surprising at the first glance, that a custom so
silly and puerile in its origin, and so hateful and immoral in its
operation, should have survived in all its completeness through five
or six generations, and lasted until our own day ; but the force of
precedent will keep alive even greater abuses."

I may add, what is perhaps less well known, that down, I
believe, to the advent of the present Head Master it was the
practice to hold the Blundell's Sports on the 29th of May, and
" Oliver Cromwell." as a privileged person was regularly present on
the occasion. In 1812, however, doubtless much to his chagrin
he was refused admittance. On the same day the boys rose
early in the morning for the purpose of stripping the hedges in
order to adorn the masters' desks with greenery, all in allusion to
the same event, the hiding of Charles II. in an oak-tree after the
battle of Worcester.

* I have attempted to learn something more respecting this interesting
character, but my efforts have not been very successful. His real
name was Joseph Rousewell, and his occupation was cutting up meat
for butchers. He was of medium height, but very powerfully built,
with dark hair and a not unpleasing cast of countenance. He was
accustomed to sleep at the Workhouse, and during an altercation drew
a knife on the master, a Mr. Collard. This led to his transportation,
which seems to have been for life, as Tiverton saw him no more. I may
further supplement the account in the Leisure Hour by stating that
King Charles's body-guard wore white shirts and trousers, and sivords ;
and that the gentleman who held the rope attached to the person of
Rouser, was known by the name of " Tater-bag."

APPENDIX.

When, in February of this year, an announcement was made in
the Antiquary that the present work was in course of preparation,
the Rev. Mr. Fletcher, Vicar of St. Michael's, Shrewsbury, wrote
to me suggesting that in former histories of the town the Newtes
had not received due attention. He enclosed a pedigree of the
family, which, as the name frequently occurs in these pages, I
gladly copy.

142

THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOKD

PEDIGREE OP

HENRY

Town Clerk of

Visitation of Devon,

Henry Newte = Alice
of Tiverton, gent. ; b. 1609, d. 27 Oct.
d. 20 Oct. 1670. 1668.

Henry
d. young.

Katherine
d. young.

Susannah
d. young.

Richard Newte — Sarah dau.

Gent: of Duval.

of Roger
Coleman,d.
6 Jan. 1678.

Rev. Samuel Newte
M.A.,Ball. Coll.,0xon ;
rector of Tiverton, d.
1742.

= Isabella
sister of
Theodore
Taner of
Clyst- St
George.

Rev. Francis ==
Huyshe,
M.A.

Sarah
b. 1678;
d. 1747.

Rev. Samuel Newte =
M.A.rOrielColl.,Oxon;
rector of Bow, 1742 ; &
of Tiverton ; b. at Tit-
terton, Co. Denbigh,
1718; d. 18 Feb., 1781.

Anne Holwell=Isabella John Pitman=Mary
dau. of rector of
William Broadclyst.
Williams
M.D., of
Exwick,
d. 1794.

Samuel Newte

Florence =
4th dau. of
Sir Hugh
Courtenay, Kt.

!

Rev. John Newte =
M.A. , of C.C.C.Oxon;

Elizabeth
dau. of

Sarah
Cross.

rector of Tidcombe
1782;d. 9 Dec., 1792.

Thomas Newte = Amelia dau.

of Tiverton, of Paris,
& of Co. Glamorgan.

of Robert Johnson
of Gower-st.

KOTJKDHEADS AND CAVALIERS

143

THE NEWTES.

NEWTE

Tiverton at the

1620 (cf. Harl. Soc. vi., 333.)

Christopher
Newte
b. 1611.

Rev. Richard Newte = Thomasin

M.A., Fellow of Exeter
College, Oxford ; rector
of Tiverton and Chaplain
to Charles ii. ; bapt.24 Feb.
1612—3; d. 10 Au<?. 1678.

dau. of
Humphrey
Trobridge.

Christian
b. 1611.

Rev. John Newte =
M.A., Fellow of
Balliol Col.,0xf ord ;
rector of Tiverton ;
b. 1656; d. 7 March
1715-6.

Editha
dau. of
William
Hore of
Far ring-
don ; d.
13 Feb.
1704.

I
Edward

Thomas

Peter Henry

of Hillands

d. 15 June,

1719.

Christiana

Joseph Veal=Mary Harden= Martha

Thomas Newte =
of Gower Street,
London ; d. 1808
or 1809.

Widow of
Tufnell.'

The Rt. Hon. Sir = Eliza

James Lewis d. 27

Knight-Bruce. April

Vice- Chancell or of 1 8 66 .
England ; d. 7
Nov. 1866.

Colonel= Julia
Berkely.

144

THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFORD

Charles Frederic =
Newte Charles
Captain in Newte
the army ; b. 1828 ; d.
d.!8....set35. 26May,1889

1
Louisa Carol
Weston
dau. of

ine= Lewis Bruce
Knight- Bruce,
B,A.,J.P. ofRoe-
hampton Priory,
Surrey, b. 1820.

Weech, Capt.
62nd Regt.

Ill1 I

Harold Edgar Horace Rose Ellen Rowena Gwendoline Evelyn Violet

m. Nov. 1887 Frederica

Rev. Frank Woolcott
rector of Louisville,
Pens, U.S.A.

AFTER THE RESTORATION

VI

AFTER THE RESTORATION

what light the return of Charles II. to his country and
throne was regarded by the majority of the inhabitants
of Tiverton, or whether any popular demonstrations attended
the event, I have not been able to ascertain. In fact, the whole
of my information is summed up in four entries in the church-
wardens' accounts, viz :

]659

" Paid the Eingers for Einginge when News was broughte to
Towne that the L. Monke was made Gen. &c. and being urg'd
by severall of the Towne of Good Acct. to set about it." iia. vid.

1660

" Paid for Einging when his Matie was proclaymd " vs. vid.

" Pd. for Einging when his Matie came into England " vs.

" Paid for Einging the Thanksgiving Daye " vs.

The readers of these memoirs will think that they are never to
hear the last of the Tiverton fires. These tragedies were such
orthodox occurrences in the history of the town that we have
thought fit to devote a whole chapter to the most memorable of
them. The reader, however, must by no means suppose that the
account which has been there given is exhaustive ; and if his
patience is tried by the old story cropping up again and again, let
him reflect what the actual experience must have been Owners
and occupiers, to say nothing of those who were expected by
handsome subscriptions to make up for other people's carelessness,
must have found these episodes rather worse than monotonous.
Some of the more nervous, one cannot help thinking, must have
lived in perpetual dread of being burnt alive, or, if their fears did
not extend so far, of losing a large part of their income or stock-
L-2

148 THE CHEONICLES OF TTVTFORD

in-trade through the machinations of Vulcan. However that
may have been, in November, 1661, the cry of " Fire " was again
heard in the town. As in 1598, the origin of the mischief was in
Westexe, and whether she was to blame for it or not, the fire
broke out in the house of a certain good dame, named Camp, who,
we also learn, was a widow. This was at one o'clock in the
morning, and as there was a high wind blowing, in less than three
hours, forty five dwelling houses, besides out-houses and work-
shops were burnt to ashes. Westexe was then, as it is now,
chiefly inhabited by working people — fullers, weavers, cloth-
workers and others — and the loss in tools, household goods, &c.,
was estimated at over .£2,770. The King, following the good
example of his grandfather, issued a brief, and large subscriptions
were made for the benefit of the sufferers. In 1676 a similar
disaster befel, which, though less serious as regards the destruc-
tion of houses, was attended with fatal consequences to the
inmates. Blundell (p. 1 8) thus records the event : " Among the
rest of these sad accidents which happened this year, many also
claim a share in our pity ; for about the month of September,
another fire happened near the pound, on the south side of Gold
street, which broke out in the night time in the house of one
William Jones, which burnt his house, and two others adjoining,
as also two of the said Jones's children."

This appears to be the most suitable place for alluding to trade
tokens, which were freely circulated in Tiverton during the
period of the Commonwealth and the first eighteen years of the
reign of King Charles II. The earliest date on the Devonshire
tokens is 1651, and one of them, as will be seen by the list, was
possessed by Tiverton. So far as is known, there were issued in
this county 325 varieties, of which 55 were half-pence, and the rest
farthings, there being no pence, but in London and some counties
of England the latter were issued, and in Ireland they greatly
predominated. Tiverton had seven kinds of half-pence. Very few
of the farthings had their value impressed on them, but every half-
penny had, the latter part of the word been generally spelt with
one N. We may observe in passing that the same antiquated
style of spelling is still retained in every " Book of Common
Prayer " printed at the Oxford University Press, even to the
latest editions. The word Peny (so spelt) occurs in the gospels
the fourth Sunday in Lent and the 23rd Sunday after
Trinity.

Although now called Trade tokens, they were not only issued
by those engaged in retail trade and innkeepers, but by the large
manufacturers of that day, doubtless for the payment of wages,
and even, occasionally, by persons in a higher sphere of life. For
instance, one was struck for Sir Charles Sedley, Lord of a Manor
in Kent ; another for Joseph Sayer, rector of Newbury. This
good man had the appropriate device of an open Bible on his

AFTER THE RESTORATION 149

token. Two of the Tiverton ones were issued by Mayors of the
borough. The letters J and U are never found on any of the
tokens, but as in the case of other coins, their places are always
supplied by I and V. When there are three initials on a local
token, the second is that of the wife's Christian name ; when only
two, it may be presumed that the issuer was either a widower or
a bachelor. We do not know how far those tokens circulated out
of their own locality, but probably like local five pound notes at
the present day, they would pass as money in any neighbouring
places where their issuers were known. Tiverton tokens have
been found at Exeter, and a few years ago a Cullompton token
was dug up in St. Peter's Churchyard. In 1672 a stringent
proclamation was published ordering under heavy penalties that
no more tokens should be coined or circulated, and what was very
much more to the purpose, a large quantity of copper half-pence
and farthings were issued by the Government sufficient to supply
the whole kingdom. These new coins, being nearer the intrinsic
value for which they were issued (one of the farthings weighing
down nine of Charles the First's), quickly superseded the private
tokens, which from that time have been confined to museums and
the cabinets of virtuosi. With the exception of Exeter and
Plymouth, Tiverton, owing perhaps to its staple-trade of cloth mak-
ing, issued more local tokens than any other place in the county.
Honiton comes next with twelve varieties. In the following list
O means obverse, R reverse. It will be observed that some are
not dated, perhaps for want of space.

TIVERTON TOKENS.

1. O. THOMAS . ALLDREAD — the Clothworkers' Arms.

R. OF . TIVERTON. 1667 — His HALF PENY . . |d.

A descendant of this family was living a few years ago,
who could remember his father being in the cloth-
trade, which was ruined by the first Napoleon blockading
the ports of Holland. He spelt the name " Aldred "

2. O. FRANCIS . BELLAMY — A fleece.

R. OF. TIVERTON. (16)64— F.B. .. .. ^d.

3. O. RICHARD . BELLAMY — A fleece.

R. OF . TIVERTON. 1661— R.H.B. . . . . £d.

Doubtless from the device, these two issuers were woollen
manufacturers.

4. O. IAMBS . CLARKE — His HALF PENY.

R. IN . TIVERTON. 1666— I.E.C. . . . . ±d.

I.C. was Churchwarden of Tiverton in 1653. The office
of churchwarden is an important one at Tiverton and is
usually filled by men of good local standing. In addition
to other duties, the churchwarden is legal custodian and
manager of several important charities.

150 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

5. O. THOMAS . DAYMAN — The family arms

E. OF. TIVEBTON- (16)58— T.A.D. .. .. |d.

6. O. WILLIAM . DAYMAN — Arms as last.

E. IN. TIVEBTON. 16(66) — HlS HALF-PENY ., ^d.

The name is spelt " Deyman " in the Parish Eegister and
other old documents. W.D., who was churchwarden in
1666, was a clothier.

7. O. WILLIAM . DAYMAN — Three diamonds.

E. BABBINTON . TIVEBTON — W.A.D. . . . . £d.

Barrington is one of the old streets of the town.

8. O. WILLIAM . DIAMAN — Three diamonds.

E. IN. TIVEBTON. 1664— W.A.D. .. .. |d.

From the likeness of the device on the obverse and the
initials on the reverse, it is clear that this token was
issued by the same person as the preceding.

9. O. THOMAS . FOWLEB — The Mercers' Arms.

E. IN. TIVEBTON. 1652— T.F. .. .. |d.

He was acting churchwarden in 1647, and mayor of the
borough in 1665.

10. O. EOGEB . FBOST . IN , TIVEBTON — E.E.F.

E. His . HALFE . PENNY (in three lines) — A shuttle ^d.
We learn from the old register that his wife's name was Euth

11. O. lOHN . GODDABD . OF — 1657.

E. TIVEBTON . DEVONSHB — I.S. conjoined . . £d.

J.Gr. was acting churchwarden in 1641. He was also one
of the trustees of Chilcott's Charity and his autograph
appears in their old account books. He died in 1663,
and it is recorded on his tomb that he was " some time
Mayor of the Borough."

12. O. FBANCIS.HOW. 1659— A cloth brush (?)

E. IN . TYVEBTON— F.A.H. . . . . . . |d.

13. O. AT . THE . EED . LION — A Lion Eampart.

E. IN . TIVBTON. 1667— T.I. . . . . id.

This inn. with the same sign, was in existence for more
than two hundred years.

14. O. GBEGOBY . MATBY — Three moor-cocks.

E. IN. TIVEBTON. 1667— G.S.M. .. .. id.

Probably the moor-fowl were a punning device in allusion

to the issuer's name. We learn from the Old Church

Eegister that he was a clothier, and that his wife's

Christian name was Sidwell.

15. O. MICHAELL . OTWAY — M.W.O.

E. IN.TIVEETON. 1666— His HALF. PENY. .. ±d.
We learn from the Parish Eegister that he was a clothier.
His name is there spelt " Oatway."

AFTER THE EESTOEATION 151

16. O. IOHN . PATEE— 1661.

K. IN . TIVEBTON— I.P. .. .. k. id.

17. O. IOHN . PATT . OF — A cock.

E. TIVEBTON . 1664 — HlS HALFE . PENNY. . . . |d.

There can be no doubt that this was the man who issued
the farthing. The name is still to be found in the
town, but it is now spelt " Patey."

18. O. THOMAS . SAMFOBD — A fleur-de-lys.

E. IN . TIVEBTON— T.A.S. .- .. .. ±d.

He was acting churchwarden in 1669.

19. O. AQUILA . SKINNEB — Three fleurs-de-lys.

E. OF. TIVEBTON. 1651— A.C.S. .. .. |d.

20. O. AQUILA .SKINNEB— Three fleurs-de-lys.

E. OF.TTVEBTON. 1651— A.C.S. .". .. |d.

A.S. was churchwarden in 1637, and a mercer.

21. O. EICH . STBANGAB . TALLOW — A man making candles.

E. CHANLEB . IN . TIVEBTON— E.P.S. . . . . $dm

22. O. IOHN . VPCOTT— 1657.

E. OF . TIVEBTON— I. V. .. .. .. |d.

He was churchwarden in 1645. His family afterwards
removed to Cullompton and took their trade of clothiers
with them.

23. O. WILLIAM . WABBEN . OF- -W.T.W.

E. TIVEBTON . MEBCEB . 1664 — His . HALF . PENY £d.
The old register informs us that his wife's name was
Thomasin.

24. O. THOMAS . WEBBEB . IN

E. TIVEBTON . 1666— T.K.W. . . . . . . |d.

We learn from the Church Eegister that he was a clothier.

25. O. THOMAS . WHICHAB — A diamond.

E. OF. TIVEBTON. 56— T.K.W. .. .. id.

26. O. RIOHABD. WOOD— 1663.
E. IN . TIVEBTON— E.E.W.

He was churchwarden in 1670.

Harding gives a slightly different account of the first of these
tokens, and, as I think it possible that my authority may have
been misled by the fact of Alldread's descendants having been
clothiers, I will state also the former's opinion on the subject.
He describes the token as bearing on a shield a chevron charged
with five cloves between two compasses or callipers, dilated, and
a pine apple erected. His friend, Captain Short's verdict on the
point was brief and emphatic— " evidently a grocer, probably a
dealer in all sorts of wares." Then expanding in the genial
society of Captain Short, or moved by a passing reminiscence of
his own youthful days, Harding goes on in a strain very unusual

152 THE CHEONICLES OF TWTFORD

with him, to refer to the jovial days of the Royal Charles, of
Buckhurst, Rochester, and other Court rakes, of the smiles of
Castlemaine, and the tiny room of Nell, of the bewitching
Stewart, the blushing Bagot, and tender-eyed Temple ; when, it is
said, the term " grocer " had many ramifications. The more
ancient grocers, it appears, were called " pepperers " from their
selling drugs and spices.

Meanwhile the Test Act had been passed, and in 1682 some
thirteen members of the Tiverton Corporation rendered them-
selves obnoxious to it by not taking the test and corporation oaths
and attending the sacrament before entering on their duties.
They were, however, pardoned. The next year the Corporation
surrendered their charter to the King, on the plea of receiving
from him a new grant. They had their desire, His Majesty
appointing Henry Blagdon, Mayor, Henry Monk, Duke of
Albemarle, Recorder, while several new members were added to
the Corporation. In a MS. written by Oliver Peard it is stated
that for three years after this the Corporation wore black gowns.
It is rather difficult to get at the meaning of all this mummery,
but it certainly seems as if the Corporation had not been entirely
re-assured by the forgiving conduct of King Charles towards the
erring members, and to show that they were good churchmen and
loyal subjects voluntarily placed themselves at his disposal It is
possible, however, that the King had made a formal demand to
this effect, in accordance with a large scheme for sapping the
independence of the people and getting the whole of their insti-
tutions into his own hands. Certainly this case did not stand
alone, and the spirited resistance offered by the Corporation of
London to the King's claim to nominate their officers is one of
the most memorable events of the year. The black gowns, I
suppose were the modern equivalent for sack-cloth,

It is a far cry from municipal penance to the state of the river,
but the average local history shows a marked tendency to be
abrupt. Moreover, it is not every winter, nor one winter in a
century, which is so severe as that of 1683, when for ten weeks
people were able to cross the Exe dry-shod. I doubt if the
river has ever been frozen so long, at any rate since the glacier
period.

The year 1685 is notable as the date of Monmouth's rebellion.
Whether any of the inhabitants of Tiverton took part in this
business, is uncertain, but for the gratification of the loyal and
the terrorizing of the disloyal, the head of a Dissenting Minister
who had been executed at Taunton was conveyed to the town. It
was here fixed to the Market Cross and four quarters appertaining
to other rebels were exposed on poles erected, one near the work-
house, another at Waldron's Almshouses, a third in Westexe
South, and a fourth on the road to Bampton. Such a happy and
civilised mode of dealing with disaffected subjects might have

AFTEE THE EESTOEATION 153

been expected to bear fruit in warm and zealous attachment to
their lawful sovereign, but, strange to say, it did not. In
1688 the Prince of Orange landed at Torbay, and notwithstanding
that he came with the avowed intention of dispossessing his
Eoyal father-in-law, was speedily joined by many noblemen and
gentlemen of the neighbourhood. A number of the inhabitants
of Tiverton also testified to their dislike of autocracy and the
Church of Eome by rallying to the Prince's standard. Soon after
this a troop of calvary belonging to the invading army came to
Tiverton under the command of Captain Cunningham, and one of
his first acts was to order the removal of the festering human
remains and their decent burial in St. Peter's Churchyard. If
the poor minister and his friends had been hanged expressly
"pour encourager les autres" the result would hardly have been
different. The supporters of civil and religious liberty at any
rate were not discouraged, for, as we all know, the end of this
matter was that the grim and saturnine James had to make the
best of his way out of the Kingdom, and, after lording it for a
short time in Ireland, to accept a pension from King Lewis of
Prance, and finally, to die in exile. For the rest of the acts of
King James, are they not written in Macaulay's " History of
England " ?

The second visit of the deliverers to Tiverton was not quite
of such a pleasant description, being indeed little better than
a raid. It seems that the Prince of Orange was in need of
horses and despatched a messenger to the neighbourhood to make
enquiries on the subject. As a solatium for his trouble this
emissary pocketed a guinea, which he may be fairly said to have
earned, for no less than a hundred horses were driven off for
employment in the army. As for the owners, their feelings do
not seem to have been much respected. They either received
nothing, or merely a nominal sum, or promises lighter than
vanity. In connection with this foray (I trust it is no breach of
military etiquette to call it so) a good story is told of an ancestor
of Mr. Anstey, late of Jurishayes. He had missed a fine horse, and
on « sending his servant to Tiverton, was informed that some
soldiers of the Prince of Orange had taken it. Thereupon he
hastened into the town and on arriving at the " Old Bow," a
public house near Slee's Almshouses in St. Peter-street, found his
good steed, together with many others in charge of the soldiers.
He applied to the officer, who said " Oh ! it is your horse is it ?
Well, if you come to Exeter next week, you shall be paid for him
in ducatoons." (A ducatoon is a large Dutch coin, value about
five shillings). The officer did not speak very good English, at
any rate he did not succeed in making himself understood, for
Mr. Anstey, who had never heard of ducatoons, replied " I wish
you luck with the horse ; it is not worth my while to be going
into Exeter for a duck or two," and immediately took his leave.

154 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

In 1691 the parishioners were called upon to raise 108 foot-
soldiers and 50 cavalry. A similar claim had been made in 1650,
during the time of the Commonwealth, and possibly in the
interim. These two instances, however, are vouched for by
ancient parchment rates in what was formerly the Hospital chest.
The documents also show how the cost was distributed. Every-
one possessing an estate in lands or houses of the value of .£50
annually or £600 in goods or chattels was compelled to raise and
provide for one foot-soldier. A person who had less property or
rental was required to unite with his neighbours, and they, out of
their joint possessions, which were not to exceed the sum
mentioned, had likewise to support a foot-soldier. Each district
had a principal, who was answerable for the amount in question.
Thus anyone rated at £3 2s. 6d. contributed ^th °f ^e cos^ °f
supporting one foot-soldier, and the happy owner of £225
stock, six times that amount. The cavalry were provided, in
the same proportion, by estates in the country.

The year following the tradesmen of the town formed a guild or
union, for which they obtained a charter from William and Mary.
It was granted to them in terms, which, while flattering to their
self-importance, required perhaps in some cases an interpreter
to be understood : Rex et Regina erexerunt quoddam Corpus
corporatum et politicum per nomen de le Masters, Wardens, Assistants,
and Commonalty of Mercers, and Wollen and Linnen Drapers in
Tiverton, in Com. Devonia, Originalia. Anno 4- Rotulo 4- The
acts and ordinances of the fraternity were submitted to the Lord
Chief Justice, Sir John Holt and Chief Baron Turton, and having
been approved by them, received their seals, 25th July, 1692.
Among other regulations were the following :

COURTS TO BE KEPT MONETHLY OR OFTENER.

It is Ordayned, Ordered, Agreed and Established, that there
shall be holden once in every Moneth at least, or oftener if need
soe require, one Courte or Sessions of and for the Assembly of
the said Master, Wardens, & Assistants, or the Major of them,
for hearing, deciding, and determineing of all Controversyes, and
Debates, of or concerneing the said severall Artes, Trades, or
Mysteries, and for making free, bindeing, presenting, turneing
over of Apprentices, and for the good continuance and execution
of the lawf ull and good Orders, Ordinance and Eules of the same
Fraternity, and for the lawfull punishment or Correction of
Misdoers, Offenders, and Breakers of the same Orders, Eules and
Ordinances.

FOE A FESTIVALL TO BEE KEPT ON THE FIFTH OF
NOVEMBER IN EVERT YE ARE.

It is Ordeyned, Ordered. Agreed, & Established, that on the
Fifth Day of November in every Yeare, there shall be a Festival

AFTEE THE EESTOEATION 155

kept by the said Master, Wardens, and Assistants of the said
Company, who for that purpose are to bee summoned together by
the Beadle at the Cost and Charges of the Stocke of the said
Company ; to bee kept in such place and manner as the Master,
Wardens, and Assistants for the tyrne being, or the Major parte
of them shall appoynte.

FOE TAKING OF APPRENTICES.

It is ordered, ordeyned, agreed, and Established, that noe
Grocer, Mercer, Linnen and Woollen Draper, nor noe Freeman
that is or hereafter shall bee Free of this Company, shall have,
Eetayne, or keep in his or theire service above the number of Two
Apprentices at any one tyme untill the Eldest of the said
Apprentices shall have served Five Yeares at the least from the
tyme of his being bound Apprentice or one of the said Two
Apprentices shall bee beyond the Seas in the service of his
Master, nor shall have or take any Apprentice that was not
Borne" within the King and Queen's Obeysance. Nor shall keep
in his, her, or theire Service any Person unbound to doe the
Service of an Apprentice above th« space of Three Months. Nor
shall any member of the said Company take or bind to himselfe
any person that is marryed. And whosoever shall offend in any
parte of this Ordeynance shall Forfeit and pay to the said
Master, Wardens, and Assistants to the use of the said Fraternity
the 8ume of Five Shillings per Diem, of lawfull Money of England
for Every such Offence, to be in default of payment thereof
recovered and Levyed in such manner as is hereinafter appoynted .

FOE MAKING FEEE BY PUECHASE OE EEDEMPTION.

It is ordered, ordeyned, agreed, decreed, and Established
that if any person or persons useing or following any of the Trades
of Grocer, Mercer, Linnen or Woollen Draper shall bee desirous
to bee made free and admitted a member of this Company, not
having served his Apprenticeshipp of Seaven Teares ; That then
in such Case by the advice of the Master, Wardens, and Courte of
Assistants held for that purpose, the saide Courte of Assistants
may order and appoynte such person or persons to be admitted a
Freeman, and Member of the said Company, such person or
persons soe to be admitted, payeing or causeing to be paid unto
the Master for the tyme being, to and for the use of the said
Company or Fraternity, such surne as shall be appointed by the
said Master, Wardens, and Assistants not exceeding Forty
Pounds.

FOE MAKEING OF FEEEMENS SONNS
FEEE OF THIS COEPOEATION.

It is ordered, agreed, ordeyned, decreed, and established that
all and every Sonn and Sonns of Freemen of this Company, being

156 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFORD

of the Age of One and Twenty Teares (not haveing served an
Apprenticeshipp) shall be admitted into the Freedome of this
Company, upon the reasonable request of such Freeman's Sonn, and
thereby to Injoye all the Imunityes and Privelidges, that any
other Member of this Company doth or may Injoye and have,
payeing for such Admission the Sume of Forty Shillings to the
Master for the tyme being, to goe and bee to the Publique Stocke
of the said Society or Company.

FOR MISBEHAVIOUR IN COURT.

It is ordered, agreed, ordeyned, decreed, & established, That
if any Person or Persons, Members of the said Fraternity, shall
unfittingly or undecently behave himselfe in the Courte of the
Fraternity upon any Assembly, either by Words or Actions, such
Person soe offending, shall forfeite to the Master, Wardens, and
Assistants for the tyme being any Sume not exceeding the Sume
of Tenn Shillings to bee Levyed as hereafter is expressed.

THE OATH or THE MASTER.

You shall be True to Our Sovereigne Lord and Ladye, King
William and Queen Mary. You shall be good and true unto the
Fraternity of Grocers, Mercers, Linnen and Woollen Drapers,
whereof You bee now Master, And shall truely and indifferently
governe all the Brethren and others of the said Fraternity whereof
you bee now Master for the tyme being, to the best of your
power and skill. You shall keep, mainetaine, and put in exe-
cution, all the good and lawfull Acts and Ordinances of the said
Fraternity and all the Breakers of the same You shall as farre as
justly you may, correcte and punish, with the Advice of the
Wardens and Assistants of the said Fraternity for the time
being, according to the Quallity and Quantity of his and theire
severall Offences ; And the Fines and Penaltyes imposed, or
ordeyned upon such the Breakers thereof, You shall doe your
best Endeavour to be duely levyed and raised. You shalf cause
all the Rents and Revenues and Profitts due to the said Fraternity,
which you shall receive in the tyme of your Mastershipp, together
with all the payments for and on behalfe of the said Fraternity,
to be truely written, and true Accompt thereof You shall give to
your Successor, Master of the said Fraternity, upon the Day that
shall be appoynted for the delivery of the said Accompt, together
with all Charters, Deeds, Writeing Escripts, Muniments, the
Common Seale, and all other Goods and Chatties belonging to
the said Fraternity, S"ou shall deliver to your Successor, Master
of the said Fraternity. And all other Things that to your office
as Master of the said Fraternity belongeth, You shall doe and
perform to the best of your Wisdome and Discretion, SOB HELP
You GOD.

AFTEE THE EESTOEATION 157

The officers of the guild were appointed annually, hut the
institution was short-lived, the " orders, ordinations, agreements,
decrees, and establishments " proving too stringent for the test of
actual experience.

In a previous chapter I announced my intention to give some
account of St. Peter's Church as it appeared after the Eestoration ;
and I now proceed to redeem my promise. It is very evident
that at this period the interior underwent many alterations, and
not a few of the additions which were then made have since been
removed. When I last referred to the subject, I omitted to state
that the church was embellished by a variety of armorial bearings,
some of which remain; but Westcote, in addition to these,
mentions those of Bohun, St. John, Spencer, Camoys, Brian,
Copleston, Clavel, Champernoun, and others, most of them
impaled with the Courtenays. He adds "all those foregoing
appear ancient ; those that follow are lately set up " i.e. the arms
of Walrond, Frauncis, Sharpe, Pycott, Cholmley, Dimont, West,
Acland, etc. These coats of arms were removed during the
restoration of 1819, and with them a number of ancient and
interesting epitaphs. At the same time the groined ceiling in the
north and south aisles was destroyed, the older part of which
dated from the time of Charles II. The pulpit also belonged to
this epoch and was a notable object. It was decorated with the
arms of distinguished families painted in separate squares, and on
the sounding-board was a representation of the archangel blowing
the trumpet at the last day. At the west end of the church was
a large gallery, built in 1657, over which was a curious old paint-
ing of the inside of a church. In the centre of the picture
was the face of the clock. Another gallery was erected in 1706.
It was situated over the main entrance and occupied by the
masters and boys of Blundell's School. It was called, 1 think, the
" Latin School Gallery." At the east end of the south aisle was
an old pew with railings where " useful books for the common
people to read or hear read " were kept. Thus Dunsford. As a
matter of fact, however, we hear of only one book, Fox's " Book
of Martyrs " which was left by Eichard Capron of Tiverton,
clothier, to be chained or kept in some convenient place in the
parish church for the sake of those who were well disposed and
desirous to reap benefit and comfort thereby. Dunsford, in
recording the bequest, adds the following note : " Tradition tells
us that Mr. Fox's book of Martyrs was frequently read from the
desk on the right side of the chancel door of the parish church,
by the direction of the donor, to the people assembled before it,
which proved an excellent antidote to popery." At Winsham
Church, Somerset, a curious old black-letter copy of the first
edition of Fox's work is chained, even to this day, to a pedestal in
the chancel. From the roof of the middle aisle of St. Peter's
hung in Dunsford's time, a large candelabrum, which he describes as

158 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOBD

very curious and magnificent. It jvas presented to the parishioners
by Mr. Nathaniel Thome, Churchwarden, in 1707. Its weight was
7 cwt. 1 qr. and its cost, including carriage, gilding, and iron-work,
£70 14s. lOd. Until their removal in 1820, the Corporation
seats, commonly called " the old twenty four," were on the north
side of the church. They were erected by Oliver Peard as church-
warden in 1710. It seems to be generally assumed that before
this the august body mingled with the- ordinary congregation.
This. I think, is a mistake. The technical phrase applied to
the Corporation in their churchgoing capacity was " the Company,"
and, unless I am very much deceived, I have met with the term
more than once in a book of churchwardens' accounts which I
unearthed at St. Peter's last year, and in which all or most of the
items are anterior to the eighteenth century. Where the
original seats were located, 1 have no means of knowing — not
improbably on the north side of the church. Bounding the
churchyard on the east and south-east, says Dunsford, were the
wool-chapel, charity schools, and church-house. It would appear,
however, that these were not separate buildings. The wool-
chapel, as I had occasion to remark in my last chapter, was a
repository for wool and woollen yarn which were brought there
every market day for purposes of sale. The " church-house,"
strictly so called, consisted of two rooms, situated over the wool-
chapel, one of which was used for meetings of the parishioners.
The other was appropriated as a school-room for the charity
children, but as this is a subject which will claim our attention
presently, 1 forbear to allude to it here.

The organ was purchased by subscription in 1696 and
was placed in the rood loft. It was opened on the 13th of
September, when the Rev. John Newte preached a sermon which
he afterwards published under the title of " The Lawfulness and
Use of Organs in the Christian Church." His text was taken
from the latter part of the 4th verse of the hundred and fiftieth
Psalm : " Praise him with stringed instruments and organs." It
is evident from the will of William Selake (see p. 46) where mention
is made of the " orgones " that instrumental music had been pro-
vided at an earlier date, but it seems likely that the misguided
zeal of Puritan iconoclasts had relegated the " orgones " to limbo.
The instrument subscribed for in 1696 probably had three
manuals, but it is summarily dismissed by Dunsford as '• an organ
of common metal pipes." It has been variously ascribed to Jacob
Snetzler, to Christian Smith, and to Bernardt Schmidt, better
known perhaps as Father Smith. Formerly the name on the
organ was " Snetzler "* but there is nothing to show when it was
inscribed there. Newte in an appendix to his sermon makes the
following statement: — "The organ was built by Mr. Christian

* Now the words are " Built A.D., 1696, by Bernardt Schmidt."

AFTEE THE EESTOEATION 159

Smith, of Hart Street, Bloomsbury.' This seems plain enough, but
Harding suggests as one way of reconciling the discrepancy that
the organ was purchased from Mr. Smith and that he placed it in
the church. This is extremely probable. If Newte had written
later and had not been personally interested in the affair, one
would have been tempted to believe that there was some confusion
between the names Christian Smith and Bernardt Schmidt, for
there is evidence that at least part of the work is that of the
celebrated maker. It is remarkable, however, that in one of the
stops in which his name has been identified (the stopped diapason
in the great organ) a good deal of sapwood has been employed; a
circumstance which is inconsistent with his reputation for careful-
ness in the selection of his materials. Father Smith came over to
England about 1660 from Germany, and after making a great
many organs for London, the principal cathedral cities, some of
the colleges in both Universities and several country churches,
died in England A.D. 1708. Burney in his " History of Music"
says, " he was so tender of his reputation as never to waste his
time in trying to mend a bad pipe either of wood or metal, but if
it had any radical defect, he instantly threw it away and made
another." This in a measure accounts for the equality and sweet-
ness of his stops as well as the soundness of his pipes to this day.
In 1776 the organ was thoroughly repaired and the front pipes
regilded. In 1826 it was removed to a gallery at the west end of
the church, and in 1842 it became a pedal organ by the addition
of a pedal stop 16 ft. open diapason. In 1845 the whole instru-
ment was carefully repaired and revoiced by a Mr. Bishop, of
London. A few years later the gallery was removed and the
organ was placed on the floor under the Tower arch, where it was
heard to great advantage. At the memorable restoration in 1853-
56 it was again removed, this time to a chamber built for the
purpose in the North Aisle. In 1867 it was carefully examined
by Mr. Henry Willis, an organ-builder of London, who
recommended the entire replacement of its mechanism and the
introduction of the more modern features of organ-building.
Accordingly in that year the instrument was completely
re-constructed.

It is not known when the chancel was first built, but the ab-
sence of any piscina near the altar makes it probable that this
part of the church is comparatively modern. The battlements,
at any rate, were added by the Eev. John Newte, in 1709. Each
compartment contained emblems and mottoes, the order being as
follows:

1. Primo quaerite Regnum Coelorum.

2. Achievement of the Eev. John Newte : Femme, or, a bend

azure, bearing three fleurs-de-lys of the field.

3. Arms of the Eev. Eichard Newte : impaling, argent, a
bridge embattled, gules, with a staff and pennon, or
Motto, " Pugilem claraverat."

160 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOBD

4. An open book, having on the two leaves " In verbo tuo —
spes mea."

5. A death's head and cross bones. Motto, ' ' Resurgamus."

6. A celestial crown. Motto, '• Vincent! dabitur."

7. Achievement of the Hev. John Newte. Motto, " Dabis et
aggressu Laer Legis neo F."

8. Memento quattuor novissima.

9. Dom : H. P. S. John Newte, hujus Ecclesiae Sector, 1709.
Mr. Newte also by his will dated 10th January, 1715, bequeathed

one hundred books in folio, fifty in quarto, and a hundred smaller
volumes to form the nucleus of a parish library. These works
were all of a very solid character, but none of them particularly
rare. The library, however, contains one extremely valuable book
— an illuminated missal. In Harding' s time it was a mystery
what had become of this treasure, and as the catalogue states that
it was kept out of the church by the clerk to be shown to
strangers, it was feared that it had been lost beyond recovery.
Quite recently, however, thanks to the Eev. G. D. Shenton, who
has taken great pains to set the library in order, the missing MS.
was brought to light. It was found in the vestry, where the rest
of the volumes lie ranged on high shelves only accessible by a
ladder. This disposal of them, though highly inconvenient, is
not the result of malice prepense, the vestry having formerly
consisted of an upper and lower room. Mr. Shenton gives the
following account of the missal, which was the gift of Walter
Collis, precentor of Exeter, who added thereto 100s. for the
benefit of the Church :

" The volume is a quarto, and a note in pencil at the end
says it was ' repaired by Clerk Sharland in 1830.' At intervals
there are to be seen pencil-marks from one to thirteen, probably
in Sharland's hand, and denoting the order for binding. This
makes it seem likely that the MS. was in a very loose state
before it was bound. This is also attested by the fact that,
although these numbers are placed generally at an interval
of eight leaves, yet there are three leaves missing, and two
places, i.e., between v. and vi. and between vi. and vii. below,
where it is possible that a whole set of eight leaves has been lost.
The contents are roughly as follows : I. A Table of Eclipses
of Sun and Moon, a Calendar, and a Diagram of the signs of the
Zodiac. II. The Hours of the Blessed Virgin Mary, but with a
leaf lost at beginning, and commencing with the hymn Quam terra
pontus III. The Seven Penitential Psalms. IV. Litany. V.
Vigils of the Dead, ending abruptly with Ps. cxix. 15, VI. Eight
leaves containing Prayers in a lighter ink. VII. The Abbreviated
Psalter of St. Jerome, ending with Ps. cxliii. Then two prayers,
a shortened and paraphrased account of the Crucifixion, St. John
xix., and a prayer.

There is a paper gummed on the covers at the beginning, in

AFTER THE RESTORATION 161

modern writing, giving a less full table of contents, and with this
statement : ' At the beginning are prefixed the Kalendar and
portions of the tables of the eclipses of the sun and moon by John
Somour, written by William of Worcester at the instance of
Eichard Roper (to whom the book most probably originally be-
longed), and dated 14 August, 1438. The book is imperfect at
the beginning and the end, and the ' Horse ' are preceded by some
offices in irregular order. Executed in England between 1435-
1440. (Signed) E. L.' ' E. L.' stands for Edward C. Leiron, one
of the librarians of the British Museum. He obtains his infor-
mation about the date from a footnote to the table of eclipses,
which runs (if I read it right) : ' Exemplarium Calendarie . .
(?) fratris Johanni Somor, scriptum Bristol* per manum Willim
Worcestre ad instantian Ricardi Roper, Anno Domini 1438.' But
there must be something wrong about it, for William of Worcester
was only twenty -three years old in 1438, and had never yet been
to Worcester, so could not very well have been called anything
but plain Botoner. He had left Cambridge, I believe, where he
' scientia astronomica prassertim inclaruit/ so it was natural that
Roper should have employed him at the MS., but he cannot have
been called Worcester then. How can this be explained ? The
tables of the eclipses extend from 1433 to 1460 (sun), and 1439
to 1462 (moon)."

Among the features of interest which have disappeared from
the Church are a number of tables describing the public dona-
tions. These were fixed to the pillars of the middle aisle, in
1688, by one of the Churchwardens, Mr. Nathaniel Cleaveland.
Originally attached to the organ-loft, but afterwards removed to
the wall of the belfry, was another table, referring to the internal
arrangements of the Church itself. As the particulars which it
contained are curious, I append a full copy of them, transcribed
by Colonel Harding :

The Customes of the towne and parish of Tiverton, as they have
been delivered time out of mind, and confirmed by the parishioners of
the said parish at a publique meeting for sale of seats the first day of
November, 1662, as followeth .-

IMPRIMIS That whoever shall break the ground in the church
for a burying-place shall pay to the churchwardens five shillings for the
use of the church.

ITEM That all seats !in the parish's hand shall be published in the
church three times three several days before the day of sale, which day
is to be publicly made knowne in the church.

ITEM That all seats put to sale shall be openly sold by the Church-
wardens at the tombe-stone where the best proferer shall be heard.

ITEM That whosover shall buy a seat as aforesaid, shall enjoy the
same their life, they liveing in the parish.

ITEM That the party whose life the seat is held by is the proper
owner, and not the partie y* shall contract for ye same when held by
another life.
M

162 THE CHEONICLES OF TWXTOED

ITEM That if any who hath a seat for his or her life shall depart
out of our said parish, and be an inhabitant elsewhere one year and a
day, his or her seat is forfeited, and the Churchwardens may put the
same to sale again, Vnless the partie be unmarryed or rated to the poor
of our parish for such may keep their seats notwithstanding.

ITEM That a man deceasing having a wife and have one or more
seats in the church, she shall en joy what seate she shall choose of her
husband's during her life, if she be a parishioner, or rated to the
poor.

ITEM That a woman can claim but one seat by her husband,
though she may have had more than one husband.

ITEM That any person having a seat in our Church may yield it
into the parish, and the Churchwardens may sell the same, and the partie
is to have half e the money.

The system was not found to work at all well. Dunsford, in
whose time it was still kept up, observes with reference to the
middle aisle—" the seats in this part of the Church are miser-
ably bad and irregular and not likely to be much improved till
the annual custom of selling them on lives is abolished." No
small part of the Churchwardens' accounts is taken up with this
trafficking, the section being headed " Seats yielded in." The
entries are all very similar, so that one specimen will serve :
" Eecd. of George Drew for a Boom of the Wido Bradforde
yielded in, No. 6 in the outer Ranks before the Chappell for his
own life." By order of the Bishop the scandalous yearly auction
was abolished in 1813, but the other practice of letting the seats
for life was continued until 1832, when a stop was put to that
also. It was resolved on the 15th of March of that year at a
parish vestry, first, " that the present mode of setting, letting, and
otherwise appropriating church seats is illegal, and that from and
after Easter, 1833, the same shall be discontinued " : and
secondly, " that in order to prevent unneccessary confusion, the
present occupiers of seats shall continue to enjoy the same, free
of all charges whatsoever, and in case any persons shall be in
possession of more sittings than is necessary for the accommo-
dation of themselves and families, the churchwardens shall allot
them, and other vacant sittings, according to station," &c. An
amendment was moved to the effect that no alteration should
take place. The law, however, appeared sufficiently clear on the
subject, and the motion was negatived without a division. On
September 4th, 1833, a meeting was called for the purpose of re-
considering this arrangement. It was stated that by the existing
allotment of seats " the parish lost nearly £200 ayear ; which sum
had been invariably applied in aid of the church rate since the
year 1662 (and time out of mind before that period)" ; and as the
system involved "a breach of faith with those who purchased
their life interest and a greater evil to those who attended St.
George's Chapel and dissenters " the resolution was passed " that
the principle of free sittings should be abolished and the sittings

AFTEK THE RESTORATION 163

let as usual." Several attempts were made to carry this reso-
lution into effect, but as the law was opposed to the order of the
vestry, it was impossible to enforce compliance. For many years,
therefore, the seats remained free.

The rise of Nonconformity in Tiverton, or, at any rate, its
external recognition, may be traced to the year 16S7, the date of
King James's Declaration of Indulgence. It is evident that ever
since the Reformation there had been a strong leaven of
Puritanism in the town, but Puritanism and Nonconformity are
not by any means synonymous terms. The Puritans, no less than
the Anglicans, were determined to have their own way with the
nation and were not very scrupulous as to the means. Every one
will remember the lines of the royalist Butler on the Puritans,
those

errant saints, -whom all men grant

To be the true Church Militant ;

Such as do build their faith upon

The holy text of pike and gun ;

Decide all controversies by

Infallible artillery ;

And prove their doctrine orthodox

By apostolic blows and knocks, etc.

Nonconformity, on the other hand, was a defeated force. In-
stead of attempting to establish itself as the national religion, it
was glad to accept toleration for its members. In my last chapter
I referred to the foundation of the Steps' Meeting-house in St.
Peter-street, in 1687. Here the Independents had their habi-
tation ; and the society must have prospered, for in 1 699 the
building was enlarged, so as. to be capable of accommodating 500
persons. Dunsford says that in his time the congregation was of
a very miscellaneous character, Trinitarians, Arians, and
Unitarians, Calvinists and Arminians, Episcopalians, Baptists,
Presbyterians, Independents, and Methodists, all worshipping
under a common roof and bound together by no better tie than
that of dissent. In 1700 there seems to have been a kind of
schism among the Independents, and a part of the congregation,
under the direction of a Mr. John Moore, set up a separate
meeting-house in Back-lane, Westexe, from which, later on, they
removed to a similar place in St. Peter-street. On the death of
Mr. Moore in 1736, the Peter-street Meeting-house, as it was
called, was turned into a pound-house for cider, &c., and it was
afterwards used as a theatre for strolling players. In 1781 it was
purchased and re-built by a Mr. John Holmes, by whom it was
once more devoted to religious purposes, services being conducted
by members of the Calvinist persuasion. On the 9th of April,
1817, the building was registered at the Bishop's Court at
Exeter as a Unitarian Chapel, but two years later it was aban-
doned as a meeting-house and again converted into a theatre.
The building was finally destroyed in 1844, and a private house

M2

164 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOKD

was erected where it had stood — about the middle of the west
side of St. Peter-street.

The Baptist Society at Tiverton is the oldest of the kind in the
West of England and was originally Dutch. Some of the old
Dutch people were strong Arminians, for Arminius was living at
the time and exerting great influence in Holland. The English
Baptists, on the contrary, were Calvinists, and whenever they
met, the rival parties went at it tooth and nail. From an old
manuscript it appears that the Association of Baptist Churches
always met at Tiverton, because they never held a meeting there
without a quorum.

It is believed that the Baptists had a meeting-house on the
site of their present chapel as long ago as 1687, but a more con-
venient building was erected in 1730. Previous to King James's
Declaration of Indulgence there was no regular minister, all the
duties being carried out by the elders ; and even after that date
they seem to have assisted by preaching, &c. The name of
the first pastor was Roger Haldanby, appointed in 1687. He
officiated in the old house to which we referred for about
two years, when he went to Plymouth and public service was
again conducted by the eldest members, chiefly by Tristram
Trewren, a poor tradesman of Tiverton, but a man of reputable
character. Other changes took place in the ministry, and in the
year 1714 James Sampson was chosen and ordained pastor of the
congregation. He officiated for fourteen years. It is said of him
" he appears to have been a sensible man and a good preacher,"
but having adopted religious opinions different from the leading
principles of his flock, they separated, and Mr. Sampson preached
in the Meeting-house, Back-lane, Westexe. He was followed by
many of the congregation, who attended his ministry until he left
Tiverton in 1737. The same year he died on his "voyage" to
London. Those who continued to worship in the " old house "
were served for some time by occasional ministers — notably by one
William Foot, who came in 1728 from Plymouth and officiated in
this place of worship for two years. During that time, it seems,
he was much employed in raising subscriptions to build the new
house. Whilst this work was in progress, tne people worshipped
in the dwelling-house of Mr. Thomas Dunsford, serge-maker, in
Bampton-street, which was licensed for the purpose. In 1731
Henry Terry came from Mortonhampstead in exchange for Mr.
Foot, but was not ordained pastor of the congregation until the
year 1733. This gentleman officiated in the meeting-house about
twenty-eight years, and died in 1759. His body was interred in
St. Peter's Churchyard. After Mr. Terry's death somewhat
frequent changes occurred in the ministry and the Society must
have suffered reverses for years, for at a later period — 1849 —
we find that the Eev. E. "Webb, who was in that year appointed
pastor, preached his first sermon to a congregation of only sixty

AFTEE THE EESTOEATION 165

persons. The society which invited him did not number more
than eighty, and the male membership consisted of just twenty
one individuals. In 1854 the chapel was enlarged at a cost of £560
and a few years later £1,660 was expended in the erection of
school buildings, &c. At the close of the first sixteen years of his
pastorate Mr. Webb reported that 257 members had been added
to his community. The same prosperity marked the remaining
years of this gentleman's ministry. He was succeeded in the
pastorate by the Eev. J. P. Carey, and the chapel being incon-
veniently small it was decided to erect a more commodious and
modern structure.

Besides the Steps, the Peter-street, and the Baptist Meeting-
houses there was a fourth " conventicle " known as the Pitt
Meeting-house. The establishment of this place of worship is
attributed to the Eev. Eichard Saunders, M.A., one of the old
Puritans, who was ejected from his living at Loxbeare on
Bartholomew's Day, 1662. In 1671 he commenced to hold meet-
ings at Tiverton ; and in 1682, having been stopped in his dis-
course at the house of a Mr. Wood, he was brought before the
Mayor and convicted as a conventicler. A fine was inflicted
on him and on the house he had been preaching in, and he was
sent to Exeter Gaol for six months. In 1672 he had opened a
meeting-house in Back-lane, Westexe, where he continued to
preach till the Pitt Meeting-house was erected in 1687. It was
situated below Angel Hill, on the east bank of the Exe, and the
congregation originally consisted of Presbyterians. According to
Dunsford, however, after a lapse of fifty years or so the old
Calvinistic doctrines were exploded, and the congregation betrayed
a tendency to Unitarianism. In 1787 they united with the
Independents, and in 1815 the Pitt Meeting-house was sold for
£300 to pay for repairs to the Independent Chapel. The
Methodists made their appearance at a later period, and will
receive due notice at the proper time.

In 1698 an Act was passed for erecting hospitals and work-
houses in the parish of Tiverton for the better employing and
maintaining the poor thereof. Previous to this the poor had
been the exclusive charge of the Churchwardens and it seems
that in certain cases individuals had been licensed to beg, such
privileged persons being distinguished by a badge on the right
shoulder. There was, of course, no "casual ward" in those days
and anyone passing through the town who happened to be short
of money seems to have applied of right to the Churchwardens
for assistance. The number of Irish who thus claimed relief is
quite extraordinary and in the Churchwardens' account for 1659
we find such entries as these, following in quick succession :

" Paid a poore Irish woman, having two small childr
with her." vid

" Paid a poore passenger travelling to Tanton." iid

166 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOKD

" Paid a poore Irish Gent, travelling to London hav-
inge a sicke Childe with him." vid.

" Paid to evade a Collection Mr. Maio* being from home
to one Thomas Tidgerombe, of Buckland, near Plymouth yt
had bin lately taken by Spanish man of warre and Im-
prison'd with his wife and little Child five months at
Calice having lost thereby as was certified on's Certif.
500Z and more." His.

The last instance suggests that the Churchwardens may have
been deceived sometimes by " travellers' tales " ; since they
seem to have thought Thomas Tidgerombe's story and certificate
sufficient reasons for disbursing to him far more than the usual
amount. However, under the Act of 1698 the management of
the " hospital " and the disposal of the funds for the relief of the
poor were delegated to a new board created for the purpose. It
was composed of fifty-two members including the Mayor, the
Recorder, the Capital and Assistant Burgesses, and the Portreeve,
who had a right to be present ex officio ; and with them sat twenty
five of " the ablest and discreetest inhabitants " elected by the
ratepayers. A Governor, Deputy-Governor, Treasurer, and
twelve Special Assistants, six of each class of guardians, were
chosen annually until the year 1769, when these arrangements
were superseded. The •' hospital " erected on the site of the
present workhouse, was begun in 1699 and was not finally com-
pleted till 1704. In 1700, however, the building was in a
sufficiently forward state to accommodate sixty persons, who were
accordingly admitted. In 1699 also was built a Corn Market
House in Bampton-street. This was burnt down in the great
fire of 1731 and soon after the present structure was erected.

In 1700 occurs the first mention of a friendly society in Tiver-
ton. It was founded by wool-combers for their mutual support
in sickness or old age, and appears to have lasted till the close of
the century. On the whole it was an excellent institution and
clearly not deficient in funds. This is proved by the fact, that
on several occasions, when trade was bad or the workmen were
involved in disputes, the whole society was maintained out of the
deposits. To such members as were about to travel, whether in
search of employment or for some other reason, it was customary
to issue certificates, or as they called them, " blanks." The
" blank :' shewed that the individual in question was a member of
the society, and he had only to produce it to become entitled to
assistance from any similar society, in alliance with that of
Tiverton, throughout the kingdom. But there is a dark side to
this picture. The members of this society seem to have enter-
tained a lively dread of " malingering," so they made it penal to
be ill or old too long. Any one who exceeded a certain term of
illness or old age, was docked of some part of his weekly allow-
ance. In 1704, the farm labourers of the parish started a kindred

AFTEE THE EESTOEATION 167

Society, but, as we hear of farmers in connexion with it, there
seems to have been an element of patronage in the labourers'
club. The following were some of the rules of the artisans'
society :

IMPRIMIS It is agreed that such of us as shall be admitted into,
or become members of this Society, shall and will, at their first admit-
tance, pay the full sum of One Shilling. And from and after that time ,
on Wednesdays Monthly, and every Month pay the sum of Six Pence, to
be laid up in the Hands of such Trustees and Supervisors, as shall by us,
or the major part of us, be appointed, for the time being, to make a
Book, Common-Stock or Purse, for the Relief and Benefit of such of ua
as shall have been Contributers, or Payers to the same, for the space of
One whole Year.

II.

ITEM It is also agreed, That none shall be admitted into, or become
Members of, this our said Society, that are above Fifty Years of Age,
and those of a Loyal and Honest Reputation.

III.

ITEM It is also agreed, That the Time of our Meeting shall be
between the Hours of 6 and 8 of the Clock in the Afternoon, on
Wednesdays Monthly in the Summer, and between 4 and 7 of the Clock
in Winter ; and then to pay the sum of Six Pence each, and to spend
Two-pence in the Meeting Room, and no more.

IV.

ITEM It is also agreed, That if any of our said Society, at the time
of our said Monthly Meetings, shall Curse, Swear, Blaspheme God, speak
Reflecting on the Government, or Cause any Disturbance, shall, for
every such Offence, forfeit and pay into the said Stock or Purse, the
sum of One Shilling ; and that such of us so offending who shall refuse
to pay the same immediately, or at our next Monthly Meeting, shall be
excluded from being a Member of our said Society.

V.

ITEM It is also order'd and agreed upon, that from and after the
payment of the aforesaid sum of One Shilling for Admittance, and
monthly sum of Six-pence for the space of One whole Year, that such
of our said Society as shall be visited with Sickness, so as to keep his
Bed, shall have and receive from the Trustees and Supervisors appointed
for the time being, after One Week such Sickness, the sum of Sias
Shillings weekly, and every Week, during so long as he or they shall
keep their Bed, and no longer ; and Ihree Shillings weekly, to be paid
out of our said Stock or Purse 'till he or they shall be able to follow their
Labour. And that such of Us as shall be hurted or receive any Mis-
fortune, provided it is in his Lawful Employment, and so that he cannot
follow the same, shall also have and receive of the said Trustees or
Supervisors, as aforesaid, the Sum of Three Shillings, Weekly, and Every
Week, 'till he shall be able to follow his Imployment. But such of us
as shall receive any Misfortune or Hurt by any Recreation as Foot-ball.
Butts-and- Cudgels, Hunting, or other such like Exercise, no Subeistance
shall be allowed.

168 THE CHKONICLES OF TWTFOED

VI.

ITEM It's also agreed, That if any of our said Society shall travel
out of our said Parish, and sojourn elsewhere, provided he doth duely
pay the said monthly sum of Six-pence, shall be continued, owned, and
esteemed to be a Member of the same and have and receive the Allow-
ance and Subsistance as aforesaid. But he and they that shall neglect
the Paying the same for the space of 3 Months, together with the sum of
Two-pence per Month (order'd to be spent at our monthly meeting) shall
be excluded our Society.

VII.

ITEM It is also agreed, That such of our said Society as have been
Members of the same, as aforesaid, for the space of One Year, shall,
when God call them hence by Death, have allowed towards their
Funeral Expenses the sum of Twenty Shillings, and Ten Shillings for a
Funeral Sermon, out of the said Stock, and his widow Six Shillings.

VIII.

ITEM It's also agreed, That such of this our said Society as shall
have been Payers thereto, for the full space of Seven Years, when,
through weakness or Old-Age, they shall become uncapable to get his,
or their, Maintenance, shall have and receive, out of our said Stock, the
sum of Two Shillings, Weekly and Every Week, for and during his
Natural Life ; if the Trustees and Supervisors for the Time being, or the
Major Part of them shall think fit.

About this time the weather seems to have caused a good deal
of trouble at Tiverton. On September 8, 1692, the shock of an
earthquake was felt in "Westexe, but it must have been a very
mild kind of earthquake, as we hear of absolutely no damage being
done. On December 8, in the same year, the Eiver Exe trans-
gressed by pervading the lower parts of the town and standing
two feet high in the houses. All the historians of Tiverton,
Blundell, Hewett, Dunsford, and Harding, seem greatly impressed
by the case of Grace Vanstone, a child of four, who, at the time
of this flood, was carried bodily through a subterranean gutter
thirty six feet long and then, after twenty feet more gutter in
the open air, into the Eiver Exe, where she caught hold of a wear-
stake, and, having jbeen lucky enough to attract the notice of
certain people, was saved. Three years later the Eiver
Lowman transgressed by overflowing its banks, and the Blun-
dellians of that generation rowed about the Green in tubs. After
the earthquake and the two floods came a stormy wind and
tempest. This was in 1703, and by all accounts it was a
bond fide and most sensational affair, though we do not hear of
old ladies being wafted through alleys or shop-windows, or indeed
of anything distinctly miraculous and providential. Blundell
writes very " sympathetically " about this storm.

QUEEN ANNE.

" (1703). FEIDAY, NOVEMBEK 27, will deserve no small place
in our Eemembrance, if we seriously consider the Providenc e of

AFTER THE EESTOEATION 169

God, in so wonderfully preserving us from such imminent
Dangers that then threatened us by a dreadful Tempest. It
began about 10 o'Clock at Night, and violently increasing, was in
the height of its Fury at 3 next Morning, when its raging Blasts
were most frightful and amazing, and sufficient to convince any
Mortal, even an Atheist, that had not these Winds been ruled by
an Almighty Power, they would undoubtedly, not only have
shook the Foundations of the Earth, but have destroyed the
whole Fabrick, and bur/d the Inhabitants thereof in its dismal
Euins. The Morning Light soon made visible the horrid Marks
of its Fury ; for Trees of vast Bulk were blown up by the Roots ;
Churches and Houses uncovered and many thrown down ; and
daily News arrived of wretched Shipwrecks, insomuch that a
great number of dead Bodies were cast upon our Coasts from
Hull to the Lands' End. And the Town of Tiverton had no small
Share in this Calamity, most of the Houses thereof being un-
covered, many Trees blown down, and a great deal of other
Damage done.

It's observable, that a West India Bird call'd a Petrel was
taken up next Day warm from the Ground in an Orchard, belong-
ing to the Widow Berry in Bariton-street. They are generally
called by our Seamen Foul Weather Birds, their appearance pre-
saging a Storm. When a Ship is under sail, they will hover close
under her Stern, in the Wake or Smoothing, which she makes in
her passage on the Sea ; where, as they fly gently, they pat the
Water alternately with their Feet as if they walk'd upon the
same ; whence in Illusion (sic) to St. Peter's walking on the Lake
of Gennazareth, they are call'd Petrels. They are something like
our Swallows, but smaller, having a short Tail, and black all over,
except a white spot on the Rump ; their manner of Flying is also
the same."

On the first of May, 1706, some uproarious woolcombers were
tried in the Town Hall before the High Sheriff of the County,
the Mayor, the Recorder, and an Esquire. It is not known what
made them uproarious, or what means were taken to calm their
excitement, but it is on record that it cost the Guardians
=£10 5s. 3d. in fees to the Town Clerk, who would have liked
£23 4s. 9d., but the people at the " Hospital " thought this
exactly £12 19s. 6d. too much, and his account was taxed
accordingly. The same year the Treasurer of the " Hospital "
saw fit to encourage drunkenness in the town by distributing
three barrels or hogsheads of beer on the " rejoicing-day " for the
victory obtained by the Duke of Marlborough at the battle of
Ramilies.

In 1707 Alstone's Almshouses in Birchin Lane, Westexe, were
built. By his will dated March 2, 1696, John Alstone, who was
a clothier, of Tiverton, had left certain property for the benefit,
as he expressed it, of " six poor shear men " (i.e. "fullers "}, but

170 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

the arrangement was not to be carried into effect until after the
death of one William Chambers and his wife Elinor. These
almshouses were in a very ruinous state in 1788, when, and for
years afterwards, the ground was let to private individuals. The
rent, however, was devoted to the relief of six fullers, as devised
by the testator. There are still almshouses in Birchin Lane,
but they are occupated by superannuated employees of Heathcoat
and Go's lace factory.

We now come to the subject of Parliamentary election, which, as
we have seen, was vested in the Corporation. If we may rely,
however, on certain old manuscripts which are not official, the
potwalladers, or — wallopers, of the town sometimes elected the
members. In Hewett's Memoirs, under the year 1604, we find
the following statements :

" Two burgesses did serve in Parliament for the borough of
Twyfordton ; they were chosen by the votes of the potwalliners
(sic), before Tiverton was incorporated."

" Note. The inhabitants of Westex, they have no votes in
such election."

The same thing is represented as having occurred in 1687, but
no record exists of such an election, and Colonel Harding is dis-
posed to reject the story as fictitious. How matters were
arranged on previous occasions, we have no evidence to show, but in
all probability the members of the Corporation were tolerably
harmonious. In 1710, on the contrary, party feeling ran high and
the result was a contest. The sitting members, Thomas Bere, of
Huntsham, and Eichard Mervin, Esquires, were attached to the
Whig interest, while the candidates put forward by the Church
party were Sir Edward Northleigh, Attorney General, and John
Worth, Esquire, of Worth. The latter were successful. Blundell,
evidently a staunch Tory, reports the occurrence in a way
suggesting that his sense of propriety had been fully satisfied : " The
Whiggist and Presbyterian interest was clearly overthrown, in
the due election of those worthy and honourable gentlemen
aforesaid, Sir Edward Northleigh, Knight, and John Worth,
Esquire, of Worth."

In 1713 a Charity School was established for sixty boys, and
the following year a similar arrangement was made for fifty girls.
The institution was at first supported by subscription, and an
annual collection at church. The scholars were taught in the
church-house, and in return for the instruction they received were
required to be diligent church-goers, both Sundays and week-
days. Voluntary contributions continued to be asked for the
school until 1802, by which time, apparently, owing to various
benefactions, it had become self-supporting. Thus, in 1716, a
Mr. Henry Blagdori left a sum of money which he intended to be
used in providing instruction for the children at the Hospital,
but which was ultimately appropriated to this charity. Donations

AFTER THE RESTORATION 171

were made to the school by Mr. Peter Newte in 1719, Mr. John
Tristram in 1724, Mrs. Mary Peard in 1777, and Mr. Benjamin
Gilberd in 1783 ; and out of the funds of the establishment the
trustees in 1842 decided to erect new premises now used for the
Middle Schools in Castle -street. Till then, during the whole of
the 130 years since the school was first instituted, it had never
migrated from its origihal nidus, the Church-house. The school
was finally broken up in 1877. It was generally known as the
Blue Coat School, as the children were given a suit of clothing of
that colour and of very coarse material, once a year ; and shoes and
stockings, the latter also blue, twice a year. The cut was that of
the early part of the eighteenth century — a long coat with brass
buttons, tight knee-breeches, and a flat cloth cap, for the boys,
who, I am afraid, were often the objects of derision to other
working-class boys dressed a la mode. The girls' attire was more
becoming.

This work could scarcely be deemed complete without some
notice of that very romantic character — -Bampfylde-Moore Carew.
The short account here given is drawn from a quaint eighteenth-
century book entitled : " An APOLOGY for the LIFE of Mr.
Bampfylde-Moore Carew, commonly call'd The KING of the
BEGGAES. BEING A.n impartial Account of his LIFE, from his
leaving TIVERTON School, at the Age of Fifteen, and entering into
a Society of Gipsies, to the present Time ; wherein the Motives
of his Conduct will be explain'd, and the great number of
Characters and Shapes he has appeared in thro' GREAT
BRITAIN, IRELAND, and several other Places of EUROPE be related ;
with his TRAVELS twice through great Part of AMERICA. A par-
ticular account of the Origin, Government, Language, Laws and
Customs of the Gipsies ; their Method of electing their King,
&c., and a Parallel drawn after the Manner of PLUTARCH between
Mr. BAMPFYLDE-MOORE CAREW and Mr. THOMAS JONES. The
SEVENTH EDITION." Totus Mundus agit Histrionem. Bampfylde-
Moore Carew was the son of the Eev. Theodore Carew, Rector of
Bickleigh, near Tiverton, and born in the month of July, 1693.
His baptism is said to have been an event. Ladies and gentlemen
of the first rank and quality in the West of England were present,
and his sponsors were the Hon. Hugh Bampfylde and the Hon.
Major Moore, both of whose names he bore. A dispute arose
between these worthy gentlemen as to which name should precede,
and argument being ineffectual, recourse was had to the con-
venient method of " throwing up a Piece of Money." The toss
was won by Mr. Bampfylde, who, in commemoration of the triumph,
presented his god-child with a large piece of plate bearing in large
letters the inscription — BAMPFYLDE-MOORE CAREW. At twelve
years of age Carew was sent to Blundell's School, where he is
stated to have formed the acquaintance of " young Gentlemen of
the first Rank in Somersetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, and

172 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

Dorsetshire." A boy so reared and possessing so many incentives
to adhere to the beaten paths of convention was the very
last whom WQ should suspect o£ a taste for low company or
amusements, but chacun a son gout. This, at least, may be said
for him, that, having chosen his line, he pursued it without
faltering, and to those who believe in the virtue of a good
" having" Carew is one of the best proofs of its efficacy. He
out-gipsied the gipsies and rose without an effort, by a sort of
natural law, to be their King. Whilst he was at Tiverton, Carew
made good progress with his studies, and in after days, when,
among his numerous disguises, he assumed the character of a
clergyman, he retained a sufficient stock of learning to be able
to quote tags of Greek and Latin, by means of which his preten-
sions passed unquestioned. It was in sport, however, that he
chiefly excelled. He had a " remarkable chearing Halloo to the
Dogs," which is said to have been of great service in the
chase, and to have been peculiar to himself. And, we are
farther told, he discovered the secret " hitherto unknown to any
but himself " of enticing any dog whatever to follow him. At this
time the boys at Tiverton School had a fine pack of hounds, and
among the subscribers were John Martin, Thomas Coleman, and
John Escott, all young men of good family, with whom Bampfylde-
Moore Carew was naturally on terms of the closest intimacy.
Coleman, whose erratic temperament afterwards led him into
much the same adventurous courses as Carew, was the son of the
Squire of Gornhay. It happened one day that a farmer in the
neighbourhood, who was a great sportsman and a sort of " whipper-
in" to the enterprising Blundellians, waited upon them with the
information that there was a fine deer on his farm, with a
collar round his neck. This was " nuts " to the Blundell scholars
who forthwith set out in a body, with Martin, Coleman, Escott,
and Carew at their head, to hunt the animal. The time of this
event was shortly before harvest, when there was much standing
corn in the fields, and as the chase was hot and lasted several
hours, considerable damage was done to the crops. The " field *
however, succeeded in killing the deer, which, from the inscription
on its collar was found to belong to Colonel Nutcombe, of Clay-
hanger. Meanwhile the farmers and landowners, for whose
interests the youthful Nimrods had shown such a princely disregard,
wended their way to the Rev. Mr. Eayner, the head-master, and
demanded vengeance. An inquiry was instituted and the culprits,
foreseeing the result, deemed it expedient to be " aeger." On the
following day they chanced to visit Brick House, an inn situated
about half a mile from Tiverton, where they fell in with a
company of gipsies, feasting and carousing. The gipsies were
seventeen or eighteen in number and of both sexes. They had
met there for the purpose " of Merriment and Jollity ; and after
a plentiful meal upon fowls, ducks, and other dainty dishes, the

AFTER THE RESTORATION 173

flowing cups of October cyder, &c., went most chearfully round,
and merry songs and country dances crowned the Jovial Banquet."
The boys were so captivated by the scene that they at once
resolved to enlist, to join the gipsies for good and all. The latter
at first received the announcement with incredulity. Prom their
appearance and bearing, the youths evidently belonged to the
higher classes, and it was difficult to believe that they could be in
earnest. As, however, after a night's reflexion their purpose
remained unchanged, it was determined to admit them as members
of the fraternity. The necessary ceremonies were gone through,
the proper oaths administered, and Bampfylde- Moore Carew was a
duly accredited gipsy. Among other accomplishments supposed
to pertain to this singular people is a knowledge of divination,
and Carew in his new character was speedily in request as a
necromancer. A Mrs. Musgrove, of Munkton, near Taunton,
having heard of his fame, sent for him on a matter of considerable
moment. She strongly suspected that somewhere near her house
was buried a large quantity of money and she wanted Carew to
tell her exactly in what spot it lay, promising if he did so, to
bestow upon him a handsome reward. The offer was tempting,
and Carew rose to the occasion. Although he could not find the
real or imaginary treasure, he managed to pocket the fee. The
ruse which he employed was as follows. He affected to consult
the mystic art and after a becoming delay informed the lady, that
the gold she coveted was concealed under a laurel tree, but that
ehe must not seek for it until a particular day and hour, when her
good planet would be in the ascendant. The worthy soul took it
all in, and Carew on his departure was a richer man by twenty
guineas. At the time appointed the lady dug below the roots of
the laurel tree, but — alas ! there was no treasure there.

One of the most interesting episodes in the life of this extra-
ordinary man was his marriage, which was in the highest degree
romantic. It was a love-match, the lady whose name was Gray,
being the daughter of a Newcastle apothecary. Carew, who was
a tall handsome fellow and of excellent address, was just the sort
of man who would be likely to make his way with ladies, and he
was shrewd enough to suppress what might have proved an
insuperable obstacle to his success — his connexion with the
gipsies. He passed himself off as an officer on board a merchant
vessel, and as the lady — whatever her friends might think — was
well satisfied with his position and prospects, and more than
satisfied with his person and accomplishments, she agreed to elope
with him They sailed for Dartmouth, proceeding thence to
Bath, where the wedding was celebrated with every circumstance
of splendour. It is an amiable feature in Carew's character that
throughout his wild life he was always constant to this trustful,
loving, imprudent girl. During the voyage to Dartmouth he had
confessed his secret, by which, it appears, Miss Gray was a good

174 THE CHK01SICLES OF TWTFOED

deal upset, but she was reconciled to her fate on being told the
actual condition of her lover, his descent from one of the most
distinguished families in the West of England. Carew, however,
did not immediately resume his gipsy life. He and his bride
spent some time at Bath, busied with the ordinary round of
fashionable dissipations, and the objects of no small curiosity to
the gossips and quidnuncs who frequented the mineral springs.
By and bye these amusements began to. pall on them. They left
for Bristol and after some stay there travelled through Somerset
and Dorset into Hampshire, where Carew had an uncle, a benevo-
lent and sensible man in holy orders. This excellent divine used
every argument he could think of to induce his nephew to forsake
his disreputable career, but a relapse was inevitable. Arrayed in
a long loose black gown, a band, a large white peruke and a
broad-brimmed hat, he made an incursion among the clergy, to
whom he represented himself as an ejected non-juror, and then
with equal success he passed over into the opposite ranks of
the Quakers. His histrionic talents won immense admiration
from his own community, the Gipsies, as indeed from everybody
else with whom he came in contact, even those who had suffered
by his rogueries readily forgiving him in return for the excellent
entertainment he afforded them. When, therefore, the King of the
Gipsies was on his death-bed delivering, in patriarchal fashion, a
valedictory address to his obedient followers, the expectation of
the brotherhood pointed to Carew as his successor. It appears,
however, that among this interesting people so important an
event as the choice of a new ruler was not allowed to pass
without fit ceremonies and safeguards. A few days before the
election, balls, one white, the rest black, corresponding to the
number of candidates, were given to each elector ; and on the
day of election there were set out as many boxes as there were
candidates, with the name of the particular candidate on the box
appropriated to him. These boxes were quite closed, except for
a small aperture at the top, which was locked every night, so
long as the election lasted, under the seals of each of the candi-
dates and of six of the oldest men of the community. The
elector put a white ball into the box of the candidate of his choice
and black balls into those of the other candidates, and when all
had voted, the boxes were opened, in the presence of all the
competitors and as many electors as cared to attend, by the
venerable gipsies before mentioned. Whoever had the largest
number of white balls was chosen. On the present occasion that
fortunate person was Carew. He exhibited to the electors such
a long list of bold and ingenious stratagems successfully carried
into effect, and was besides so handsome and prepossessing a man,
that his claim was irresistible. He was hailed by the whole
assembly king of the mendicants, the public register was confided
to him, and homage was paid him as their sovereign lord by the

AFTEE THE EESTOEATION 175

entire body. These solemn acts were followed by feasting and
revelry, and, in conclusion, an inaugural ode was sung by the
electors, viz. :

I.

Cast your nabs* and Cares away,
This is Maunder 'st Holiday :
In the World look out and see,
Where's so happy a King as he ?

II.

At the Crowning of our King,
Thus we ever dance and sing ;
Where's the Nation lives so free,
And so merrily as we ?

III.

Be it Peace or be it War,
Here at Liberty we are :
Hang all Harmenbecks\ we cry,
We the Cuffin Queres\\ defy.

IV.

We enjoy our Ease and Best,
To the Field we are not prest :
And when the Taxes are increas'd,
We are not a Penny cess'd.

V.

Nor will any go to Law
With a Maunder for a straw ;
All which Happiness he brags,
Is only owing to his Bags.

Enough perhaps has been said about Bampfylde Moore Carew,
but before closing the recital, it will perhaps gratify my readers,
if I relate two characteristic incidents in the life of the well-
known vagabond. It happened one day, when he was in South-
molton, that he was insulted by a little big official commonly
known as the Bellman. Carew determined to be revenged.
Not long before a gentleman of the town had died, and it was
currently reported that his ghost walked the churchyard. Now
it was one of the duties of the bellman to cross the churchyard at
the hour of 1 a.m. Carew, availing himself of this superstition,

* Hats or caps.

t A beggar.

J Constables.

|| Justices of the peace or churls.

176 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOBD

entered the burial ground, divested himself of his coat and waist-
coat, so as to display his white shirt, and lay down on the gentle-
man's grave. In due course the bellman arrived, when what was
his horror by the glimmering light of the moon to see a figure
slowly rise from the tomb in question, and advance towards him !
In his consternation he made as rapidly as possible for the gate,
but, blind with terror, stumbled over graves and tomb-stones, was
badly bruised and knocked about, and finally dropped his bell,
which Carew afterwards seized as a trophy of victory. About a
year later Carew was again in Southmolton and the bellman who
had by this time recovered from his fright, repeated his old
offence. The Gipsy King, resolving to punish him yet more
severely, arrayed himself in a black robe and a large fur cap, and
posting himself in the churchyard on an exceptionally dark night,
awaited the bellman's arrival with a brand lighted at both
ends in his mouth and a heavy rattling chain. If the officer
had been terrified on the former occasion, he was doubly so now.
He verily believed that the grim object which he perceived
vomiting flame was none other than his Satanic Majesty, and the
miserable man rushed panic-stricken from the spot, nor, after that,
could anything induce him to resume his nightly rounds. The
other anecdote I insert not so much for its intrinsic interest as
for the reference which it contains to Tiverton. I quote from
the " Apology ":

" Some Time after this, he called upon the Miss Hawkers, of
Thorn, near Yeovil, who treated him very hospitably, and enquired
what News he heard, it being in the time of the late Eebellion.
Whilst he was talking with them, he observed a new House
almost opposite, and enquiring who liv'd there, they told him one
Parson Marks, a Dissenting Teacher ; upon which, taking leave of
the Ladies, he steps over the way, and knocks boldly at the Door,
which was soon opened by Parson Maries himself ; Sir, says Mr.
Carew, pulling off his Hat, and accosting him with a demur
Countenance, I came two Miles out of my Eoad on purpose to
wait upon you ; I believe, Sir, you are acquainted with my
brother, Mr. John Pike, of Tiverton, Teacher of a Dissenting
Congregation in that Place ; and you have undoubtedly heard
something of his brother Roger Pike, which unfortunate Man I
am, having been taken Prisoner coming from Boston in Neiv
England by the French Privateers, and carried into Boulogne,
where we were cruelly treated. Alack, alack, says the Parson,
pray walk in, good Mr. Roger ; I am indeed very well acquainted
with that very worthy Servant of God your Brother, Mr. John
Pike, and a gracious Man he is ; I have likewise heard him men-
tion his brother Roger. He then ordered some Victuals and
Drink to be brought out for good Mr. Roger Pike ; while he was
eating he enquired, How he got from Boulogne ? He reply5 d that
Twenty-five of them had broke Prison, and seiz'd upon a Vessel

AFTEE THE RESTORATION

177

in the Harbour, by which they had got safe to the English Coast.
Well, Mr. Roger, says the Parson, what News did you hear in
France? It is reported there, replies he, that the Eebels are
very powerful in Scotland, and that great Numbers are gone to
them safe from France. Stop a little, criys the Parson, Mr.
Roger, and running upstairs, soon after came down with a Letter
in his Hand, which he read to Mr. Pike, wherein it was said, the
Eebels were wonderfully powerful. Then shaking his head very
sorrowfully, cried, indeed, Mr, Pike, I can't be at Ease, for they
say they will make us Examples on Account of the 80th of
January. Never fear then. Sir, said Mr. Careiv, we shall be a
Match for them in Devonshire and Cornwall. I am afraid not,
cries the Parson, shaking his Head again, I have had no Eest for
thinking of them several Nights past. After some further Dis-
course, he fetch'd Mr. Pike a good Holland Shirt, and clap'd half
a Guinea into his Hand, entreating him to take a Bed with him
that Night, for that he should be heartily welcomed ; but he
desired to be excused, and took his Leave with many Thanks,
returning to the Miss Hawkers again. Well, Mr. Carew, cried the
Ladies, you have had a long Conference with the Parson. Ay, ay,
replies he, and to good purpose, too ; for this Shirt and half a
Guinea are the Fruits of it ; and then told them in what manner
he had deceiv'd the Parson, which made them laugh very heartily;
they then gave him a Crown, and promis'd to keep Mr. Pike's
Secrets for a Day or two. A few Days after the Parson was
going over to see the Ladies, they ask'd him if a poor Seaman had
been at his House ? ' Yes,' replied the Parson, ' it was one Roger
Pike, whose Brother has a Congregation at Tiverton, and whom
I am very well acquainted with.' ' And did you give him any-
thing ? ' ' Yes, I gave him a Shirt and half a Guinea.' — ' And
we gave him a Crown,' said the ladies, ' not as being Roger Pike,
but as Mr. Bampfylde- Moore Careiv."1 At which the Parson was
in a very great Hurry, and would scarce be convinced but that it
was old Roger Pike."

Our hero, after his many travels, in the course of which he
twice visited America, died at his native village and was buried
28th June, 1 758, at the south-east end of Bickleigh Church.

APPENDIX I.

The tablets recording the borough charities were ranged
within the memory of persons still living, in the vacant spaces
between the windows of the clerestory. The benefactions
were inscribed in gilt letters, and over them, in a sort of apse
were the head and wings of a dove. Additional tablets appear
to have been set up during the churchwardenship of Martin

178 THE CHRONICLES OF TWFFOED

Dunsford, who was elected to that office in 1780 and again in
1783. The tablets are now in the belfry. The following is a
copy of the inscriptions, for which I am indebted to Mr. Samuel
Arch.

1370. Hugh de Courteney, &, Earl of Devon, gave the profits of the
markett of this Towne for the benefit of the poor.

1568. Walter Terrill, of this Towne, Draper, gave 10 pounds 13s. yearly
to 6 poor men, unto each of them 8d. the weeke ; allsoe he gave the
overplus above 40 pounds of the issues and profits of Exe bridge to be
distributed among all to (?) of this Town and parish.

1 582. Roger Richards, of this towne, gave 12 pounds for ever to be lent
unto poor Artificers.

1582. Thomas Deyman, of this Towne, Gent, 12 pounds for ever to be
lent yearly unto poor Artificers.

1583. Humphry Bonville, of this Towne, gave 20 pounds to be lent
yearly for ever unto 4 Honest householders of this town and parrish.

1584. Hugh Attwell, Parson, of Calwoodly, gave 17 pounds for ever
unto poor inhabitants of this town.

1592. Humphrey Cogan, of this Town, mercer, gave 10 pounds for ever
to be lent unto poor craftsmen on security to pay at 2 years end.

1598. Edward Prouse, of Pilywell, within this parrish, gave 20 pounds
for the benefit of the poor.

1618. Gabriel Barber, a hotterer, gave to the poor inhabitants of this
towne 40 pounds, 10 pounds whereof forthwith to be distributed, and
30 pounds remaining to be lent to said poor for ever.

1619. Elisabeth Berry, of this towne, widow, gave 20 pounds for ever to
be lent at the end of every 2 years unto 10 weavers of this Towne, each 40
shillings.

1621 . Robert Reed, of this Towne. Clothier, gave 100 pounds for ever to
be lent on security to 20 Weavers and Tuckers of this Town, to each
5 pounds for 2 years. Alsoe he gave 100 pounds, the profits thereof to be
bestowed in bred for 12 Old poor people, each of them a 3d. loafe
weekly.

1623. John Berry, of this Towne, Clothier, gave for the benefit of this
Towue and parrish 40 pounds to be lint on Security to poor weavers and
Tuckers. And alsoe 60 pounds to the then mayor & burgesses to
purchase lands, the profits thereof to be imployed towards the setting
and continuance of a lecture in divinity if the same could be obtained,
else to be employed to charatable uses at discretion of the mayor and
burgesses, or in case of their disolution by the Church.

1623. John Berry, of Kentisbeer, gave unto this Towne and parrish one
tenement at Chevithorne, the profits thereof to 4 poor men, whereof
two to be husbandmen, one a fuller, and the other a weaver.

1624. The Lady Craven, of London, widow, gave 50 pounds to the uses
of the poor of this parrish.

1629. George Lutterall, of dunster, Esq., gave 20 pounds for ever for
the use of the poor of this parish.

1673. Thomas Leigh, Junr., of this Towne, Gen*, gave profits of the 8th
parte of this market yearly, to be given the 2Gth of December by the
mayor and burgesses unto poor people borne and reciding in this
Towne.

AFTER THE EESTOEATION 179

John West, of Thorverton, Esq., gave to the benefit of this Towne
and parrish the 4th part of this market after the death of himself e and
Edith, his wife, viz., 5s. a weeke in bred to 15 poor people, 4 pounds per
Anm in gownes, 4 pounds per Anm to husbandmen.the overplus to be lent
unto weavers and fullers.

1679. Robert Chattey, of this Towne, mercer, gave 10 pounds yearly

issuable out of tenement in this parrish to be distributed to 20

poor men of this Towne and parrish that have been laborious and
paineful.

1680. John Lane, of this Towne, merchant, gaveamedow in buckland
and 250 pounds to his Trustees to purchase an annuity on an estate in
fee, upon trust that out of the issues and profits thereof, to pay three

shillings the month to 8 poor , whereof 6 to be of this place and

2 of Cullompton, 20s. per Annm towards repairing the long Causeway
leading to Butterleigh, and 20s. per Annm in bookes for poor Scholars at
the English Schools.

1687. George Ching, Jr., of this Towne, Mercer, gave 10 pounds
yearly to be distributed unto 8 poor people of this Towne.

In the year of 1704 was given by an unknown hand half a Field at Shrink-
hills, which yields 3()s. per Annm Kent, to be bestowed yearly for ever
by the rectors of this Church in devotional Books for poor Families.

WARDENS
Martin Dunsford. 1780 Nathl Cook.

1650. W. Spurway, Gen*, gave for the sum of 40 pounds the profits of
one eighth part of the Market of Tiverton for the benefit of the poor
Inhabitants.

1654. Sir John Trelawney, Bar*, gave for the sum of 65 pounds the
profits of the one half part of the Market of Tiverton for the benefit of
the Inhabitants.

1657. Pr- Atkins, Gen*, gave 10 pounds & Ann for ever for the benefit
of the poor inhabitants of Tiverton.

1671. Thos. Maunder gave £1 5s. ^ Ann for ever to be distributed
equally among the poor persons of Clare and Pryors quarters of
Tiverton.

1683. Jno. Loveil, Yoeman, gave 20s. <$" Ann for ever to be dis-
tributed among 5 poor people of Pryors quarter in Tiverton.

1693. King William & Qn Mary granted a lease (for 99 years) of
the Manor of Elmore, containing 150 Acres to the Mayor and Corpora-
tion of Tiverton for the benefit of the poor.

1720. Peter Newte gave for ever several estates of Land, now produc-
ing about 26 pounds per Ann to support the Charity School in and about
Tiverton, and to buy devotional Books for the poor in the adjacent
villages.

1740. R. Hooper, Weaver, gave 20s. per Ann for the benefit of
certain poor people of Tiverton.

1747 . Samuel Lewes, Merchant, gave £200 to certain Trustees to pay
8 pounds ^ Ann the Interest thereof to 6 poor persons at their
discretion.

17.... Dr Berry gave 40s. <$* Ann for the benefit of the poor of
Tiverton.

17.... Unknown Donor gave 10 pounds <$* ann for the benefit of
the Tiverton, distributed by th e Mayor and Corporation annually.

180 THE CHEONICLES OP TWTFORD

WARDENS
Martin Dunsford. 1783 John Baker.

1724. John Tristram, of Tiverton, Sergemaker, gave by will his Estates
at Ashley, worth 30 pounds & ann to the use and benefit of the New
Church and Charity Schools on certain conditions mentioned in the said
will.

1736. Thos. Enchmarch, of Tiverton, Merchant, gave by will 5
pounds per Ann for ever to 8 poor men, inhabitants of John Waldron's
Almshouses, to be paid yearly in November, out of certain monies vested
in Trustees for that purpose.

1769. Mary Peard, of Tiverton, gave 1,000 pounds to purchase Lands
to be vested in Trustees, the Rents and Profits of the said land to be laid
out in repairing St. George Chapel and tomb in the Chapel Yard.

1777. She also gave 1,550 pounds in the same manner towards the
support and maintenance of the Charity Schools, Tiverton, 40 pounds
towards a new Clock in the Tower.

1780. By her will gave 100 pounds to the poor of Tiverton, to be dis-
tributed by her executors.

1784. Richd. Cosway, Esq., Native of Tiverton, painted and gave the
Alter piece in this Church.

APPENDIX II.

The word "room" as applied to the letting of seats at St.
Peter's must be understood literally as a " vacant space." The
seats themselves were as much private property as the cushions
and hassocks are now, and this accounts for the irregularity of
many of them. The seat-holder, if he chose, might be his
own architect, and no one had a right to complain, unless
something very outrageous was attempted. After the abolition
of pew-rents the church expenses were defrayed by a Church-rate,
and seats were assigned by Churchwardens. Between the
present organ-loft and the vestry-door was the north gallery, and
here certain seats were appropriated to particular farms, .eg.
Castle Barton. The poor people, as they were not contributors
to the Church-rate, sat on forms placed back to back in the
middle aisle and in front of the Chancel. The Charity School
children used to be accommodated in a gallery over the screen,
the boys on one side and the girls on the other, under the
supervision of the master and mistress ; while Dr. Dicken and Mr.
Ley conducted the " young hopefuls " of Blundell's School to the
Latin School Gallery. The evening lectures were free. Pew-
rents were re-established after the restoration of the Church
(1854-57).

THE GEORGIAN ERA

(FIRST PART)

VII

f

THE GEORGIAN ERA

(FIRST PAET)

'T seems that, towards the close of the reign of Queen Anne,
there was a general expectation on the part of the inhabi-
tants that another Act of Uniformity would be passed ;
and in order to afford room for the numerous Dissenters, who, in
that case, would have to attend church, it was decided to build a
chapel-of-ease. This was the beginning of St. Greorge's Church,
the foundation-stone of which was laid by the Rev. John Newte,
in the presence of several hundred spectators, on the 1st of
December, 1714. It was imagined, no doubt, that Queen Anne's
successor would be a member of the Stuart dynasty, and when
George I. came to the throne, with Whig counsellors at his
elbow, the zeal of the promoters of this new scheme sensibly
cooled. Although Mr. Newte set a good example by sub-
scribing £100, and Mr. Henry Blagdon a still better example by
subscribing £500, the general state of the funds did not allow of
the building being completed, and Mr. Oliver Peard, merchant
and clothier, used it for several years as a warehouse for his wool.
In 1727, a number of inhabitants, scandalized at this neglect,
resolved to make a fresh start, and opened a subscription list with
the following heading :

" Whereas several well-disposed persons, with great concern
and trouble, have seen the building of the new church unhappily
at a stand for several years ; and upon that account, shew them-
selves very willing to raise new subscriptions for the accomplishing
of the said pious work. Now, upon encouragement lately given
us by the present Lord Bishop of the Diocese, that he will grant
us license for the performance of Divine Service in it as soon as
finished, we, whose names are subscribed, being very desirous to
promote this good design, do promise to pay the several sums

184 THE CHKONTCLES OF TWTFOKD

written over against our respective names, to the Treasurer of
the said Church, leaving, as in the first subscription, the pro-
viding materials and ordering other matters requisite for the
further carrying on of the pious design to the discretion of the
fifteen highest subscribers, and such others as shall subscribe
equally with any of the said fifteen, or to the major part of them,
provided that our new subscription money shall not be applied
to the payment of any old debt of the Church, but towards
finishing the building, that it may be made fit and convenient for
Divine service as soon as possible. Witness, &c., 8th November,
A.D. 1727."

Here follows a list of thirty-three names, and the amount
subscribed was £1,304 9s. This time the effort was successful.
In 1730, the edifice was completed, and on the llth October,
1733, it was consecrated by Stephen Weston, Bishop of Exeter.
In the same year, an Act of Parliament was obtained "For
making a Chapel in the Town of Tiverton, in the County of
Devon, a perpetual Cure, and for providing a maintenance for
the Ministers who shall officiate therein." By this Act it was
arranged that there should be no separate chaplain, but that the
three Eectors and the Curate of Prior's Portion should perform
the duties in rotation. For their services each was to receive a
stipend of .£15, and this and all other expenses connected with
the Church were to be borne by the parishioners. I should
state that Mr. Blagdon, in addition to his donation of £500,
left a further sum of £1,000 to be spent on the erection of St.
George's Chapel, Tiverton, but with the proviso that it should be
built according to a model supplied by a Mr. James, surveyor,
subject to such alterations as " would tend to advance the
strength, commodiousness, and beauty of the said building, and
not otherwise." Here, then, we seem to have the names of the cul-
prits who are answerable for the hideous structure, with its " Turret
and Steeple for one Bell," which incubates at the corner of Fore-
street. Within, its appearance is not more engaging than
without. On three of its sides is a gallery, and both this and the
pulpit and the " Ionic pillars," and the severe-looking tables con-
taining the Ten Commandments, seem to have been expressly
contrived to mar the spirits of those Dissenters who should be
unwillingly fetched home to the flock. Part of the land on which
the church is built was given by Sir William Wyndham, Lord of
the Manor of Pool Anthony, in the Parish of Tiverton ; and the
communion-plate was presented by Mr. John Upcott, of Tiver-
ton, merchant, " with a Patin affixed to the altar of the new
church, which was sent him by a gentleman unknown, who
desired that his name might be for ever concealed." Another
benefactor of the church was Mrs. Mary Peard, a niece of Mr.
Blagdon, who, by her will dated 20th May, 1769, left £1,000 for
the repair, especially, of the roof.

THE GEOEGIAN ERA (I.) 185

The first half of the eighteenth century was not a halcyon time
of peace and prosperity. The artisans seem to have lived in a
state of chronic discontent, and I have already recorded an
instance in which some malfeasance on their part brought them
within the clutches of the law. This, however, was only a pre-
lude to three serious riots, of which the first occurred in 1720.
The origin of the dispute was an attempt on the part of the
merchants to economise by getting their worsted ready-made
from Ireland and dyeing in piece instead of in wool. The
materials could be purchased more cheaply in Ireland owing to
the low scale of wages in that country ; and there was the further
advantage of the wool having already undergone one course of
combing. This system, as it appeared to promise a considerable
saving, greatly commended itself to the Tiverton manufacturers,
but it did not seem at all admirable to the wool-combers, who,
finding that their craft was in danger, protested most vigorously.
Words would probably have been wasted on the acquisitive
clothiers, who, merely as a question of law, were no doubt strictly
within their rights ; so the workmen, tortured by a sense of out-
raged humanity, resolved to show them by rough methods that,
at any rate from a Socialistic point of view, the thing was
iniquitous. Large numbers having assembled, they attacked the
stores of the principal importers, dragged the objectionable yarn
into the streets, and destroyed it. They appear, however, to have
kept back some to be hung as trophies on the sign-posts, and there
part of it remained for nearly twelve months. Thus far it is
impossible to refuse the combers some measure of sympathy.
They had been threatened with the loss of their livelihood,
merely that rich men might grow richer, and they would not
have been human if they had endured without a murmur the
callous, unneighbourly, and unpatriotic conduct of their employers.
Unfortunately they were not content with this rather violent
expression of their views, and their next step was decidedly revo-
lutionary. They broke into the residences of those who first
introduced the foreign worsted, and looted them. Two manu-
facturers, Mr. George Thome and Mr. Thomas Enchmarch, who
lived near each other in Bampton-street, were warned of what
was coming and agreed to sally out with their servants to the
assistance of whichever was attacked first. By this time the
magistrates had assembled a number of constables and the rioters
were attacked on Angel-hill. A battle royal ensued. The
combers seized a horse-load of wood which happened just then to
be coming into the town, broke it up into clubs, and for a long
time the contest remained equal. In the end, the constables
prevailed, and several of the rioters were taken prisoners. These
were rescued for a time, but were again captured by the constables
with the help of the military. They were conveyed to the county
gaol, and tried for their lives, but appear to have escaped punish-

186 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOKD

ment. I may add that soon after the use of Irish thread was
given up, not on account of this disturbance, but because it was
manifestly inferior to the home-made article, and ill adapted to
the cane sleas (whatever they may have been) then in vogue.

The next considerable riot took place in May, 1738, and was
caused by the enormities of one Grimes, a publican. Grimes, who
was evidently no believer in the proverb that a cobbler should
stick to his last, saw his way to carrying on a neat little trade as
a middle-man. His mode of operations was as follows : he bought
up all the serges which were returned by the merchants to the
manufacturers (I presume, in consequence of some defect), and
re-sold them to the same merchants at a lower price than they
would otherwise have had to pay for them. In this way Grimes
proved himself an extremely handy fellow for the merchants, but
to the manufacturers he was an Old Man of the Sea. They could
not get rid of him, for if they did, what was to become of their
unsaleable wares ? On the other hand, the effect of his inter-
meddling was a reduction in the prices of many good and saleable
wares, the quality of which, but for him, would never have been
excepted to. The workmen employed in this industry seem to
have entertained a shrewd idea that the diminution in
profits brought about through Grimes's agency would mean in
the long run' less wages for themselves, and to avert this
catastrophe they tried force. Contingents arrived from Bampton,
TJffculme, Silverton, Bradninch, Culmstock, &c., and, when all
was ready, they proceeded to the " Red Lion " in Gold-street,
the inn where Grimes resided, and commenced an attack on the
place. An entry was soon made and all the serges found on the
premises were thrown into the street. Some were dragged
about the town, some hung on Grimes's own sign-post, and some
were torn up. Grimes himself was discovered, of all places in the
world, in the oven of a bake-house, at the bottom of Gold-street.
He was promptly " horsed/' on a pole, and carried through
the streets of the town as a public gazing-stock. Finally
he was deposited at the Mayor's door in St. Peter-street.
The Mayor ordered him to be removed, and here, as far as
Grimes was concerned, the incident terminated. Mean-
while fresh constables were sworn in, and several of the rioters
were taken and shut up in prison, the intention being to confine
them there for a few hours only. Their comrades, however, were
so enraged at the occurrence that a pitched battle took place
between them and the constables. The workmen were defeated
and compelled to beat a retreat. The conflict was renewed on
Exeter-hill, when one man was killed and many others were
more or less seriously injured. Such was the end of liiot No. 2.

The third, and by far the most dangerous, outbreak occurred in
1749. Previous to this, however, in the spring of the same year,
there was a second edition of the Grimes episode. The villain in

THE GEORGIAN ERA (I.) 187

this case was Thomas Beedle, the keeper of an alehouse in
Water-lane, who, it appears, had been guilty of the same evil
practices as the landlord of the " Red Lion." It was resolved by
the artisans to execute summary justice on him. They went in
a body to Water-lane, stormed his house, " made hay " of his
furniture, dragged his chains and worsted about the road, and
turned on his taps, till the place stood ankle-deep in beer.
Beedle himself they could not find, but one of his combers named
Moses Quick, who had vainly secreted himself in a vat, was
seized and made to serve as his deputy. He was hoisted on a
pole, dragged through some pools of water, plunged in the mill-
leat in Westexe, until he was more dead than alive, and then
taken to the wool-combers' club, where he was restored with
cordials. The rioters then dispersed to their homes. It is
said that in the course of these proceedings they tried to break
the man's thumbs, so as to prevent his ever combing again.
After such a trying experience, it is not likely that Moses
Quick resumed his connection with Beedle & Co. The grand
contest, however, was reserved to the close of the year, and took
the form, not of a day's outing, but of a prolonged and embittered
strike. As to the merits of the quarrel there is room for a
difference of opinion. The Rev. William Daddo, Head-master of
the Grammar School, who is credited with advanced views on
politics, sided with the men, and a pamphlet entitled " The
Tiverton Wool-comber's Defence," printed in London, 1750, was
supposed to have come from his pen. The facts appear to have
been these. Owing to the competition of certain Norwich firms,
the Tiverton serges were being gradually ousted from the Dutch
market, where they had previously enjoyed almost a monopoly ;
and to recoup their losses the traders of Tiverton fell back on an
old expedient, that of using Irish worsted. Serges made of
this material were not suitable for exportation, but apparently
the manufacturers hoped to find new openings for business at
home. As before, the wool-combers do not seem to have
regarded this action as legitimate. As soon therefore as they
heard that weavers were engaged in making serges of the foreign
product, they removed the " pads " (the iron stands on which the
combs were fixed while the wool was being drawn out) from the
comb-shops, and declared they would never comb again until the
Irish worsted was quite discarded for the purpose of manufacture.
Moreover, a special meeting of their club was called, at which a
resolution was passed that they would live on their club-money
until the weavers were starved, or the manufacturers and serge-
makers capitulated to their demands. The weavers for their part
resolved to die rather than give up the manufacture with Irish
worsted. Things remained at this pass until the wool-combers'
funds were almost exhausted, and there was still not the slightest
hope of a compromise. Affairs then took a darker tinge, and

188 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

letters were dropped about the town, in which the writers
threatened to murder some of the merchants and to burn their
houses over their heads. The authorities were now seriously
alarmed, and a company of soldiers was drafted into the town.

On the arrival of the military, Tiverton was restored to its normal
quiet, and nothing particular happened, till one day, when the
combers were assembled in full club at their house, the " Half
Moon," in Fore-street, a body of weavers passed by. As might
be expected, the rival parties exchanged compliments. From
words they fell to blows, and very soon a riot of the first magni-
tude was inaugurated. The terrified shop-keepers put up their
shutters and Fore-street was abandoned to the rage of the comba-
tants. It was a lively scene — stones and glass-bottles flying, clubs
and bats swaying, with the inevitable result that many poor fellows
had broken heads, aching limbs, and bleeding faces, and the less
excitable must have wished themselves well out of the mSlee.
Among the last was, no doubt, William Carrow. He was a weaver,
but refused to soil his hands with Irish worsted, and sided in the
present dispute with the combers. His fellow-workmen, hating
him as a renegade, got hold of him and threw him over Lowman
Bridge ; and he was dragged through the river till he was nearly
dead. For this barbarous usage he afterwards prosecuted his
assailants and recovered damages from them. In the midst of
the hurly-burly his Worship the Mayor appeared, armed with the
E-iot Act, but anarchy was now supreme, and he was not per-
mitted to read it Finding himself impotent and the mob
dangerous and insulting, he took the only course open to him and
called out the military. Under their protection he read the Act
and in a few moments the soldiers would have received the com-
mand to fire. The rioters, however, thought prudence the better
part of valour and dispersed, vowing vengeance on each other.
An effort was then made to accommodate matters. The merchants
and serge-makers signed a written agreement to limit the Irish
manufacture to twenty pieces a week, and to abandon even this,
on evidence being produced that it was detrimental to the
interests of the Tiverton combers. In order that the artisans
of Tiverton might have constant employment, the masters promised
to keep in the town a certain amount of work which they had
formerly put out to the surrounding villages. There certainly
appears to have been much reason in this offer and it is strange
that the combers did not at once close with it. Whether, how-
ever, they suspected the motives of the manufacturers and
regarded their proposal as being merely an attempt to introduce
the thin end of the wedge, or, on the contrary, thought it a sign
of weakness and a proof that by holding out they would gain all
that they had been contending for, certain it is that they rejected
the overture. As their attempts at conciliation were not well re-
ceived, the employers now hardened their hearts, believing, as

THE GEORGIAN EEA (I.) 189

Dunsford has it, that any further concessions " would be meanly
submitting to a mob and a foundation for further disputes." The
men stuck to their colours and rather than accept the preferred
terms, left for other centres of industry in search of employment,
but not finding that things were very much better elsewhere,
they gradually returned to their old quarters and made the best
of their hard lot. Whatever we may think of the justice of the
case, one fact is evident — the masters won the day. The
sympathies of the House of Commons were clearly with the
employers. Immediately on account of these disturbances, a
clause, which bore the name of the " combination clause," was
introduced into an Act of Parliament (22 George 2. c. 27)
rendering it felony to ill-treat, destroy, or injure either person or
property. The penalty was seven years' transportation. Nor
was that all. If any workmen should be convicted of combining,
under the influence of any bye-laws, rules, or orders made at any
unlawful club, he was to be imprisoned in the House of Correc-
tion and kept to hard labour for any term not exceeding three
months. This law was repealed by 6 George 4, c. 129.

The last time I alluded to the Corporation of Tiverton, it was
in connection with a contested election. The differences of
opinion which provoked that contest showed no signs of healing
as time went on — in fact, they grew worse, until the body, as
such, committed suicide. This painful occurrence took place in
1 723, on the occasion of Mayor-choosing. Samuel Burridge, who
then held the office, and certain other members, out of animosity
to the rest, absented themselves. Unable to enter the hall, their
opponents assembled on the stairs and elected John Tristram. As
a demonstration, this was no doubt very fine ; it proved that the
burgesses were free and independent, and would act as they
thought proper, without any reference to Samuel Burridge or
any great concern whether he was absent or present. Rather
awkwardly for them the presence of the chief magistrate was
essential in order that the election might be valid ; and to make
matters worse, the Corporation, not having fulfilled the con-
ditions specified in the charter, was ipso facto dissolved. Whether
the members anticipated this result and were riding, so to speak,
for a fall, it is too late to enquire ; such, ab any rate, was the law.
The Corporation having ceased to exist, the government of the
town reverted to the Lord of the Manor, the Portreeve, and the
County Magistrates. However, the'leading personages were not
inclined to acquiesce in this state of things as a permanency, and
efforts were soon made to obtain a new Charter. With this
object they addressed themselves to the inhabitants and invited
them to sign a petition. To be quite accurate, there were two
petitions, one being promoted by Samuel Burridge and Nathaniel
Thorne, the chiefs of the Conservative or Church party, and the
other by John Upcott and the Liberals. The design of the latter

190 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOKD

was to secure for the freemen generally the right of electing
representatives to Parliament, or, failing that, to prevent any
Charter whatever being granted and to merge the municipality in
the county. The Conservatives, on the other hand, were in
favour of the renewal of the old Charter. In spite of this they
seem to have been successful in persuading the inhabitants that
their aim was exactly that of their opponents — the extension of
the franchise ; and although, as Harding remarks, it is difficult to
see how this cajolery can have been practised, there is no doubt
that large numbers of people signed the petition got up by
Messrs. Thome and Burridge in the full belief that they would
thenceforward exercise a vote in the Parliamentary elections. It
was not until 1728 — the date of the next general election — that
they were undeceived, and then there was a pretty hubbub. The
voteless folk seem never to have become reconciled to their dis-
appointment ; they cherished a belief that there was some mistake,
or that persons in high quarters had taken advantage of some
technicality to exclude them from a privilege which was justly
theirs. The truth is that in the new Charter no mention was
made of Parliamentary representation, but, as it was virtually a
restoration of the old Charters, the authorities continued to act as
before and to limit the franchise to the corporators. The com-
munity in general, however, persisted in thinking that there had
been a vile conspiracy, and in 1778 counsel's opinion was taken on
the subject. The person selected was Mr. Sergeant Grlynn, and
the points submitted to his decision were as follows : (i.), whether
the right of voting at elections was vested in the Mayor and
Corporation only ; (ii.), whether, if the right was extended to the
inhabitants by the Charter, their claim was forfeited by prescrip-
tion ; (iii.), whether the Corporations of other towns exercised a
similar privilege ; and (iv.), what steps he would recommend them
to pursue. His reply was that the grant of the Charter was to the
inhabitants, and that, if the Charter had stopped there, it would
have been an incorporation of all the inhabitants ; but it did not
stop there, the establishment was of two burgesses to be elected
by the Mayor, Capital burgesses and Assistants, and a franchise
might be granted to a large community and be exercised by a
select part. He did not consider long usurpation would destroy a
right, although usage had great force in the construction of any-
thing doubtful in the Charter. He concluded by saying that there
were many towns of a similar constitution, and that he considered
in this instance the expense of litigation would be entirely
thrown away. This exposition of the law, though hardly satis-
factory to Mr. Grlynn' s clients, was an effectual discouragement to
any action based on the assumption that the conduct of the
Corporation was illegal. It did not, however, quiet the aspirations
of the people of Tiverton for a share in the election of the repre-
sentatives. In 1782, four years after Sergeant Glynn's pronounce-

THE GEORGIAN EEA (I.) 191

ment, a public meeting was held in the Church-house and yard,
at which Mr. Martin Dunsford, the future historian of Tiverton,
took the chair. The proceedings were tolerably harmonious, for
on a petition for electoral reform being produced and read out, the
Rev. William Wood, Curate of Prior's Portion, was the sole
dissentient. The petition was then taken from house to house,
and, as shewing the unanimity of the inhabitants, not ten men
exclusive of the Corporation refused to sign.

The following is a copy :

" The humble petition of the Gentlemen, Merchants, Traders,
and Manufacturers, inhabitants of the borough of Tiverton, in the
County of Devon, sheweth,

" That your Petitioners have been deprived of the great
privilege of being represented in Parliament ; that a Corporation
of 24 men only (many of them not resident and placemen chosen
by themselves) elect two representatives for this borough,
containing upwards of 5,000 inhabitants ; an exclusive advantage,
of which there are few (if any) exam pies besides in the Kingdom.

" Your Petitioners most humbly beg leave to observe, that a
representation so confined and disproporuoned, is not only
injurious to themselves, but a great national grievance ; insufficient
to procure in future the blessings of a free constitution, and
unlikely to speak the voice of the people.

" Your Petitioners do.therefore, earnestly intreat this House to
consider the subject of this Petition, in humble confidence that
this House will seriously attend to their complaint and grant
them such redress, in common with their fellow subjects through-
out the kingdom, as the wisdom of this honourable House shall
approve.

" And your Petitioners will ever pray, &c."

The petition was presented by Mr. James Townsend,
Alderman of the City of London and member for Calne. It was
opposed by the representatives of the Corporation, and ordered
to lie on the table with other documents of a similar tendency.

In 1724, however, all this was still in the bosom of the future
and the people welcomed their Charter with an effusiveness
which was strangely at variance with the actual circumstances of
the case. On the 24th of December the precious script was
brought from London by Counsellor Manning, and the Welling-
ton-road near Gornhay was blocked'for a distance of a quarter of
a mile by a crowd of eager spectators assembled to witness his
arrival. The Charter having been duly delivered to the Town
Clerk at Hunt's House, it was escorted by a procession into the
town. At the head rode a party of horsemen, \\ ho discoursed
sweet music with trumpets, French horns, and kettle-drums.
Next to them rode the Town Clerk, Mr. John Richards, dressed
in a blue cloak trimmed with gold lace and so ample as almost to
envelope his horse. He carried the Charter on the horse's neck,

192 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOBD

in a box which was covered with velvet and edged with gold
lace. Following him came Counsellor Manning in his carriage,
and other coaches (whether occupied or not, is not stated) also
attended. Many hundreds of horsemen and the crowd of
spectators before mentioned brought up the rear. In this order
the procession made its way up Gold-street to the Three Tuns
(now the Palmerston Hotel); then turning up into Bampton-
street, it paused before the house of the new Mayor, Mr.
Nathaniel Thome, when three cheers were given and drink was
supplied to all who cared to partake of it. A similar scene was
enacted before the house of the late Mayor, Mr. Samuel
Burridge, in St. Peter-street, after which the company proceeded
to the Town Hall, where the Charter was read out in Latin. For
the rest of the day, and, indeed, the greater part of the following
week, the town gave itself up to feasting, little dreaming of the
disappointment in store for it. Some, however, were better
informed. It is recorded that Mr. Shobrooke, an attorney,
observed, as he listened to the shouting populace, that the inhabi-
tants would yet curse the day when this Charter was granted.

It is to be regretted that no account has been left to us of the
election of 1728, although it is very evident from Dunsford's
remarks that it did not pass off without considerable friction. On
the other hand, we do happen to possess some particulars of the
election of 1754, which may therefore serve as a pattern. The
members of the various working-men's clubs and the labouring
people generally were obstinate in believing that they had as
much right to vote as any member of the Corporation, and it
would seem that a Mr. Ballaman, who is described as an " eminent
attorney," and who, if anyone, ought to know the law on the
subject, had a great deal to do in confirming this impression.
Two months before the date of the election the artisans wrote
a letter to Sir Dudley Ryder, who was then one of the representa-
tives of Tiverton, setting forth their claim and attempting to
shew the reasonableness of it. No misconduct, they maintained,
on the part of their forefathers and predecessors could possibly
affect their electoral privileges, which they besought him to use
his influence to restore. On the dissolution of Parliament being
notified to them, the members of the societies before mentioned
— wool-combers, weavers, scribblers, and the like — met at their
respective clubs daily, to consult as to the best means of achieving
their end. Whether by any device of mortal man they could
have succeeded in getting votes, may be doubted, but they
certainly aired their grievance and made themselves a distinct
nuisance. They held nocturnal assemblies, and beat brass pans
partly us a signal for their own members, and partly to strike
terror into their natural enemies, the Corporators. The result
was as we might expect. The Corporation were greatly alarmed
and the Mayor, in particular, is said to have been horribly

THE GEOEGIAN EKA (I.) 193

frightened. Not feeling himself safe, he applied to the War
Office for protection, and soon after a troop of the Inniskilling
dragoons, under the command of Lieutenant Suttie, rode into the
town with drawn swords and with all the pomp and circumstance
of war. Their arrival, however, produced very little impression on
the people. They were still determined, if possible, to prevent
the members of the Corporation going to the Town Hall on the
day of election or taking any steps, unless their votes were
included ; and they waited impatiently the appointed time, which
was purposely kept secret. On the 17th of April a false report
was circulated that the election was to come off on that day.
Thereupon working men assembled in the Castle-yard, churchyard,
and sheep-pens, their usual rendezvous ; and seven or eight
hundred of them walked in procession, with the colours of their
different societies, to the house of the Mayor, adjoining St.
George's Chapel. One of them sent in a paper, but as the
answer was not satisfactory, the crowd became demonstrative.
Whether he was ill or afraid, the Mayor kepb indoors. The
Justice behaved with more spirit. He sent for the Town Clerk
and caused him to read the Riot Act in his presence, at the
Mayor's door. The procession was then re-formed and the people
marched through Fore-street, without any harm being done, to
the Three Tuns, this being the head-quarters of the military.
Here the dragoons were drawn up in line. The word " huzza "
may mean anything in Dunsford, but taking the word in its
ordinary acceptation, the people went by cheering and waving
their colours. The conduct of the Justice at this point was, to
say the least, eccentric. As far as can be made out, he seems to
have set himself to provoke a breach of the peace, or rather he
assumed that such a breach existed, whereas up to the present
the crowd had been most orderly. It was no doubt extremely
inconvenient to have large bodies of men parading the town for
the purpose of stopping the election, but he might at any rate
have had the decency to wait for some overt act of aggression
before resorting to extremities. Instead of doing so, he bustled
over to the Three Tuns and ordered the Town Clerk, who had
accompanied him, to read the Biot Act a second time. After this
he told the officer of the dragoons that now was the time to
execute his office. The soldiers thereupon prepared to attack,
and rode about the town with drawn swords. Meanwhile it had
leaked out that the election was not to be held on that day, and
the working men adjourned to the Castle and Church-yards to
refresh themselves with one or two hogsheads of cider which they
had subscribed for and brought to the spot. By this time they
numbered at least a thousand. The Justice heard what was going
on, and dreading the consequences of their drinking, went up to
the sheep-pens with the Town Clerk and had the Eiot Act read a
third time. He then tried to get the people to disperse, but in
o

194 THE CHEONICLES OP TWTFOED

vain. They said they would lose their lives rather than their
birthrights, meaning, of course, the right of election. They now
walked in procession with the object of celebrating the victory of
Culloden, and carried before them was a large silk flag, display-
ing on the one side the Duke of Cumberland, and George II. on
the other. The Justice on his part returned to the Three Tuns,
whither he was followed by a crowd of workmen, hurrahing and
clapping their hands. Certain of the dragoons then proceeded
to the sheep-pens and attempted to make some arrests. This
occasioned general resistance, and, after some bloodshed, the
soldiers retreated without having effected their purpose.

Whilst the Justice was engaged in swearing in additional
constables at the Three Tuns, the people again formed in pro-
cession and marched, with their half-pikes and colours, from the
sheep-pens by way of St. Peter-street to Fore-street. Here the
dragoons, summoned to arms by beat of drum, were drawn up on
horse-back, with their swords drawn and their bayonets fixed,
waiting for the word of command. The people, who must either
have been intolerably dull or drunk with their potations of
cider, quite failed to realise the serious aspect of things, and, in
passing the soldiers, broke out into cheers. The officer, seeing
them press forward, ordered his men to prevent them from doing
any mischief, and shortly after, gave the word to attack. No
provocation had yet been offered, and the responsibility for this
very questionable act must be divided between the Justice and the
officer in charge of the military. There is no doubt that
Lieutenant Suttie instigated the Justice to order the attack. He
was heard to say " Give me leave, sir, to order the men to
fire, and you shall see the fellows hop like peas." On the other
hand, it is perfectly evident that the Justice did not need to be
instigated, and, being an older man, he ought to have restrained
the subaltern's impetuosity. However, the soldiers were let
loose. They began by knocking down a number of people with
their muskets. Then they rode through the streets hacking
with their broadswords and stabbing with their bayonets
wherever they perceived the least sign of resistance. Those who
fled were pursued, their colours taken and cut to pieces. A good
many people were severely wounded and went home covered with
blood. Among others a man named Henry Woodrowffe, a fuller,
was terribly injured. He afterwards employed Mr. Cannington, an
attorney, who had witnessed the affray, to assist him in recovering
damages ; and the Justice 'and officers of the dragoons were so
uncertain of their conduct that they agreed to make ample
reparation for the hurts the people had sustained. One incident
in the contest must on no account be passed over. While the
troopers were dashing about in the execution of their orders, some
women seized Lieutenant Suttie by the collar and took away his
sword, which he never recovered. This was a sore blow to his

THE GEORGIAN EEA (I.) 195

pride, and a favourite subject of banter on the part of his friends
who, very cruelly, would not allow him to forget his skirmish with
the women and the inglorious loss of his weapon. If Lieutenant
Suttie was in the wrong, and there is little doubt that he was, he
certainly succumbed to a nemesis, which, though grotesque, was yet
the exact fulfilment of poetical justice. After this the Corporation
appear to have proceeded with the election of their representatives,
undisturbed.

The name of the Mayor who played such a sorry part in this
affair was Mr. Oliver Peard. As I have already mentioned, he
was Churchwarden in 1714, when the Corporation seats were
erected. At the time of his mayoralty, therefore, he must have
been rather advanced in years and in judging his conduct at this
crisis, we ought perhaps to make some allowance for age and
infirmity. He is said to have been the greatest merchant who
ever lived in Tiverton. This, of course, was before the days of
Mr. Heathcoat, whose enormous concern quite eclipses all previous
enterprises. For the first sixty years of the eighteenth century,
however, Mr. Oliver Peard was virtual King of Tiverton. Besides
his house in Fore-street he had another at Bolham, which was a
kind of retreat. It was he who planted the rows of lime-trees,
which, with a Dutch regularity, line the road to Bolham ; and he
also enclosed a part of Bolham-hill with a stone wall for a
paddock and fishponds, which wall is still in existence to bear
witness of the fact, but the paddock and fishponds are no more.
He made likewise what Dunsford calls " an elegant canal " at the
entrance of the village, but, the canal having been converted into
a ditch, all its elegance has disappeared. In consequence of these
improvements Bolham became a very popular resort, and not many
years ago the stump of a tree was still standing near Hartnolls, in
which was an iron ring said to have been used in bear-baiting. The
death of Mr. Peard in 1765 caused a profound sensation, as being
likely to produce disastrous effects on the commerce of the town.
It was not known at the time that his family would continue the
business, and among all the merchants of Tiverton no one
seemed adequate to take his place. The same year died two
other traders of note, Mr. John London and Mr. Veysey ; and thus
three vacancies were created among the Capital Burgesses.

Whether the inhabitants usually took much interest in these
elections or were absorbed by the question of the Parliamentary
franchise, is not very evident, but on this occasion, when the
prosperity of the place was at stake, the people were wrought
up to a state of frantic excitement, and behaved with a ferocity
of which they had good reason to be ashamed. The explanation
is as follows : Several of the woollen manufacturers were
desirous that one of the vacancies in the Corporation should be
filled by Mr. Charles Baring, a merchant of Exeter, who had taken a
house in St. Peter-street some little time previously and had shown
o2

196 THE CHEONICLES OP TWYFOKD

a practical interest in the place by giving orders for goods to
various firms in the woollen trade. It was considered that if he
were elected to a seat in the Corporation, he would be willing to
extend his business very considerably, and thus the loss of traffic
which was apprehended through the death of Mr. Oliver Peard
would be made good. A number of persons, therefore, waited
on the Mayor and Corporation, requesting them to elect Mr.
Baring. The majority of those present engaged to do so, and the
Mayor promised to call a hall for the purpose on the 12th of June.
The artisans, on receiving this assurance, were immensely elated,
as they had been under fears, that owing to a scarcity of work
they would have to leave their wives and families and travel about
in search of employment. These fears were now set at rest, and,
in their jubilation at the brighter prospect which had opened out
before them, they organized a grand procession and after march-
ing round the town, with the colours of their respective societies,
returned in the same peaceful manner to their homes. In the
meantime the Mayor and his confreres seem to have thought over
the matter at their leisure, and various considerations presented
themselves which made them regret the decision they had
arrived at. Conflicting accounts are given of what actually took
place. One report says that the Mayor was guilty of higgling
over the election and tried to make the best bargain he
could for himself. Another version is that Mr. Baring's claims
were exorbitant. He wanted to have the other two vacancies
supplied by his brother and a friend. A still more ambitious
scheme was attributed to him. It was alleged that his design
was to lay the members of the Corporation under obligations to
him in business, to monopolise all power and influence over that
body, and, on this foundation, to obtain the receivership of the
land-tax in the County of Devon. Finally, either himself or his
brother was to be one of the representatives of the borough at
the next Parliamentary election. The Mayor and his party
declared that they could nob admit a man who entertained
such views to their board. If they did, they would revert
to the position of subserviency which they had occupied during
the life-time of Mr. Oliver Peard. It was argued also that if Mr.
Baring obtained the receivership, he would use the large sums
passing through his hands as private capital and would destroy the
other manufacturers, who, with their limited resources, would
have no chance of competing with him. The raison d'etre of the
Corporation, it is clear, was to look after their own glorious
selves. (Subsequently it became known, apropos of the receiver-
ship, that the interest of the Corporation was given to the
individual appointed for an annuity of £80 and a pipe of port wine
yearly !) Unable to obtain from Baring the premium required,
the Mayor refused to call a hall on the day fixed. His decision
greatly enraged the weavers and wool-combers, who had been

THE GEORGIAN ERA (I.) 197

given to understand that the majority of the Council were in
favour of Mr. Baring. They determined, therefore, if possible, to
compel his Worship to call a hall for the election immed-
iately. Now the Mayor, Mr. Webber, lived at Bolham.
On his coming into the town, on the 12th of June, he
was beset by a croivd of artisans who followed him through
the streets to the Angel Inn, and surrounding the hotel like
famished wolves, insisted that he should vote for Mr. Baring.
At length, growing impatient, they broke into the inn through
the windows, the greater number of them being women.
Then, dashing into the room where the Mayor was, they
insulted him by pulling off his wig, striking him, and threatening
to kill him, if he did not at once comply with their demands.
These were that he should sign a paper, which they produced,
binding him to vote for Mr. Baring and to call a hall within eight
days for the purpose of electing him. Under these circumstances,
and, believing that his life was in danger, the Mayor signed the
paper and swore to perform faithfully all that was there written.
They then visited in succession other members of the Corporation,
insulted them in like manner, and by threatening their lives and
property, forced them to sign the paper. The Mayor now issued
a notice that he should hold a meeting on the 17th of June for
the purpose of electing three Burgesses and three Assistants to fill
the vacancies in the Corporation This occurred on the 14th,
while he was still labouring under the effects of his recent perse-
cution. He was, however, no more convinced of the desirability
of having Mr. Baring in the Corporation than before ; and two
days later, not thinking himself accountable for a promise thus
violently wrung from him, he plucked up courage and determined
to fight it out. Without regularly withdrawing the notices, he
sent his beadle to the members of the Corporation to say, that he
could not be present at the hall the next day ; and he despatched
the following note to the Town Clerk :

Bolham, June 16, 1765.

Sir,

I desire you will immediately recall the notices that have been
given out to the gentlemen of the corporation, requiring their
attendance, to fill the corporation, on Monday, by ten o'clock, as
1 am obliged to be out of town ; and bring me fresh notices to b«
delivered out when I return to hold the court on Tuesday next.

John Webber, Mayor.

Whether the Beadle and the Town Clerk failed to carry out
their instructions or the " gentlemen of the corporation " too
vividly remembered the threats and intimidation of the mob to
brave a further demonstration — at any rate on the 17th of June,
in conformity with the Mayor's notices, sixteen members of the
council appeared at the Town House, and of these no fewer than

198 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOED

fourteen signified their intention to vote for Baring. It was
impossible, however, in the absence of the Mayor, to proceed with
the election. Meanwhile the artisans had assembled, to the
number of three hundred and more, first in the Oat-market on
Angel-hill and then in the Churchyard, where more suo they con-
sumed some hogsheads of cider. Having heard that the Mayor
kept away, and that consequently any proceedings of the Corpor-
ation would be invalid, they resolved, if they could, to find him,
drag him to the hall, and compel him to hold the election willy-
nilly. In point of fact, it was already too late in the day for the
election to take place, but inflamed with cider and patriotism, the
weavers and wool-combers searched several houses in the town,
menaced the absconding functionary with death, and offered a
reward for his discovery. As these efforts proved of no use, they
set out for Bolham, where they smashed the windows of the
Mayor's dwelling-house, broke open the doors, demolished the
furniture and drank several bottles of wine and rum. They
assaulted the servants, ruined the garden, and greatly injured the
house itself ; broke down and destroyed five cloth-racks or
tenters, the property of Mr. Webber, in a field hard by, and
almost completely wrecked a large weir, three hundred feet long
and nearly twenty wide, in the river Exe, by which water was
conveyed to some fulling mills belonging to the Mayor. The
houses of several of his tenants also were attacked and much
injured ; and in the evening threatening billets were scattered
about the village. These blood-curdling and mystical missives
read as follows : " If any person shall lay any information against
any person or persons when the northen storm fell at Bolham,
distruction, yea, inevitable ruin, shall attend them."

Previous to these outrages the artisans adopted another method,
commonly known in our day as " boycotting." They had held
frequent meetings at their clubs, and as the result of their
deliberations, had written to several members of the Corporation
informing them that unless they voted for Mr. Baring, they would
have no one to work for them. In like manner they put up
notices in various parts of the town, that, if anyone traded with
such members, the combers and weavers and their families would
renounce all dealings with him. To add to its stringency they
imposed a fine on any member of their societies who should break
this resolution. The consequence was that the business of several
members of the Corporation was brought to a standstill and
remained in this state until some time after the election. Mean-
while where was the Mayor ? I am afraid history returns no
answer to this question, but his reasons for being out of town are
less doubtful. He had foreseen what a disturbance would ensue
when his refusal to hold a court became known, and as he had
no doubt the same regard for his life as other mortals, preferred
not to court "distruction, yea, inevitable ruin" by remaining

THE GEORGIAN ERA (I.) 199

V.

when such a course could do no possible good. But ho had
no intention as yet to resign the town to the workpeople. He
PUL himself in communication with the Secretary for War, and on
the 18th of June about two hundred men of the 23rd Regiment,
or the Welsh Fusiliers, marched into the town. By some sort of
backstairs influence, also, he seems to have got a member of the
Corporation who was in the army, removed, while another who
was in the War Office, and who had been away from the town for
twenty years, promised to vote on the Mayor's side. Four resident
members who had agreed to elect Mr. Baring were now converted
to the opposite course. What induced them to recant, it is
impossible to say. Dunsford thinks money, or liquor, or both, but
it is conceivable that they may really have been hostile to Mr.
Baring from the first, and only dared to give expression to their
views when under military protection. Having in this way pre-
pared the ground, the Mayor gave notice that a common hall
would be held on the first of July to fill up the vacancies in the
Corporation. On the 30th of June, the day preceding the
election, the town was in a great commotion. The artisans still
stuck to their demand that Mr. Baring should be elected, and
there was a rumour that they were to be re-inforced by thousands
more from other places, and that by means of their combined
efforts the Corporation would be terrified into submission.
Nothing of the sort, however, occurred. The fateful day arrived,
the three vacancies were filled, and Mr. Baring was not chosen.
The successful candidates were Messrs. George Lewis and Richard
Enchmarch, merchants, of Tiverton, and Mr. John Duntze,
merchant, of Exeter.* Eleven votes were recorded for them, and
ten for Mr. Baring, who was thus left out in the cold. The fury
and indignation of the people, when the result was announced,
were indescribable. Before the Corporation had time to emerge,
a large crowd attacked the Town House with a shower of stones,
beat down the windows, assaulted the Mayor and those members
of the Corporation who had not voted for Mr. Baring, as they
came out of the hall, and pelted them in the streets on their way
home.

* In 1834, on the occasion of the " Corporation Enquiry," a certain
shorthand writer — I believe it was the late Isaac Latimer — attended to
take notes for Mr. Heathcoat. The old Town Clerk, Mr. Wood, was
under examination, when an interesting discovery was made, A scrap
of paper was found in the archives of the Old Corporation, which a sense
of decency should have led them to destroy before the commission was
opened in the town. The paper was to the following- effect : " The
undersigned recommend to Mr. Pitt the appointment of Sir John Duntze
as Surveyor-General of Taxes for South Devon ; and the condition on
which they recommend him is, that he shall reside and keep his offices
in Tiverton : and that he shall pay to the,Corporation eighty pounds !\
year and a pipe of wine ! " When the shorthand writer got hoid of tin*
Treasurer's book, one of the Corporators sprang forward in a fury of
apprehension, which indicated plainly enough the pain which the expo-

200 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOBD

On the 2nd of July information was received against several
persons who had taken part in the riot at the Mayor's house at
Bolham. Two of them, named John and Francis Lock, were
arrested and ordered to be sent, under proper guard, to the
county gaol. As they were being escorted out of the town, a
crowd assembled with the intention, it was supposed, of rescuing
them. The officers, therefore, requested the attendance of the Mayor,
to prevent violence being attempted. The Mayor complied, but
the crowd were in an angry humour. Some of them declared
that the prisoners should not be conveyed to Exeter, and the
conduct of a Eobert G-ooding was particularly threatening. He
seems to have constituted himself the ringleader, and to have called
energetically for a rescue. In the height of his audacity he
actually collared the Mayor, while stones were thrown both at the
magistrate and the guards. For the moment there seemed every
probability of some wild work. The Mayor, however, acted with
promptitude. He ordered Gooding to be taken into custody with
the others and committed him to prison for attempted rescue.
It was then about nine o'clock in the evening ; and some of the
rioters, observing the firmness of the guard, returned to their
homes. Oohers of them hastened to Silverton, through which
place the detachment would have to pass, and warned the
inhabitants. Silverton. like Tiverton, seems to have been largely
dependent on the woollen manufacture, and consequently there
was complete sympathy and solidarity between the industrial
classes in the two centres. The Silverton weavers and wool-
combers, therefore, prepared a warm reception for the escort
whenever it should make its appearance. The guard, it should
be said, was a mixed one, consisting, of ten constables and
twenty -four soldiers. On their approaching Silverton the
constables appear to have gone on before to obtain quarters,
while the soldiers halted at the head of the town in charge of the
prisoners. ' To the devoted ten it was like walking into a hornet's
nest. People shut their doors in their faces and they were
obliged to remain all night in the streets, where they were beaten
and bruised, wounded and shamefully handled by the enraged

sure would bring upon them. This paper, addressed to Mr. Pitt, was
signed by the " whole boiling " of them. The Minister sent it back,
requiring the Corporation to make their own terms with the object of
their patronage. It was beneath his dignity even to know that such
things were done at Tiverton. The bargain was made in part. Sir John
paid the £80 and the pipe of wine, but slipped out of the restriction as
to domicile, and resided in the house which is now the office of the
Western Times, at Exeter. The money and wine were duly delivered till
Joseph Hume, making the tax consumers the object of his persistent
attention, the honourable baronet first dropped the £80 and subsequently
the wine was not given, Finally the story came out in the enquiry, as
has been stated.

THE GEOKGIAN EEA (I.) 201

multitude. The soldiers, hearing of the state of things in the
town and wishing to avoid bloodshed, made a detour through
some fields and reached Exeter, with their prisoners, early the
next morning. A month later the defendants were put on their
trial at the assizes, and, having been found guilty, were sentenced
to a fine of 13s. 4d. each, and, in addition, six months' imprison-
ment.

There is extant, bearing upon this affair, an order of vestry
dated July 21st. 1765 :

" Whereas an anonymous letter without any date was yester-
day found in the garden belonging to the dwelling-house of Mr.
George Cruwys, of Tiverton, aforesaid, threatening to Fire his
house or Murder him, if he did not put the sum of 12 guineas
under his back door between the hours of 12 and 2 to help the
Prisoners :

" Ordered that application be forthwith made to one of the
Secretaries of State to request his Majesty's pardon to any Accom-
plice or Accomplices of the person that write or placed the letter
in the said Garden, or to any other person or persons that will
discover the Author or writer of the said letter, so that he, she, or
they may be convicted thereof (excepting the person thereof
who write and dropt the same). And it is likewise ordered that
the Churchwardens should pay such person or persons as aforesaid
the sum of .£50, which said money to be paid again by the
Parishioners."

At first, perhaps, the authorities intended to treat the two
Poxes, with their companion Gooding, as scape-goats — the reader
must forgive the " bull ", if there is one — but subsequently fresh
warrants were issued. The worthy arcisans, who were the sub-
jects of these instruments, when they came to realise all that they
imported, made very wry faces. Besides having to leave their
wives and families, a proceeding which they had always disliked,
they were kept for a long time in suspense as to their ultimate
fate, and generally, were shown no consideration whatever by the
representatives of the law. The consequence was that the hearts
of the wool-combers sank within them, and down, at any rate,
to the year 1790, there were no more outbreaks of the
sort. Some of the persons against whom warrants were
issued must have absconded and remained away a considerable
time. This is evident from a notice addressed by the Clerk of
Assize to the Constable of the Hundred and others, calling on
them to " apprehend the bodies of Elizabeth Saunders, late of the
parish of Tiverton, spinster, and John Doe, who stand indicted
for an assault on John Webber, Mayor, of the borough of Tiver-
ton." The notice is dated 1771, and signed

" J. FOLLETT, Clerk of Assize."

During the summer of 1766, the year following these dis-
turbances, Mr. Webber's house at Bolham was burnt to the

202 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

ground. The occurrence may, of course, have been accidental,
but, bearing in mind the repeated threats of the mob, it is more
likely to have been the result of vindictiveness on the part of
his enemies, who, afraid any longer to act openly, adopted
this clandestine method of making him smart.

Between 1726 and 1788 a succession of fires occurred at Tiver-
ton. The great fire of 1731 has been noticed elsewhere. Apart
from this the most serious outbreaks were in 1730, 1762, 1785,
and 1788. On the first mentioned date about fifteen houses were
burnt down in Newport and Castle-streets. The event happened
on a Sunday, when the respectable inhabitants were at church
or chapel. Suddenly, while the Rev. William Mervin was preach-
ing someone burst into St. Peter's with a cry of " Fire." Great
consternation was caused, and the service having been closed,
the congregation devoted themselves to the task of suppressing
the flames. In May, 1762, a fire broke out on Angel-hill which
was subdued with some difficulty after twenty houses had been
destroyed. On May 14th, 1785, a still worse conflagration oc-
curred. It began in the house of Matthew Marshall, a mason
living in Westexe-south, and during its progress it consumed
forty-seven houses, not including out-houses and stables, and
eight houses were pulled down to check its advance. The fire
lasted from ten o'clock in the evening till three the next morn-
ing, and occasioned a loss estimated at £2,000. Three years
later, on;' the anniversary of this event, a fire broke out in the
house of Moses Carter, a baker, who lived on the west side of St.
Peter-street, and close to the churchyard gate. As the result
twenty houses were destroyed.

In 1741 there was an epidemic of "spotted fever" in Tiverton, and
636 persons, or nearly a twelfth of the entire population, perished
of the disease. It v as no uncommon thing for ten or eleven
funerals to meet in the churchyard, and, to prevent unnecessary
alarm, the tolling of the bell was omitted. About this time there
appears to have been a good deal of distress in the manufacturing
districts, and consequently the prisons were crowded. This, and
the disgraceful neglect then usual in such places, generated
gaol fever, the effects of which were by no means confined to the
first and most obvious victims. A writer in the Gentleman s
Magazine for the year 1743, in giving some particulars of the
plague, states that it was a most fatal disease " of which 100
died, in one prison at Exeter, in the space of a year, and which
killed thousands in the county (as set forth in a petition from
Halberton), between Taunton and Exeter, particularly at Tiver-
ton, in which town 700 died in fifteen months, and the parish
was at the expense of 500 coffins." In 1744, the Mayor, T.
Cholwich, Esq., and the Corporation were displeased with the Town
Clerk and determined to remove him. There seems to have been
no difficulty in this, as they were armed with full powers by the

THE GEORGIAN ERA (I.) 203

Charter, but wishing to proceed in due form, they obtained
counsel's opinion on the subject, and the obnoxious clerk was dis-
missed. In 1745, the year of the Jacobite rising, the Mayor,
Corporation, Clergy, and principal inhabitants of the town sent a
loyal address to his Majesty King George II. through Sir William
Tounge, member for Honiton. It was introduced by the Eight
Honourable Earl Cowper, one of the Lords in Waiting, and
his Majesty received it very graciously. The address was as
follows :

To the King's most excellent Majesty, —

We, your Majesty's most dutiful Subjects, the Mayor, Corpor-
ation, Clergy, and principal Inhabitants of all denominations of
the Liberty of Tiverton, in the County of Devon, with hearts full
of loyal affection for your Majesty's sacred Person, and with a
grateful sense of the many and great blessings which are secured
to us under the present Government, as established in your Royal
House, humbly beg leave to assure your Majesty of our utter
abhorrence and detestation of that unnatural Rebellion lately
begun in Scotland, and now raging in the North of England, in
favour of a Popish abjured Pretender, tending with hasty steps
towards the subversion of all that can be dear to Britons, our
Religious and Civil Liberties. May the Almighty Providence
which is the only true Guardian and Protector of Religious
Princes and States, prosper your Majesty's endeavours in support
of your own lawful Rights and the defence of a Free People.
But that we may not only contribute towards this happy event
by our good wishes : We, whose names are hereunto subscribed,
have voluntarily and readily associated ourselves, and do most
heartily unite in the defence of your Majesty's Person and
Government, and in the mutual support of each other, to the
hazard of our lives and fortunes, against all domestic Rebels and
foreign Invaders : And we do jointly and severally oblige our-
selves to carry this association into execution, in such manner
and under such regulations, as your Majesty shall be pleased to

direct

November 21st, 3745.

In 1 750 the Rev. John Wesley arrived in Tiverton. Appar-
ently this was his first visit in a preaching capacity, but it is
quite likely that he had been here before, as his brother, the Rev.
Samuel Wesley, was head master of the Grammar School from
1734 to 1739. The latter did not like Tiverton. Writing to his
brother Charles, who had gone as a missionary to Indians and
colonists in Georgia, he says: — "I am in a desert, as well as
you, having no conversable creature but my wife, till my mother
came last week." Like other members of his family Samuel
Wesley had a turn for verse composition and was the author
of the following sonorous lines on Peter Blundell :

204 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOBD

" Exempt from sordid and ambitious views,

Blest with the art to gain, and heart to use ;

Not satisfied with life's poor span alone,

Blundell through ages sends his blessing down.

Since worth to raise, and learning to support,

A patriarch's life-time had appeared, too short ;

While letters gain esteem in Wisdom's eyes,

Till justice is extinct, and mercy dies :

His alms perpetual, not confined by time.

Last with the world, and end. but with mankind (eheu !)."

Samuel Wesley, who was the eldest brother of the Founder of
Methodism, bore the reputation of a sour-tempered man. Eeally
he was kind and generous, especially to his brothers, to whose
needs during their college days he contributed most liber-
ally. He did not at all approve of their theological beliefs
and vainly attempted to convince them that they were in error.
Samuel Wesley died comparatively young, in 1739, and a monu-
ment was erected to his memory in St. George's Churchyard, where
it yet stands. To return to John Wesley : he seems to have
delivered addresses in the open air in various parts of the town,
but his head-quarters were the Corn Market in Bampton-street.
On the occasion of Wesley's first visit no opposition was offered to
his preaching, but in 1751, when the same eminent divine again
appeared in the town, a different feeling prevailed. His second
visit took place in September, during the Mundell Celebration ;
and a number of gentlemen's servants happened to be in Tiverton
in attendance on their masters. As these Jeameses found the
time hang somewhat heavy, they tried to work up a little excite-
ment by organizing an attack on the Methodists. Preceded by
drum and fife, and accompanied by a large crowd of on-lookers,
they made their way to the Market-House, where Mr. Wesley
was holding forth, and by their persistent interruptions obliged
him to stop. It would appear that this apostle of evangelicalism
was in considerable danger of personal violence and only escaped
injury through the kindness of a gentleman in helping him to
depart. After this the Methodists were the objects of continual
persecution, and the people of the town, both high and low, lost
no opportunity of shewing them that they were not wanted.
Dunsford has recorded two rather interesting anecdotes relating
to these attempts. " In the course of these violent proceedings
some time near the latter end of the year 1752, the Mayor of
Tiverton, in company, asked a respectable gentleman, who sat
near him, what he thought of the Methodees and their religion ;
and whether he did not think it right that they should be driven
out of the town and be obliged to shut up preaching their non-
sensical stuff here? — ' I think, Mr. Mayor, you had much better
follow the counsel of Gamaliel to the Jews, and leave them and
their religion to themselves.' — ' What ! do you think so, Sir ?
Do you consider, Sir, what little reason there is for any new

THE GEORGIAN ERA (I.)

religion in Tiverton ? Another way of going to Heaven, when
there are now so many ? You know, Sir, there is the Old Church
and the New Church, that is one religion : then there is Parson
Kiddell's, at the Pitt Meeting ; Parson Westcott's in Peter-
street ; and the Old Parson Terry's at the Meeting in Newport-
street. Four ways of going to Heaven already. Enough, in
conscience, I think, and if they won't go to Heaven by one or

other of these ways, by G they shan't go to Heaven at all

whilst I am Mayor of Tiverton.' " The other anecdote is this :

" A Methodist preacher, named Wildbore, about this time, was
distinguished by his active zeal to gain proselytes in the villages
of Halberton, Sandford, and other places in the neighbourhood
of Tiverton. The attention paid to this man by multitudes which
flocked daily to his preaching, gave great offence to some clergy-
men and gentlemen living in or near those villages, who felt
themselves neglected in proportion to his success ; they, therefore,
encouraged such abusive attacks and interruptions as above
described, to make him desist from preaching ; but finding these
schemes ineffectual, two of them (I think in the commission)
determined to make the law an engine of oppression and to drive
him by it out of the country. The better to complete their
purpose they applied to Mr. Henley, rector of Up-Lowman,
Justice of the Peace, and brother of Lord Chancellor Northington,
to assist them in the prosecution ; and represented to him the
necessity of so doing, to prevent the common people from wholly
neglecting the Churches, their daily labour and necessary duties
of life. To this application Henley replied— ' 1 have read in the
New Testament that St. Paul fought with wild beasts at Ephesus;

and if you cannot fight with one Wild Boar, by G I will

not help you.' '

The leading spirit in these attacks seems to have been a
clergyman, named Ward, who, by his misconduct had succeeded
in getting himself " unfrocked," or, at any rate, had lost all chance
of obtaining active employment in the Church. So, having
nothing better to do, he was induced to go to Tiverton for the
purpose of preaching down the Methodists. His visit, however,
was productive of anything but this result. His sermons, the
profanity of his conversation, and the bad company he kept, led
many persons who were not previously interested in the subject,
to look favourably on the Methodists, and to suspect that after all
their efforts in the cause of reform were not altogether needless.
Finding that preaching would not do, Ward turned to the law,
and more than thirty Dissenters were indicted, one unfortunate
and perfectly innocent female, for assault, and the rest for fre-
quenting conventicles, unlawful assemblies etc. The Eecorder,
Richard Parminter, Esq., declared that these indictments were
illegal and did all in his power to discourage such prosecutions.
Mr. Parminter was evidently very much in earnest. It is stated

206 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

that he shook his head at the Mayor, as they sat on the bench,
to show how gravely he disapproved of his conduct and that of his
confederates. At length, after fifteen months of molestation and
abuse, the Methodists were left to themselves.* In 1757 the
first local preacher, William Roberts, was appointed, and the
following year a meeting-house was opened at the back of some
cottages in St. Peter-street.

The present chapel in St. Peter-street was commenced in 1814,
the nucleus of the building fund being a legacy of =£500 left by
Mr. Bere, of Puddington, for the benefit of Methodism in the
county of Devon. The whole of this legacy was absorbed by
Tiverton. As it was built in war times the chapel was very
costly, and the Rev. James Jones (Superintendent of the Circuit
in 1816) undertook an almost Herculean task in collecting funds
in order to relieve the trustees of the Methodist property from
their financial difficulties. No " Chapel Fund " was then in
existence, nor was there any " standing order " prohibiting
collections for local objects being made anywhere. James Jones
travelled from north to south and from east to west, and happily
succeeded in realizing about £500, which saved the trustees from a
financial collapse, and a sojourn more or less lengthy with which
they were threatened in the debtors' gaol. But James Jones,
good as he was at begging, was hardly so good in his theology.
He became involved in mists respecting Divine prescience,
resigned his ministry, and died in obscurity. In 1880 the chapel
was re-seated, an organ-loft was built, a rostrum was substituted for
the pulpit, and the gallery front was painted in cream, white, and
gold. It would be interesting to know what the trustees of 1816
would say, could they rise from their graves, to the present

* Mr. Wesley did not feel much admiration for his congregation. His
diary contains the following- entry: "The place where the Tiverton
Methodists hold their preaching service, is only equalled in dulness by
the dulness of ,the people themselves." At first, he stayed with his
brother Samuel, and afterwards at a house in Gold-street, formerly
occupied by Mr. Ferris, where, until very recently, there was a window
with Wesley's name inscribed on one of the panes by a diamond. During1
his later visits he resided at Hayne, his host being a Mr. Gamlin.
Wesley, among his other whims, was strongly opposed to tea-drinking,
and so impressed Mr. Gamlin with his views on this subject, that the
latter promised his son and daughter a sovereign if they would not
drink any tea for a year. Wesley, it is well-known, was a great auto-
crat, and ruled his preachers as if they were school -boys. This trait in
his character is illustrated by his inquisitorial conduct towards Roberts.
This worthy man after a spell as an itinerant preacher, returned to
Tiverton, where he espoused an enterprising dame who kept a shop.
Wesley appears to have thought that he was entitled, as his spiritual
chief, to catechise Mr. Roberts as to his accounts. Accordingly, he
wrote to him as follows : " Have you not a large business, and don't you
put away £100 a year after paying all expenses ? " History is silent aa
to the reply.

THE GEORGIAN EEA (I.) 207

interior of the building which cost them so much toil and anxiety.
It is clear that they themselves were not wholly indifferent to
art. On the wall in the rear of the pulpit was a painting
illustrative of the rising sun chasing away the morning clouds.
We hope it was not intended to suggest sun-worship, but rather
to excite in the congregation a yearning for brighter and more
penetrating beams. The painting, however, gave place in time
to a text of Scripture — 1 Timothy i., 15 — peeping out from
between half-drawn curtains as if ashamed to show its grand
simplicity. That yielded to another text, by no means an
improvement, and the old rising-sun long hidden under paint, was
utilized with questionable taste to represent the Descent of the
Spirit. Now an organ gallery fills up the space.

On the 12th of October, 1753, the Lowman rose to a greater
height than had ever been remembered, and Mr. John Hurford,
a serge-maker, in attempting to ride through the water, was
drowned. In 1 75G an endeavour was made to find coal in the
neighbourhood. A company was formed with a capital of £500
in .£10 shares, a shaft sunk about a hundred and fifty feet deep
at Howden, and a drain made of equal length for drawing off the
water; but the speculation was unsuccessful. In January, 1757,
the Exe flooded Westexe. Several mills were swept away by the
torrent, and the inhabitants were forced to take refuge in their
bedrooms, where they remained in fear of their lives for a con-
siderable time. In 1758, turnpike roads were started in Tiverton
and the adjoining parishes, a Highway Act having been procured
for that object. Near the wooden bridge leading to Mrs. Ley's
residence, at the lower end of Elmore, there was formerly a stone,
commemorative of this event, with a date inscribed, but it is now,
I believe, removed. (Turnpikes were abolished in 1883.) In the
same year, 1758, the militia were called out for service and the
local contingent marched from Tiverton on the 5th of July.
Apparently the same thing occurred in 1770, when the following
warrant was issued relating thereto : —
Tiverton Liberty

To the Constables, Sfc.

These are in his Majesty's name, to will and require you to
provide for and impress from any person or persons within the
said Liberty an able pack-horse with a man to drive the same,
wherewith to convey the Baggage of one Company of the
Northern Regiment of the Devonshire Militia from Tiverton,
aforesaid, towards Winkley, in the said County, making such
allowance as the law directs. Hereof fail not, as also to make
return at your peril.

B. DICKINSON, ESQ.,

Mayor.
Given, Ac.

2, June, 1770.

208 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFORD

Under date 1760, Dunsford has the following entry :. " The
first post-chaise, for hire, in Tiverton. was set up this year, by
Thomas Haydon," and this is all the information that can be
gleaned either from him or Harding respecting the means of
transit before the period of railways. Through the kindness of
an old inhabitant, whose business brought him into daily contact
with roadsters, I am enabled to add to this short notice some
interesting particulars. There were two mail-coaches, one having
its head-quarters at the Angel Hotel, of which Mr. Joseph Cannon
was for a great number of years the proprietor ; while the other
started from the Three Tuns, where the hostess was a worthy
lady, Mrs. Grace Hawkes. The former of these coaches was
known par excellence as the " North Devon Coach " and travelled
to Southmolton vid the " Rackenford Bell," where the horses
were changed. This first stage in the journey was eight miles
long and occupied an hour. The route taken by the other coach
was in the direction of Witheridge, and the first halt was at
No-Man's-Land. The coachman and guard of the mail coaches
wore the King's livery — scarlet coats with gold lace around their
collar and sleeves — and they always appeared in a fresh suit on the
first of May. In the winter when they were necessarily exposed
to the utmost severity of the weather they donned great coats
with two or three capes. In their way — Tom Westcombe,of the
North Devon Coach, is the best remembered of them — they seem
to have been smart fellows, and the guard, perhaps more than his
successor on the railway, expected to be liberally " tipped." The
London mail started from the Angel and proceeded by stages to
Wellington, Taunton, and Bridgwater, where another coach
awaited the passengers. These mail coaches were not exactly
Government institutions. They seem to have been run by a
syndicate. Thus one of the persons who was in partnership with
Mr. Cannon was a Mr. Whitmarsh, a wine and spirit merchant of
Taunton. The fare to London was 24s. on the outside. As the
coach started at noon and took twenty-four hours in accomplish-
ing the journey, the unlucky passengers spent the night on the
top of the fast conveyance, doubtless shivering with the cold. The
shoeing was all done by contract. Every morning the smith
examined the horses and saw that they were in a fit condition for
the journey. In winter they often required to be "corked."
One day an employe of a Mr. Stevens (who, I am told, reaped a
rich harvest from these contracts), was leading a blind horse
through the market, then held in Fore-street, when someone
struck it with a whip. The spirited animal plunged into a
boot and shoe shop, and, as the real culprit could not be found,
Mr. Stevens was made chargeable for the damage. It was not at
all an uncommon thing for blind horses to be used in this service :
indeed the pace at which they were driven seems to have had a
tendency to produce this complaint. Usually there were four

THE GEOEGIAN EEA (I.) 209

horses attached to a coach, but occasionally, when the traffic was
heavy, there were six, the two first being called " the leaders, "
one of which was ridden by a postillion. \4 propos of this an
anecdote has been told me illustrative of the dangers of stage
coach travelling. Before the widening of Lowman Bridge it was
a frequent occurrence, in times of flood, for a strong current to be
diverted towards the wall of BlundelPs School. Outside the
pavement adjoining the wall was a clumsy wooden railing, and
beyond that again an open ditch. This was the condition of
affairs when one day the stage coach turned the corner of Pound-
hill. The driver, taking in the situation at a glance, shouted to
the postillion to keep as near as possible to the side opposite to
the school. Whether the man was intoxicated, or mistook the
directions, or the force of the stream was too much for the horses,
certain it is that the " leader " on the right drifted across the
road and stumbled bodily into the ditch. From this awkward
position it was a hard matter to extricate him, both man and
horse were well " soused," and for some time the coach was in
imminent danger of being upset. On another occasion this
actually occurred. It happened on this wise. A drain had been
made under the street near the Three Tuns, and the ground, it
would appear, had not been properly " rammed." The conse-
quence was that on the coach passing, the weight of the vehicle
occasioned a subsidence, and the outside passengers were precipi-
tated into the street. Over and above the mail coaches, there were
several private conveyances of the same description, and the competi-
tion between them was exceedingly brisk. A Mr. Lake, who lived
opposite the Town Hall, ran a coach three times a week between
Tiverton and the County town, >and the journey, including a halt
for refreshments at the " Ruffwell," took two hours in its accom-
plishment. The scene at the top of the coach was varied and
interesting. Besides the ordinary passengers there were pauper
lunatics, prisoners on their way to " Botany Bay " with irons on
their legs, and the like. On turning each corner the guard was
required to sound his horn as a warning to pedestrians and drivers
to " clear the road, " and the strains are said to have been lively
and exhilarating, and, when the performers were competent, some-
thing more, positively delightful music. Nevertheless, they did
not always answer their purpose, as an instance is recorded of an
old man being cruelly run down in the middle of Fore-street.
As showing the high state of intelligence to which the horses
were brought by training, I may mention the following circum-
stance. At the Angel there was always at a certain hour a relay,
and as the time approached, the horses stood ready harnessed and
waiting the signal to depart. The moment the guard blew his
horn at the corner of Westexe, the noble animals, of their own
accord, left the stables and crossed the yard to the halting-place.
Among the private coach owners I may mention Mr. William
p

210 THE CHRONICLES OF TWXTORD

Paine, who himself frequently occupied the box and whose stables
were in Birchin-lane. Mr. Paine conducted also a large
business as a wine and spirit merchant, and as all persons engaged in
the nale of spirituous liquors are forced to have, if not to obtrude,
a sign of some kind, he chose as his emblem a Four-in-Hand.
Some of the coaches were perfect works of art — notably the
" Tally-ho ! " which had its head-quarters in Exeter. On the
" boot " of this vehicle was displayed the figure of Eeynard going
at full speed, with a white tip to his tail. Goods were conveyed
in heavy waggons which occupied. I am told, a week in getting to
London. I have, however, an advertisement card referring to
Dallimore's " original vans " in which it is stated that starting
from the " Swan," Doctors' Commons, they arrived at the
Mermaid Yard, Exeter, after a journey of only forty hours ; and
one of these vans daily called at Tiverton. I omitted to say
that several 'busses used to ply between Tiverton and Exeter in
the summer especially, for the benefit of excursionists, and the
children in the street had a ditty which they used to bawl after
he happy holiday makers :

"All the way to Exeter
In old Thos. Allen's 'bus."

On the ninth of June, in the year 1767, Henry Hooper
and William Symons were sent to prison for three months
under the combination clause of 1749, on the information
of one Robert Rippon, for that they, being members of
the Journeymen Weavers' Club, " did on the 18th of April last,
act in and make a certain bye-law, rule, or order of the aforesaid
club to the intent that no Master or Journeyman should or shall
take any Girl to be an apprentice in the Art of weaving ; " and
another to the effect " that no Journeyman Weaver should or shall
work for any Master Weaver or Sergemaker, within the Liberty,
that employed or should employ the said Robert Rippon in the
business of weaving." In 1771 a new clock was placed in the
tower of St. Peter's at the cost of .£80 17s. 6d. ; and during the
same year the tower was declared to be in danger from the River
Exe, which for many years had been gradually changing its course
and now washed the foot of the hill on which the tower is built.
An order of vestry was made relating to the subject on the
6th of August, but nothing seems to have been done to remedy
the mischief until 1794. On the 24th of July in that year, at a
vestry meeting, it was resolved to obtain counsel's opinion,
whether the parish had power to compel Sir Thomas Carew, the
Lord of the Manor, to build a wall as a protection from the en-
croachments of the river. In accordance with the advice then
received a wall was erected by the parish at a cost of £90 10s.,
which was defrayed by a church-rate. Since that time the whole
of the slope from the churchyard wall to the river has been

THE GEORGIAN EEA (I.) 211

claimed by the parish. The declivity is generally known as
" Chorl " and was formerly clothed by a number of splendid trees,
I am not sure whether oaks or beeches. These trees were felled
within living memory on the ground that their roots might in
some way endanger the foundations of the tower. As, however,
ExeleighHouse was being built about this time it has been suggested
that the real reason for this very wanton destruction was to throw
open a view of the tower and church (the former would have been
visible in any case) to the new residence. Be that as it may,
" Chorl" was let by the Churchwardens to Mr, Heathcoat. So much
Harding relates ; but he does not mention the rent— £3 per
annum ! On the 8th of November, 1783, there was instituted at
Tiverton " The Fullers' Friendly Society." According to the
statutes each member was to pay eightpence, of which twopence
was to be spent by the president in " Ale and Necessaries."
Other rules were — " That the Society's flag shall have the Fuller's
arms painted on one side, and his Majesty George the 3rd on the
other " ; " That the Beadle shall have a Cloak, laced Hat, and a
long staff with the Fuller's Arms painted thereon, to use and
wear when he shall walk before this Society at any public rejoic-
ing, and at Church on the 29th of May in each year, or other-
wise at the command and direction of the present steward and
Committee "; " That this Society shall provide a Scarlet Cloak
trimmed with fur for the president to wear when he joins the
procession on rejoicing days ; also two staffs with the Fuller's
Arms to be painted thereon for the Stewards, and six long white
rods for the Committee to bear on rejoicing days, and to be
arranged in the following order : The Beadle, the Steward, the
Flag-bearer, the President, the Committee 3 and 3, the Society
by pairs, and the Clerk last." There were altogether seventeen of
these rules, for the non-observance of which the penalty was £50
in the case of each defaulter.

Most of those who take an interest in old-world newspapers
are familiar with the travelling quack doctors who frequented the
various market towns disposing of " infallible remedies " for all
the ills that flesh is heir to, and displaying on their stalls
mysterious bottles containing tape-worms, small lizards, &c., as in
the shop of Eomeo's apothecary. The species is by no means
extinct even now, but to-day these peripatetic medicos are a
degenerate race : their glory has departed. Perhaps the best
representative of them in English fiction is Whyte-Melville's
Katerfelto, who spent part of his time in town and the rest in
touring through the provinces. He appeared, it may be remem-
bered, among other places, at Dulverton. Before the demolition
of the Market Cross at Tiverton in 1783, it was not unusual
to find on a market day in front of the building what was
then known as a " High German Doctor." This individual, dressed
in a fantastic costume, harangued the crowd on the subject of his

212 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOED

wonderful pills and other medicines, and not unf requently adminis-
tered gratuitously some stimulating potion to one of his
credulous audience, who, feeling for the moment the effect on his
system and spirits, failed not to publish among his friends its
extraordinary virtues. The quack was always accompanied on
these occasions by a jester, who combined with that office the care
of the property, securing the cash from the sales, driving the
carriage, &c. In connection with one of these itinerant doctors a
singular story once came to light, which 1 will repeat, without
apology, inasmuch as it may have occurred, for aught I know, in
front of the old Market Cross. There resided in a certain town
a learned medical practitioner of great repute, who was of the
Hebrew persuasion. He had a large and lucrative practice, but
like Dr. Sangrado in Gil Bias, he had one special remedy
warranted to cure the patient who partook of it, and though the
majority of these soon found their way to the churchyard, he
was wont to declare that their death was solely due to their not
taking enough of it. The doctor had an assistant pupil, who was
supposed to be instructed in all the Esculapian mysteries
possessed by his master. The grand secret, however, concerning
that one particular drug, or whatever it was, the doctor kept to
himself, to the great chagrin of his pupil, whose period of service,
or apprenticeship, had now expired. Determined to possess a
secret which he thought would make his fortune, as it had his
master's, he agreed for a certain sum to buy it, and the contract
was made ; but the stipulation was, on the part of the seller, that
for a certain number of years the purchaser should not practise in
the same locality, and that the sealed packet containing the recipe
should not be opened for a certain time, or within a certain
distance of the town. In due course the young practitioner, who
by this time had set up as a " High German Doctor," felt at
liberty to open the priceless packet, which was to fill his pockets
with gold. Breaking the seals and unfolding sundry wrappings
he came upon a piece of parchment, inscribed with Hebrew
characters, to which were affixed in wax the arms and crest of the
Jewish doctor. The young man, not being himself a Jew, was
indebted to a learned friend for an interpretation of the
mysterious scroll, which to his amazement read thus — " Conceit
can kill, conceit can cure ! " The young doctor could not see the
fun of it, as his friend did, but, nevertheless, carefully preserved
the packet and the secret to remind himself of his credulity. Many
years had passed and he had travelled much with his carriage, his
jester, and his various medicines, arriving at length in the town
wherein, though now an old man, in feeble health and out of
practice, still dwelt the Jew. It happened that among the crowd
who stood listening to the new comer and the jokes of his clown,
was the old Jew himself. Our " High German " friend soon
" spotted " his old master and a happy thought . struck him.

THE GEOEGIAN ERA (I.) 213

Fixing his eyes upon him, and with his finger pointing him out,
he said, " There stands an old gentleman who suffers much
here " — indicating the complaint which he knew his master was
subject to — " and I possess the only remedy that will eradicate it.
I purchased it many long years ago from a lineal descendant of one
of the old Hebrew Prophets. Unless he takes this medicine he
will die a horrible death in a very short time," &c. The effect
was just what he anticipated — a private interview and a fee. The
exact amount which the Jew had demanded twenty years before
from his old pupil, was paid, and the Jew, with, as he hoped, a
fresh lease on his life, hastened home, opened the little box, and
discovered his own Hebrew secret, " Conceit can kill, conceit can
cure ! "

In 1784 the following letter was addressed by Mr. Eichard
Cosway, E.A., to the Clergy, Gentry, and Inhabitants of Tiverton :

Gentlemen,

I have the honour to request you will accept at my hands the
picture representing "The Angel delivering St. Peter from Prison"
(intended for the Altar of St. Peter's Church), as a small token of
the respect I have for you, and of the affection I shall ever re-
tain for my native town ; to the prosperity and splendour of
which it will always be my ambition, by every means in my power,
to contribute.
I am,
Gentlemen,

With the highest esteem,

Your obedient and devoted Servant,

EICHAED COSWAY.

Mr. Martin Dunsford, who was churchwarden at the time, sent
a fitting acknowledgment, and on November 4th, 1784, the paint-
ing was placed over the altar. Apparently Cosway did not
accompany his gift with a frame, and the expenses incurred by
the parish on this occasion amounted to £20. Twenty-two years
later Mr. Cosway presented an altar piece to Bampton Church,
The subject of the picture is " Christ bearing the Cross," and I
am sorry to say that its present condition does no credit to the
parishioners.

Eichard Cosway was a native of Tiverton, being the son of a
master of Blundell's School. He was born in 1740, and at the age
of fifteen took the first prize ever given by the Society of Arts. He
became the most notable miniature painter of the age. He was
very eccentric, and believed in Swedenborgianism. He said he
had conversed with more than one Person of the Trinity, and
that he could talk with his wife at Mantua through a fine vehicle
of sense, as ordinary people speak to a servant downstairs through
an ear-pipe. His wife, whose name was Maria Cecilia Louisa
Hadfield, was not a whit behind him either in singularity or

214 THE CHEONICLES OP TWYFOKD

genius. The remarkable pair have never been more effectively
hit off than in a charming sketch by Mr. Joseph Grego. The
article, one of a series, appeared in the Graphic, February 13,
1892. Here are some choice extracts, illustrating the life of this
Tiverton man in the great world of London :

" The romantic Maria came of an adventurous stock. Hadfield
pere is said to have been of Irish parentage, though a native of
Shrewsbury ; he sought change of air and fortune abroad, and, it
is stated, combined both, by keeping an hotel at Leghorn for the
entertainment of British tourists ; there Maria came upon the
scene . . . When the paternal Hadfield died, her mother wished to
carry to London Maria, with her sister and brother, both gifted
with equal enthusiasm for the Arts, but of less promise. Maria
was for quitting the vain world for the cloister, and it needed all
the friendship of Angelica Kauffman, also a fervid Catholic and
at that time regarded as a phoenix among female artists, to
dissuade her from taking the veil. Here in town at the top of
the tide of Court and princely and fashionable favour was Eichard
Cosway, the smallest edition of dapper humanity, already a Royal
Academician. Smiled upon by ladies of rank and men of
prominence, his dainty pencil conveyed subtle flatteries and his
handling was so dexterous that in three sittings of one hour his
brilliant portraits were brought to completion and paid for at the
highest tariff until his miniatures from ' being fashionable became
the fashion itself.'

" The painter, patronised by princes and the elegant personages
who followed in the train of Eoyalty, set up an almost regal style
of living on his own account. His house was the marvel of
London, and its costly contents were extravagantly appraised ;
the wily diplomatist enshrined himself in splendour and received
his sitters surrounded with art-treasures and articles de vertu, and
probably found the profession of art-dealer more lucrative than
even the golden harvest which poured in on the first of minia-
turists.

" Maria had studied art and loved it, doubtless, no less than
Cosway, and being a person of ultra refinement as well as talent,
became the vogue ; it is stated that she successfully supported her
family by the exercise of her artistic proficiency. Here were two
stars of one firmament ; so it happened that the greater luminary
absorbed the lesser. Cosway was united to Miss Hadfield, and the
bride was given away by no less a celebrity among collectors than
Charles Townley, who had met and appreciated Maria in Italy.

" Cosway had long smarted under the sarcasms aimed by his
disgusted and envious professional brethren at his flattering like-
nesses and his art pretensions, his aptitude for making money, his
apish person and his frantic dandyism and quality airs ; now should
the world recognise his personal ascendancy ; the erst monkeyfied
mannikin of their poisoned sneers leading to his gilded palace the

THE GEOKGIAN EEA (I.) 215

most admired, accomplished, and affectedly self-conscious divinity
of the age !

" Elevated in feeling, drawing her artistic inspirations from
Spenser, Shakespeare, Homer, Virgil, Ariosto, and other poets,
copying in facility of execution the ethereal sketches of her hus-
band who boasted despatching in the course of his working
hours some dozen sitters— all of the first quality — the presence
of Mrs. Cosway, who was as addicted to finery and gorgeous-
ness as the deservedly popular miniaturist, her husband, added
hugely to the success of the establishment.

" The pair installed in Berkeley-square, conducted their house-
hold on a scale of lavish splendour surpassing their noblest
clients ; both slaves of toil, devoid of dignity, scheming to
dazzle the world of fashion and frivolity, and pass for the airiest
trifles — mere butterflies, Meanwhile they plotted, contrived, and
flattered, advertising themselves by trickeries, toadyism, and the
reputation for eccentric folly ; both clever, yet neither doing
justice to art nor to their own abilities ; Cosway vaunting his
mechanical celerity to which everything else was subordinated ;
his most successful likenesses too often mere tinted sketches, while
his wife's productions were meretricious to a fault.

" Sunday evenings were devoted to her concerts, when all the
more frivolous aristocracy, distinguished foreigners, musicians, and
adventurers of all kinds and of both sexes, crowded the splendid
receptions. The stars of the opera were there, but Maria
Cosway was the chief performer.

" The field of Berkeley-square was too obscure, the mansion too
small : nothing less than the historic Schomberg House in Pall
Mall would suffice, situated between St. James's Palace and
Carlton House, the Prince's brand new palace, so conveniently
adjacent. Pall Mall alone could contain the carriages, chairs, and
lackeys of their guests, the linkboys, and sedan chairmen block-
ing the thoroughfare on their weekly assemblies.

" The Heir Apparent was Cosway's patron-in-chief : had not the
artist commemorated the graces of the Prince's personality and
the more redundant charms of Mrs. Fitzherbert ? and his princely
admiration for art extended to its professors. His Boyal
Highness was fair, with an air about him — indeed Cosway's
miniatures make him remarkably attractive. With the Prince in
the days of his brilliancy came the world of fashion, of beauty,
distinction, and art; the elegant hostess, all sympathy and
fascination, had for intimates her Grace of Devonshire, Georgiana
Spencer, fair arbitress of fashion, who followed too fondly in the
Prince's train ; the Hon. Mrs. Darner, an accomplished amateur
sculptor ; the Countess of Aylesbury ; the Marchioness of
Townshend, famous for her dashing career ; winsome Lady Cecilia
Johnstone, and the fair celebrities who led the ton ; thither, too,
came Horace Walpole, foremost of dilettanti, attracted by the

216 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

surroundings, the gorgeous art-treasures, the Royal Highnesses,
famous beauties, the Italian vocalists (' Rubinelli warbling at the
extravagant rate of ten guineas for one song'), the on dits, and
delightful scandals, which formed such appetising copy for those
MS. letters, some day to see the glories of type.

" These glories were soon destined to fade ; Cosway became more
eccentric, affected to see visions, to raise the dead, and to receive
the honour of sittings from the Virgin Mary in person. After
this, mere worldly patrons withdrew. Next the vagaries of the
Trench Eevolution raised his enthusiasm, and farewell to princely
favours ! When his Royal patron departed, away fled the
fashionable following. Maria, the sympathetic art-enthusiast,
found that commissions called her abroad; her demented
husband was left behind. For a while she was a dazzling figure in
art circles, finally living in Paris and copying pictures in the
Louvre, but still surrounded with splendour and luxury, the idol
of an admiring Court. Anon retiring to a convent, when
spiritual cravings gained the ascendancy, overwhelmed with grief
for the loss of her only child, she, in 1804, is described at Lyons
as the superior of a religious seminary, at intervals one of her
many ambitions ; there she was still in a mixed atmosphere of art
and fervour, not divorced from mundane sanity, walking before
her pupils to the cathedral ' with a long ivory cross in her hand,
draped in a sky-blue robe spotted with velvet stars.' In 1821, on
the death of Cosway, she was living in London, but has the credit
of returning later to Lyons and her seminary to end her days."

Cosway died in London in 1821 and his tomb may be seen in
Marylebone Church.

Cosway, I suppose, is the greatest light Tiverton has produced.
But the town is not so strong in original geniuses that we can
afford to overlook the lesser lights, and among the latter is
certainly Mrs. Hannah Cowley, poetess and dramatic writer.
Dunsford must, I think, have had this accomplished woman in his
mind, when he wrote in such flattering terms of the ladies of
Tiverton. After a hundred years no one can say that the fair
sex of the town have fallen off in literary attainments, seeing
that we claim for our own the authoress of the "Peasant Speech
of Devon," and the writer who prefers to be known as " Alan St.
Aubyn."

Hannah Cowley was the daughter of Mr. Philip Parkhouse,
whom Dunsford describes as an " eminent bookseller." She was
born at Tiverton March 14th, 1743. Her father, who is said to
have been a man of considerable attainments, bestowed great care
on her education, and he must have been hugely pleased with the
result. Miss Parkhouse married above her station, her bride-
groom being Captain Cowley, of the East India Service ; and,
although her fame was ephemeral, the admiration of her
contemporaries must have been very flattering to her feminine

THE GEORGIAN EEA (I.) 217

vanity, especially as she could not know that her fame was
ephemeral — that she was " wearing but the garland of a day."
In 1776, when her first drama " The Runaway " was produced,
the public danced to her piping, and she was so much encouraged
thereby that she wrote several successors to it. About the year
1780 she composed a tale entitled " The Maid of Aragon," and
dedicated to her father. In 1789 she lost her daughter, Mary
Elizabeth, on receiving a lock of whose hair she penned the
following lines, which, if not the fine flower of poetry, are yet
not without a certain grace of their own :

" Yes, time, Elizabeth, shall tell
How like a flow'ret pluck'd you fell ;
As gently it unfolds its bloom,
In early Spring, unknown its doom,
And to the Morn reveals its sweets
But Noontide radiance never greets."

Hannah Cowley died at Tiverton, llth March, 1809, and was
buried in St. George's churchyard, where her monument now stands.

In 1785 at the instance of the Churchwarden, Mr. Martin
Dunsford, a vestry-meeting was held for the purpose of establish-
ing Sunday Schools, not only in connection with the Establish-
ment, but with other religious bodies. The idea was favourably
entertained, and the necessary funds having been raised, accommo-
dation was provided in nine schools for two hundred and forty
children.

APPENDIX.
THE BLUNDELL CELEBEATION.

It has not been ascertained when the anniversary of Blundell's
School was first celebrated. It has been inferred, however, from
certain intimations to be found in divers old manuscripts, that the
custom dates back almost to the foundation of the school, though,
as far as I can learn, it was never observed with any degree of
regularity until the close of the last century. On one occasion
the ticket of admission was designed by Hogarth, but some doubt
exists as to when it was first used. Mr. Rankilor, one of the
masters of the school, in a paper read before the Devonshire
Association, (1891), gives the following account of the matter :

" In 1725 was celebrated the first anniversary of the school,
when the sermon was preached by the Rector of Tiverton, and
by him dedicated to the ' Master of Tiverton School, and to his
much-honoured (the epithet will bear a double construction)
friends and school-fellows.' There is some doubt as to whether
Hogarth's well-known ' Ticket of Admission to the School
Feast ' was produced for this occasion, or in 1740, the date which
the engraving bears. The former date seems more probable, for

218 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

the reason that Hogarth did most of his copper engraving
between 1718 and 1726, on the commission of booksellers
generally. After the latter date he took up portraiture, and
speedily acquired reputation and wealth. Of the engraving in
question, two copies may be seen in the present Eegister,
one of which was presented in 1825 by the Rev. W. Toms, of
Southmolton, to the Eev. Alldersey Dicken, then head-master ;
the second, vastly inferior, was inserted in the Eegister, together
with an autograph letter of Lord Palmerston's, in 1859. The
principal figure in the engraving is Minerva, sitting near a well-
filled bookcase, and indicating to a child standing at her knee
the school buildings in the distance. Near her Mercury is water-
ing a shrub, to the apparent edification of another small boy ; on
the left are two children reading, and near them again is an old
man, possibly a schoolmaster, to all appearance in the act of
discoursing — in a casual way — to a somewhat inattentive audience,
— not an altogether unusual experience, perhaps. Motto : ' In
patriam populumque flux it utrique unus et ex uno stemmate
surgit honos.' Below the engraving, in bold lettering, is a note
of invitation, followed by the names of the Stewards. Under-
neath all, in smallest italics, and yet important as a lady's
postscript, 'Pay ye Bearer 10s. 6d.' At the School Feast in
1728, the sermon was preached by the Eev. John Jones, O.B.,
who afterwards became head-master. It was published at the
request of the stewards, to whom it was dedicated. A copy of
this pamphlet was presented to the school library in 1887 by a
well-known member of this Association, H. S. Gill, Esq., J.P."

After its revival in 1790 " Old Boys' Day " was kept annually
till 1849. It was again revived in 1874, and since then, except
in one year (1875), it has been observed without interruption to the
present time. The old order was as follows : The past and present
pupils assembled in the school green, where a procession was formed.
The Town Band, playing lively airs, lead the way ; then came the
gate keeper in a long cloak of pale blue turned out with black
velvet, and carrying a silver headed mace ; next the boys, then
the masters, and last of all the Old Boys, two and two. They
first walked to St. Peter's Church, where they were received with
merry peals, and the preacher selected was always an Old Boy.
After the invention of the camera, the next item was the taking
of a photograph of the party. The " Old Boys " then lunched
together in a thoroughly convivial manner, and the after-dinner
speeches were often of the wittiest description. In the evening a
ball was held, first at the Angel Hotel, and latterly at the
Athenaeum — a very gay affair, as it still is. Of late years the
programme has been amplified by the addition of cricket-matches,
a concert, etc., and Speech-day also is included in it. Old Boys'
Day used to be kept in August, but it is now always held on the
Friday preceding St. Peter's Day.

THE GEORGIAN ERA

(SECOND PAST)

THE GEORGIAN ERA

(SECOND PABT).

>S might be expected from the former history of the place,
the cause of the French Revolution found many sympa-
thisers in Tiverton. The interest in that event was
greatly accentuated by an agitation then going on for the repeal
of the Corporation and Test Acts, by which Protestant Dissenters
and Roman Catholics were alike disqualified from holding public
appointments. In 1787 a motion had been brought forward in
the House of Commons for abolishing these Acts, but was lost by
73 votes. In 1789 a similar motion was defeated by a narrow
majority of 23, These efforts for widening the basis of popular
liberty were followed with the utmost anxiety in the constitu-
encies, and in Exeter and Tiverton meetings of delegates were
held during the early part of 1790 for the purpose of petitioning
Parliament in favour of repeal. The close connection between
this very mild propaganda and the larger movement on the
Continent is illustrated by the fact that, when in May, 1793,
one of the strongest supporters of these meetings was invited to
subscribe toward the emigrant French clergy, then in great dis-
tress, he replied " that he declined on account of universal
benevolence, believing the priests to have stirred up a violent
opposition to the cause of the Revolution in France, which, in his
opinion, would be productive of the greatest good and promote
the happiness of mankind." In recording this circumstance,
Harding sighs over the contradictions of human nature. " Such
principles," he says, " could only be expressed by a confirmed
revolutionist ; and yet it is but just to observe, that the author
of them had the character of a conscientious and charitable man,
of regular and religious habits, and respected by his neighbours."
He does not tell us who he was.

222 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOKD

Among the half-playful seditious leaflets which circulated in
the town at this time was the following :

TIVERTON LIBERTY.

At an Uncommon Council holden on Thursday, the 15th of February,
1793, the following sapient resolutions were entered into almost
unanimously.

Resolved. That our original Resolutions and Denunciations were
made on the 1 Oth of December in Compliance with strict Orders received
from above, and contain ed.no false Concords, or personal invectives, and that
whoever represents them as an insult on the Inhabitants ought to be
Muzzled, or wear the double bit political Bridles lately invented and
greatly recommended.

That as the Inhabitants of Muzzle-Town still refuse to follow the
disinterested advice and bright Example of WE their Governors Pam be
desired immediately to ride the Pretty Mare for further directions how
to Act.

That to check the prevailing dangerous inclination to REFORM (which
night and day grieveth us) WE recommend Loyal Lectures to be read at
the Inquisition every Monday, and that there be a Concert after, to
which Barbers, Taylors, and every class of the Municipality be admitted;
and that Romser be pressed to give the Stiff-Neck'd and perverse one of
his Lectures on the present alarming Crisis of Affairs, when WK and the
Association Dream with the dread of Insurrections.

Resolved. Moreover that, if the infection of REFORM should
unfortunately reach us from the Paddy Country, We shall have to
lament the direful loss of our Places and Pensions, our fond and pleasing
hopes will be blasted and many of us become chargeable to the Parish.
That for these and other cogent reasons, Ecclesiastical and Civil, We
firmly resolve to use every means in our power, as is our bounden duty,
to check and prevent all Naughtiness whatsoever, and that whoever shall
Speak or even Think seditiously, shall be immediately prosecuted by the
Star Chamber.

Resolved. That JACK RATTLE be earnestly requested to make these
Resolutions as public as possible, and that he will give a Copy to each of
the Spy Clubs.

BUNYAN, Sec.

The war with France had the worst possible effect on the
commercial interest of Tiverton, since the prosperity of the town
depended very largely on its exports to Holland, and the route to
that country was now closed. One proof of the badness of the
times is to be found in the increase of the poor-rate, which,
during the half-year ending September 28th, 1794, was £800 in
excess of the highest amount ever known over the same period.
This, of course, is attributable to the labouring classes being out
of work. On the 27th of January in the following year, a meeting
was convened by the Mayor, in order to petition for the restora-
tion of peace, and a resolution to that effect was carried by a
large majority. In the spring of 1797 the merchants of Tiverton
assembled at the Angel Inn to consider the best mode of export-
ing their manufactured goods to Holland, under the difficult
circumstances which then existed. All this is evidence of aa

THE GEOKGIAN EEA (II.) 223

acute crisis in the woollen trade of Tiverton, which, to tell the
truth, was now verging on its complete and final extinction.
Meanwhile, a number of petty and some very serious occur-
rences diverted the attention of the inhabitants from the
impending fate of their staple industry. As I shall have to find
room in this chapter for some interesting subjects at which Harding
does not even glance, I shall be compelled to pass by some of the
very "small beer," which Colonel Harding sees fit to chronicle in
dealing with this period. There is, however, no harm in stating
that on the 24th of January, 1790, about twelve o'clock in the
day an effigy of Tom Paine, author of the " Eights of Man,"
" The Age of Eeason," and other edifying and instructive
lucubrations, was drawn through the town in a cart, dressed (i.e.
Tom Paine, or rather, his effigy) in canonical costume and
supported by a man on each side. A mock trial took place on
Angel-hill and about three o'clock the same effigy was again
carried round the town. This time he was accompanied (such, at
least, is Harding's account, though the combination of offices
seems rather singular) by a person representing a clergyman and a
hangman. A gibbet was erected, twelve feet high, opposite the
gate of St. George's Church, and a mock execution was performed.
Later on, in the evening, the effigy was burnt by some boys at
Greemvay, a flat piece of ground below Howden, bordering on
the Exeter-road. On the 21st of May, 1814, the religious
maniac Joanna 8outhcote, who was a native of Thorverton, was
treated to a similar honour, only, instead of the effigy being
hanged, it was burnt — might we say ? — -alive.

In 1793 a large cotton factory was opened by Messrs. Dennis,
Lardner, and Co. at the bottom of Westexe. In celebration of
this event (it did not turn out such a wonderful boon to the
town), the firm gave a dinner to about fifty guests in the
Mayoralty room. In his MS. journal Mr. Martin Dunsford gives
a very appetising account of this banquet. There were four
turbots, he says, four haunches of venison, four necks ditto, ten
brace of partridges, with abundance of other things in proportion,
accompanied by a profusion of excellent wines.

Passing over the accident to Mr. Staddon — on the 4th of April,
1794, an Act was passed " for paving and otherwise improving
the town of Tiverton in the County of Devon." Herein was set
forth the improper manner in which the town was paved and
cleansed, and the number of obstructions and encroachments
existing in different parts of the town to the annoyance and
inconvenience of the public. Among other eyesores there were
buildings on Angel-hill, where the lamps are now, as well as along
the south side of St. Peter's Churchyard, besides numerous hovels
in Westexe. The houses on Angel-hill were removed in 1807.
The direction and management of the improvements were left to
certain persons named in the Act, since called "Paving Com-

224 THE CHRONICLES OF TWXTOED

missioners." and they were specially empowered to remove the
pound of the Hundred and Manor of Tiverton, situated at the
lower end of Gold-street " and to lay the scite thereof into the
public street or highway adjoining thereto, and to erect another
such pound on the waste of the Lords of the Manor in Lowman
green, near the east end of the foot-bridge over the river
Lowman." Among the first improvements effected by the
Commissioners was the conversion of this same " foot-bridge "
into something wider and more substantial. One of the bye-laws
which was very offensive to many of the townspeople, was the
following : " Every Inhabitant of the said Town shall repair and
amend the street before his or her Dwelling House home to the
Middle of the Gutter, or shall forfeit for every Ten Days' neglect
after Notice 3s. 4d." Conformably with this regulation the
authorities in 1797 prosecuted several persons for refusing or
neglecting to repair the street opposite their respective premises,
whereat great indignation arose. In 1813 there seems to have
been the same kind of default on the part of the inhabitants, and,
as a corrective, the following stringent notice was issued :

WHEBEAS many Inconveniences and Delays have arisen from the neg-
lect of the Inhabitants of this Town, to repair their Streets.— IT is THERE-
FORE ORDERED.— That all Defendants on Indictments or Presentments
for Public Nuisances, for the Neglect of the Kepairs of the Streets and
Highways within the said Liberty, who shall omit to appear on Summons,
shall have issues levied upon their Goods and Chattels, at the next
Sessions after such Indictment or Presentment, and shall have Judg-
ment against them at the same Sessions at which the Conviction took
place, and Executions shall immediately Issue for levying the Sum
Assessed by such Judgments.— IT is FURTHER ORDERED.— That the
Execution on all Judgments for such Nuisances shall be suspended only
once, unless it shall appear that the Defendants have used all due
Diligence, and could not previous to the second Application for a
Suspension put the Street or Highway Indicted or presented in complete
Repair, and that in no case whatever shall &uch Execution be suspended
more than twice. — IT is ALSO ORDERED. — That the Execution on all
such Judgments shall be issued not only in the first instance, but also
after the Expiration of the time for which they are suspended, as a
matter of Course, unless a Suspension be specially Ordered, or further
continued.— IT is LIKEWISE ORDERED. — That the Clerk of the Peace
shall regularly issue Process of Distringas after Execution or Judgment,
ad infinitvm, until such Nuisance shall be proved to have been removed. —
AND IT is FURTHER ORDERED. — That Forty Shillings Issues be levied
on the first Distringas, and such Issues be afterwards increased to Five
Pounds on the second Distringas, Ten Pounds on the third, and Twenty
Pounds on the Fourth, and every other Distringas issuing against any
Person on Indictments or Presentments for Public Nuisances. — AND IT
is ALSO ORDERED. — That no Indictments or Presentments in future
shall be discharged or abated without the Evidence of one disinterested
viva voce Witness, stating that the Street or Highway, or Nuisance, has
been viewed by the Person or Persons giving such Evidence, and that
such Street or Highway is then in Repair or such Nuisance abated.

By order of tJw Court.
Guildhall, 15th November, 1813. RICHD. H. STRONG.

Clerk of tlie Peace.

THE GEOEGIAN EEA (II.) 225

If anything could bring the recalcitrant Tivertonians to a sense
of their duty, one would think that the reading of this attractive
and lucid admonition — " bonny writer words," as Andrew
Fairservice observed, " amaist like the language of huz gardeners
and other learned men " — would have had that effect.

We come now to the inevitable fires. On the 30th of June,
1794, a terrible conflagration occurred about two or three o'clock
in the afternoon. It commenced in the shop of Humphrey Eendle,
a hot-presser in Westexe, and as the roofs of the neighbouring
houses were of thatch, it spread with great rapidity. Very soon
both sides of Westexe, the whole of Bridge-street, and several
buildings in Wellbrook were burnt to the ground. As there was
a strong south-west wind, sparks were blown across the Exe, and
a number of houses on Angel-hill, as far as the " Old Bow," next
to Slee's Almshouses, in St. Peter-street were burnt, but the
" Angel Inn " was saved through the exertions of the landlord,
Mr. Hawkes. At one time there seemed every prospect of the
whole town being reduced to ashes. Houses were on fire both in
Fore-street and in Bampton-street, and the oak spire supporting
the vane over the Corn-market was burnt. The authorities,
however, acted with energy and pulled down a house in Fore-
street, in accordance with the provisions of the so-called Fire
Act, of which mention has been made previously. This timely
measure and the arrival of the fire engine from Cullompton put a
stop to the flames. About a hundred and twenty houses were
destroyed, the damage being computed at £7,899 16s. If we add
to this the loss of other property, stock, and household furniture,
the total amount was not far short of £15,000, of which only
two-thirds was covered by insurance. A meeting was called by
the Mayor, and subscriptions were invited for the relief of the
poor, many of whom were wandering about the fields in a state of
almost complete destitution. In response to this appeal the sum
of £214 17s. was contributed, which was divided among the
sufferers, after a strict investigation, in proportion to what they
had lost. For this purpose tickets were issued, of which the
following is a copy :

" Tiverton Fire, 30th June, 1794."

" William Chilcott, or the bearer, is entitled to receive the sum
of £8 5s. as a dividend of 5s. 6d. in the pound (for an admitted
loss of £30), on the sum of £215, received by subscription for the
sufferers admitted to have a share."

" Signed,

" Tiverton, 22nd July, 1792." « H. DENNIS."

The Parish Eegister contains the following notice of the
disaster: "This day happened a dreadful fire in Westexe. It
broke out between 2 and 3 in the afternoon at the House of
Humphrey Eendle, Hot-presser. It burnt all the Houses on both

226 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFOED

sides from Birchin-lane to Wild-broke. It burnt with such
fury that some of the flashes set fire to the Houses on Angel-
hill, and consumed several more Houses in the lower end of Peter-
street, and the beginning, or west end of Fore-street. It is
computed that 130 dwelling houses have been destroyed, or
upwards, but happily no lives lost." On April 2nd, 1795, another
fire broke out in Back-lane, Westexe, by which eight houses were
destroyed; and on the 24th of November, 1797, a still more
serious conflagration took place on the west side of St. Peter-
street. Twelve or thirteen houses were burnt down, and it is
probable that the mischief would have been still greater, had it
not been for the efforts of some French prisoners of war, who
prevented the spread of the flames by cutting off communication
between the burning houses and those near them. The
inhabitants themselves are reported not to have behaved well on
this occasion, preferring the part of idle spectators to that of
active and disinterested helpers.

Turning to military matters, I find that on the 4th of March,
1797, in consequence of 1200 Frenchmen having landed at
Fishgard, in Pembrokeshire, 300 men of the 29th Eegiment, with
two field pieces, marched into Tiverton ; and on the 20th of July,
1799, the South Devon Militia, about 600 strong, arrived in the
town, under the command of Lord Eolle. It was not a very
uncommon circumstance for regiments of militia to be quartered
here. For instance, in 1795 the York Militia, under the com-
mand of Captains Torr and Hayes, were stationed at Tiverton, and
the men made themselves useful by assisting to put out the fire in
Westexe. Lord Eolle, however, was connected not only with the
Militia, but also with the Yeomanry, and every year he brought his
regiment to Tiverton for their eight days' training, an arrange-
ment highly acceptable to the inhabitants, as it ministered alike
to their amusement and profit. This was especially the case with
the publicans. The regiment used to parade in Fore-street, and
on these occasions Lady Eolle would appear on horseback with an
officer's jacket, belt, sabre-tache, and plumed busby, exactly
similar to those of her husband.

Many persons, particularly those whose studies have not been
specially directed to the condition of England during the Great
War, naturally look upon the Volunteer movement as characteristic
of the present reign. This view is in one sense correct, as it is
only during the last thirty years or so that the force has established
itself as a permanent branch of the national defences, but
historically speaking, there were Volunteers in England before
1859. Thus in 1797 it is recorded that the first meeting took
place of the Tiverton Volunteer Cavalry on the 10th of July.
They consisted of one troop, commanded by Mr. Worth. Their
dress was scarlet and gold lace ; but not being fully accoutred,
they had short sticks instead of swords.

THE GEOEG1AN EEA (II.) 227

In January, 1799, the following notice was circulated by order
of the Lord Lieutenant of the County :

County of Devon, Hundreds of Tiverton, Halberton,
and Bampton.

" By Yirtue of Instructions from the Lord Lieutenant of the
said County for Carrying into Execution the Act for providing for
the Defence and Security of the Eealm during the present War,
and certain arrangements tending to unite the force of this
County and to prevent Confusion in the Case of Invasion ; the
Inhabitants of the several Parishes, in the said Hundreds, are
requested to select Competent Persons as hereinafter mentioned,
to act as GUIDES in pursuance of the said Act and Instructions, in
lieu of those already returned, Such Persons to be SToung Men,
quick sighted, bold Eiders, and from their Occupations or
Amusements, accustomed to know the Parish Eoads and Country
adjacent, to be mounted on hardy Horses, habituated to the
Eoads and Stony Lanes, and each of such Persons to be provided
with a light Fowling Piece, a few Bulletts, and a Powder Horn,
and such other Accoutrements as may be deemed necessary. — A
Corps of Guides of this description may perform all the Services
of the Old Dragoons, and should they at their leisure amuse
themselves with firing at Marks, so as to understand the quantity
of Powder requisite for the Charge of their Guns, they may fully
supply the place of Eiflemen. — Such Guides will be entitled to all
the Privileges mentioned in the said Act, and it is hoped that this
measure will be found agreeable to Persons of every descripton, as
they are united in Defence of what is equally valuable to them
all. — And such Competent Persons willing to offer their Assistance
may present themselves to the Deputy Lieutenant at the Three
Tuns, in the Town of Tiverton, on Tuesday, the 22nd Day of this
Instant January, at Ten o'Clock in the Forenoon.

" 5th Day of January, 1799."

Passing to the year 1803 we find that in consequence of the
threatened invasion, all the loyal inhabitants of the parish of
Tiverton were called on, by virtue of an Act of Parliament (43
George III.), to register their names and to state what duty they
would be able and willing to undertake for the public defence.
The notification ended :

N.B. The several services required are :

1st. Bearing Arms when an Enemy has landed.

2nd. Pioneers.

3rd. Guides.

4th. Engaging to supply Waggons and Carts.

5th. Millers to supply the Army.

6th. Bakers to do the same.

Moreover, all farmers were directed to enter their names and
the amount of live and dead stock in the possession of each, that
0.2

228 THE CHEONICLES OF TW5TFOKD

they might be indemnified by the Government for any losses
sustained through the enemy or necessitated by the needs of
the country. The returns were as follows: 216 oxen; 909
cows ; 906 young cattle and colts ; 6,397 sheep ; 1,655 pigs ; 148
riding horses; 336 farm horses; 20 waggons; 117 carts; 571$
quarters of wheat ; 92| quarters of oats ; 587| quarters of
barley ; 5 quarters of beans and peas ; 2,306 loads of hay ; 149
loads of straw ; 838 sacks of potatoes ; 120 sacks of flour ; 48
quarters of malt ; and 5 tons of cheese. In 1 804 a Tiverton
corps of infantry volunteers was formed. It was under the
command of Sir John Duntze, and consisted apparently of six
companies, as there is an item in the parish book referring to
a grant of £30 to six sergeants, being at the rate of 2s. 6d. per
day to each for forty days " for instructing the men in the use of
arms." The money was to be paid by the overseers out of the
poor rate ; and the order is dated Sunday, 1 9th August.

The name of the local regiment of volunteers was the " Tiverton
Fencibles," Although Sir John Duntze is stated to have been in
command, his position seems to have been in some degree an
honorary one. Anyhow, the actual duties were carried out by a
retired officer of the line named Ferguson, who resided then and
for a great many years afterwards in St. Peter-street. A Mr.
William Talley, of Prescott, though a civilian, and knowing
nothing of military discipline, was appointed lieutenant, or ensign,
and, therefore, to the day of his death rejoiced in the name of
" Captain Talley." Of this worthy yeoman's military life at this
time the following anecdote is reported. The men having
assembled in their drill-ground " The Works," adjoining the Old
Church, he was deputed by Captain Ferguson to put them
through their drill. They were supplied with rounds of blank
cartridge and a " Brown Bess," together with a bayonet. On the
occasion referred to he ordered them to load, make ready, and
present. Then, to ensure precision, he shouted, " Now, gentle-
men, shet, shet (shoot), and all to-wance." It happened one day
that a panic was caused throughout Devonshire and Somerset
owing to some mischievous person having set fire to one of the
beacons. After the affair had been explained, there was a good
deal of boasting on the part of the " Fencibles " as to what they
would have done if Bonaparte had landed, and some war-songs
were composed in allusion to the matter. Here is a verse of one
of these effusions, which were, clearly, very broad and popular :

Oh, Sergeant Bright has told me right, I cut a pretty figure.

Why shouldn't I in battle try ? Sure, I can pull a trigger ;

If I should kill great Boney-parte, my country \vpuld be befriended;

'Twould be a thunder-bolt for France, and make the war be ended.

As, however, the Government placed greater reliance on a
properly organized body of Militia, Fencibles and similar bodies

THE GEORGIAN EEA (II.) 229

were dissolved, much to the regret of those who were liable to be
drawn for the Militia when the annual ballot took place. If a
tradesman had the ill-luck to have his number drawn, he must
either suffer considerable loss and inconvenience through
periodical absence from his business, or pay for a substitute. The
sum of £40 was not thought too much to obtain immunity from
this heavy burden.

About this time the greatest alarm prevailed. Business was at a
standstill. The Mayor and Corporation assembled one day
in the Mayoralty Room in the utmost consternation at the news
that the French had effected a landing somewhere on the coast of
Devon or Somerset. The general belief was that Torbay or
Plymouth would be made their base of operations. As a
measure of precaution, therefore, beacon fires were prepared on
various heights, that the signal might be given in case of a
descent. These beacons • were composed of immense ricks of
wood, so prepared that they could be fired instantly, on the first
intimation of danger. Each beacon was placed in charge of a
man who was supplied with a telescope and who was instructed to
apply the match to his rick if he saw the flames rising from
another beacon, in whatever direction it might be situated. One
such beacon was formed three or four miles from Tiverton, in the
neighbourhood of " Christ's Cross," on the spot which is known
to this day as " Fire Beacon."

There were other causes of excitement besides the lighting of
beacons. On one occasion a press-gang from Plymouth suddenly
put in an appearance, producing the utmost alarm, especially
among the class usually pounced on by these fierce unscrupulous
sailors. Their object was to capture and carry off any who might
not be sober enough to prove that they did not enlist, but were
" impressed." whether they would or not. By some means also
the whereabouts of many men who had passed a part of their
lives at sea became known, and as one experienced sailor was
worth more to a commander than half-a-dozen raw pressed men,
such were specially hunted up. Now it happened that at this
time there resided in Tiverton a very worthy and well-to-do
tradesman, named. Orson Trent, who carried on a large painting
and plumbing business opposite the White Ball Inn. The early
life of this individual was spent on board a king's ship as some
kind of petty officer, but whether he deserted or not, certain it is
that H.R.H. the Prince Regent about this time had great need
of Mr. Trent, whose residence in Tiverton seems to have been
found out. Orson, however, was equal to the occasion, for
when the gang appeared and demanded him in the Prince's name,
his wife told the midshipman in command that he had gone away,
she did not know where : he had left the neighbourhood, in fact.
After the gang had quitted Tiverton, Orson is said to have been
found in a loft over one of the workshops.

230 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

During the long war preceding the banishment of Napoleon to
Elba so many prisoners had been captured through the English naval
victories, that the prisons devoted to their custody were found
totally inadequate, and the officers of the captured French vessels,
as well as those of the Army, were located in different towns, and
allowed their liberty on parole, subject to certain restrictions.
Tiverton consequently came in for a share of these gentlemen who
were billeted on the inhabitants in a manner suited to their
position and rank. With scarcely an exception these officers
conducted themselves in such a way as to win the esteem and
regard of their hosts, and in many instances, lasting friendships
were formed with them. After the establishment of peace in
1815 some of the prisoners, rather than return to their country,
preferred to settle in England. Among these was Monsieur
Alexandra Lamotte, who chose Tiverton as his place of abode,
acquired property there, and gained much respect as French
master at Blundell's School. Not a few of the Frenchmen were
very clever and ingenious, and were wont to relieve the tedium of
enforced leisure by arranging various games peculiar to their
country, whilst others occupied themselves with carving wooden
toys, making miniature models of their respective vessels, and in
similar ways. Mr. Sharland is the possessor of a memento of one
of these prisoners in the shape of a tiny beam and scales, and a
box to fit them in. They were made of hard wood with no other
tool than a pen-knife. An incident occurred at this time which
wounded the feelings of the officers, as it seemed likely to shake
the faith of Tiverton people in their honour. This was the
escape of two of the prisoners, who left the town by night,
walked to Torquay, or some place in that neighbourhood, stole a
small boat, and made off, but whether or not they reached France
was never known. Among the more distinguished prisoners of war
stationed at Tiverton was Admiral Dumanoir, who in 1806
received a visit from Sir Sidney Smith. Another was General
Boyer, concerning whom the following anecdote has been
preserved. At the window of a coffee-room in Tiverton had been
posted a notice to the effect that two thousand Turks had been
murdered in cold blood at Jaffa by order of General Buonaparte.
Boyer, who happened to have had a command in Egypt, read this
bulletin, and with true French sang froid took out his pencil and
altered the words " two thousand " into " three thousand five
hundred." As some proof of the interest taken by the inhabit-
ants in the prisoners, I may quote the following entry in the
Churchwardens' Accounts for the year 1796 :

" Richard Hawks, 4 quarts and 1 pint of brandy for the French
prisoners •£! Os. 3d."

Evidently this alludes to the rank-and-file. On the 5th of
December, 1797, a hundred and eighty of the latter, under an

THE GEORGIAN ERA (II.) 231

escort of the Wiltshire Militia, were marched to Stapledon Prison,
near Bristol. Their departure was much regretted.*

In 1801, there was something like a famine in Tiverton. The
price of wheat ranged from 18s. to a guinea a bushel, potatoes
were from 14s. to 21s. a sack, and bread was so scarce that in
some instances it could not be bought for money. On the 5th
of December, 1805, by order of the Privy Council, a general
thanksgiving took place for the victory of Trafalgar; and a
sermon was preached at St. Peter's by the Rev. G. Colton, curate
of Prior's Portion, of whom more hereafter.

On the 3rd of February, 1810, a new flag having been
presented to their society by Mr. Matthew Wood, the wool-
combers celebrated the occasion by parading the streets. With
regard to this flag, it is stated that the ground was of blue silk,
and that it bore on the one side a representation of Bishop Blaize,
while on the other were figured a shepherd and a shepherdess, accom-
panied by a lamb and a dog. On the 27th of June, in the same year,
the weavers walked in procession for the purpose of displaying a
new flag which had been given to them by Captain George Darby,
of the Guards, who was a native of Tiverton, and had himself been
brought up as a weaver. Thus far Colonel Harding. To judge
from his rather meagre description one would suppose that these
were quite isolated occurrences, but such was not the case. The
period just before Christmas was known in the woollen trade as
" Blaize Time," i.e. the time of the year when the official known
by the name of Bishop Blaize was annually chosen. What his
duties, privileges, and emoluments consisted in, I have not been
able to ascertain, but that he was a personage regarded with
respect by all branches of the industry is beyond a doubt. Much
feasting and a general settling of accounts took place at " Blaize
Time," and on the day when the Right Rev. Bishop for the year
took the oaths and was handed his crozier, a large procession of
the various clubs marched from some part of Westexe, through
the principal streets to St. Peter's Church, where a sermon was
preached. The Town Band and a drum and fife Band usually
accompanied them. An old inhabitant from whom I have
gathered these particulars, says he recollects one of their banners
as being a fine work of art. It was a large flag of yellow silk
with a beautiful picture of a shepherdess with a lamb on her lap,
and a shepherd with his crook standing near. Other flags belong-
ing to the various sections of the woollen trade had each some
appropriate device emblematic of their craft. My informant
states that he knew the last of the Blaizes. On the occasion of
his elevation to the episcopate the annual sermon was preached by

* At eight o'clock every evening during the time that the French
prisoners were here on their parole, the bell was rung at St. George's, to
warn them that they must be within the turnpike gates by that hour.

232 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

the Eev. John Pitman, who took for his text 1 Tim. iii., 1, " This
is a true saying, if a man desire the office of a Bishop, he desireth
a good work." In his old age the worthy dignitary fell on evil
days. He was known as " Old Wyburn," and earned a precarious
livelihood by hawking salt fish. Sic transit gloria mundi.

I may here refer to some other customs of a less agreeable
nature which were formerly in vogue at Tiverton. The popular
name of the place was " Whipshire," a description which has puzzled
etymologists, and has led to occasional discussions in the news-
papers. There seems to be no doubt, however, that the explana-
tion of the term is as follows. The reader must have heard the
expression "the fellow deserves a flogging at the cart's tail."
There is an allusion in the phrase to a form of punishment
inflicted on rogues and vagabonds in the last century. It was
none other than tying the evildoer's two hands together and
fastening them to a " cart's tail " by means of a rope. The cart
was then driven round the town, a " whipper " running beside the
culprit and administering strokes from time to time. It seems
incredible, but this punishment was actually ordered by the
magistrates, and was in such favour with them that the town
acquired an evil notoriety as " Old Whipshire," and any of the
inhabitants migrating to another place might expect to be
" chaffed " on the subject.

The last man to be punished in this way was named Galliver.
He had been convicted of stealing sticks. Starting from the
usual place, the Bridewell, he was whipped up St. Andrew-street,
and then around the town, as far as the old Town Hall. Here a
gentleman was standing, with a gold-headed cane in his hand. On
catching sight of the party, he shouted to the officer, Christopher
Facey, " Give it to him, Facey ! give it to him, Facey ! " and
finding that his admonitions did not produce the desired effect,
he went into action with his gold-headed cane. This he had no
right to do, and perhaps he owed it to his position that he was
not called to account for his conduct. .

Besides this, however, there was a rough sort of justice meted
out by the artisans themselves. I have recorded some instances
of popular vengeance in the foregoing chapter, but there were at
least two standing institutions of the sort. Anyone who is at
all acquainted with the town, knows where the "MillLeat" is
situated. It extends from a point beyond Loughborough, runs
parallel for a time with the factory yard, and after supplying a
flour mill, discharges itself into the Exe a little above Exe-bridge.
At a certain part of this leat, near the factory gate, disgraceful
scenes were enacted under the name of " cold staving," a penalty
incurred a hundred years ago or more by Benedicks, whose
unfaithfulness to their spouses rendered them particularly
obnoxious to their fellow-workmen. It consisted in securing the
offender, seating him astride on a long pole, one end of which

THE GEOKGIAN EBA (II.) 233

was held by a man on one side of the leat and the other end by
a man on the other side. They then commenced to jerk the pole
with the object of shaking the culprit into the stream. After
the shaking, whether or not the result was a ducking, the offender
was allowed to go free. This institution was confined exclusively
to the combers and weavers and existed long before the establish-
ment of the lace industry. Down, however, to the year 1820 a
still more scandalous performance was winked at by the
authorities. It was commonly known as " Skiramington Riding,"
and was designed as a punishment for the same class of offenders
as those before mentioned. The spectacle was of this kind : — A
donkey was procured and two fellows were engaged to ride on it
back to back, one of whom was dressed in a gown and bonnet to
represent the erring fair one, while the other took the place of
the Lothario. Each was furnished with a long ladle or other
domestic implement, with which from time to time they pre-
tended to strike each other. In this manner, with a drum and
fife in front, and youths beating frying pans, etc., behind, they
were followed through the streets by a noisy mob of, perhaps, a
thousand in number, until they finally stopped at the houses of
the guilty parties where the shouting and rough music were
redoubled. The ducking-stool was by the leat, and the stocks in
front of St. George's Church. The latter were in use down to
about 1830, the last occupant being a well-known character
named John Henson, but more generally called by his sobriquet
of " Jack Pickaxe," He was a half-witted and eccentric creature
and the subject of great amusement to the rising generation, who
affected to sympathise with him in his involuntary detention.
On the occasion in question Jack was heard to remark that after
such an indignity " he should never respect himself."*

The jubilee of George III., which fell in the year 1810 was
observed with great festivity at Tiverton. The Mayor and
Corporation, accompanied by the Yeomanry and the Bifle
Company, the Weavers and Woolcombers, etc., with their flags
and banners, marched in procession to St. Peter's; and a very
happy day was spent. The poor were regaled with beef and
pudding; and bullocks were roasted whole both in the factory
yard and in a field near the Bampton turnpike gate.

A curious relic of the " olden times " was discovered
recently in the form of a manuscript note-book containing a
description in verse of men and things at the beginning of the
present century. I insert a few of the stanzas here.

I well remember good old times,

When old men wore bag wigs,
When three-cocked hats their heads adorn'd,

And fancy hose their legs.

* On the demolition of the old prison the stocks were bought by Mr.
Beck, builder, and af te r remaining in his yard for some years, were sold
as old timber.

234 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

And he who had a goodly calf

With well-turned ankle bones,
Might show them as he tripp'd along

To Church upon the stones.

The waistcoat then, both neat and clean,

Was made of ample size ;
And he who wore it, found he had

Its pockets on his thighs !

The coat well fitted to the shape
Came down, both straight and long,

With flowing skirts and pocket flaps,
And buttons large and strong !

A Holland shirt then always had

A frill well plaited in,
And fastened neatly in the pleats

With a gold bosom pin !

Then white as blossom was each wig,

For all might freely wear,
Without the burden of a tax,
. Fine powder in the hair.

The tail, too, then so neatly tied

All round with ribbon black,
Hung flowing gracefully behind,

And quite adorn'd the back I|

Whilst silver chain, and seal, and key,

As everyone might see,
Came dangling on his breeches down,

Almost down to the knee !

To this but add a stately cane,

With head of virgin gold !
And then you'll see how gentlemen

Were dressed in days of old I

The writer proceeds to enumerate some of the celebrities o£ the
town at the time of which he wrote, mentioning among others

Good old Mr. Follett who

Of parsons was the best,
Whose breeches were of Florentine,

And Florentine his vest.

All the characters in the poem — whether good, bad or in-
different— seem to have been snuff-takers. The writer says :

No greeting then was deemed sincere,

No chatting thought enough,
That didn't end with an " Oh dear !

Come 1 take a pinch of snuff."

THE GEORGIAN EEA (II.) 235

Perhaps the municipal authorities of the present day might get
a hint or two for the next " Mayor's Sunday " from the following
description of the Corporation going to church :

Oh what a turn out then you saw,
With Sergeant Needs and Brenston,

Whose three-cock'd hats were trimm'd with gold,
And waistcoats made of crimson.

And then the Mayor and Aldermen

In scarlet robes attir'd,
With twelve assistant Burgesses

Walk'd forth to be admir'd I*

The writer, who endorses his MS. with the words " Finished
4th August, 1841," concludes with a promise to prepare another
list,

By setting down the lives
Of such as ought to shine in verse,
Among the maids and wives.

This task, however, as might have been expected, proved too
much for him, and was never accomplished.

In 1810 great excitement was caused in Tiverton and the
neighbourhood by some extraordinary proceedings at Sampford
Peverell, a village about five miles distant from the town. The
affair will always be wrapt in a certain amount of mystery,
although the prevailing belief was, and still is, that it was the
result of some conspiracy ; and suspicion points to the Rev. Mr.
Colton, who certainly took a great interest in the matter, as the
arch conspirator. I refer of course, to the well-known story of
the " Sampford Ghost." The scene of the tragedy or comedy —
there seems to have been something of both — was a very ordinary
house,t having a shop and kitchen below, a single staircase, com-
municating with the upper story, and in the latter a small ante-
room or landing, and two rooms one leading into the other. The

* The Corporation used to attend Church on the last Sunday in each
month. They were preceded by three mace bearers — Caleb Adams,
William Adams (brothers) and a man called Melhuish — whose livery
was as follows : three-cocked hats, trimmed with gold lace ; long blue
coats, also trimmed with gold lace ; red waistcoats ; dark plush breeches ;
white stockings ; and silver-buckled shoes. The Mayor wore a scarlet
robe ; all the rest black robes.

f This is true, so far as the exterior and general arrangements are con-
cerned. On the windows, however, are some curious inscriptions, cut in
the glass. Thus over the date 1767 are the words " Oh Lord, forgive
them for they know not what they do." On another pane the names
" Thomas and Elizabeth Bellamy " and the date " 1795 " are engraven;
while on a third pane is to be found the apothegm " Many estates are
spent in the getting of sense." None of these inscriptions seems to have
any reference to the ghost.

236 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFORD

manifestations took place in the two upstair rooms. At first the
ghost, or whatever it was, visited the place by day as well as by
night and made known its presence by sundry kickings and
stampings — very unghostlike conduct, but all the same, very
alarming. The further particulars shall be given in the words of
Mr. Colton. " These phenomena" he observes " continued almost
incessantly for about five weeks, when they gradually gave place
to others still more curious and alarming. Whatever females
slept in either of these apartments, experienced, some of them all,
and all of them some, of the following sensations. They were
most dreadfully beaten, as by-standers may hear and witness;
and I am quite certain that I have heard myself more than two
hundred blows given in the course of a night. The blows differed
in violence; at times they can be compared to nothing but a very
strong man striking with all the force he is master of. with a
closed fist on the bed. They leave a great soreness, and visible
marks : I saw a swelling at least as big us a turkey's egg on the
cheek of Anne Mills, a servant of Mr. Chave's. When these
blows and noises have been most violent I have placed myself
close to the bed, and when they were at their height, without
changing my position, have desired one or other of the party to
rush in with a candle kept ready lighted on the outside of the
door for that purpose, but we could discover no cause. Every
plan we could think of has been practised to frustrate or foil
artifice or design. I have seen a sword, when placed in the hands
of a woman, repeatedly and violently wrested out of them, and
thrown with a loud noise sometimes into the middle of the room,
and sometimes still more violently against the wall. This sword I
have heard it take up, and with it beat the bed ; by it's shaking
the handle in a particular manner, I have been aware of it's taking
it up. I have placed a very large folio Greek Testament, weigh-
ing about eight or ten pounds, on the bed : it has been repeatedly
thrown in the centre of the room. It is a curious circumstance
that this same Testament has been thrown with great violence
and a loud noise from the foot to the head of the same bed, inclin-
ing in its direction a little to the right. I have often heard the
curtains of the bed most violently agitated, accompanied with a
loud and almost indescribable motion of the rings. These
curtains, to prevent their motion, were often tied up, each one of
them in a large single knot, and in this state every curtain in that
bed was agitated, and the knots thrown and whirled about with
such rapidity, all at the same time, that it would have been by no
means pleasant to have been in their vortex, or within the sphere
of their action. I have heard, in the presence of several
witnesses, footsteps repeatedly walking by me, and round me,
when sitting at times by the light of one or two candles, and could
see nothing. I have been in the act of opening a door which was
already half open, with a candle in one hand, when a violent and

THE GEORGIAN EEA. (II.) 237

sudden rapping was produced on the opposite side of the same
door. I paused a moment, but while the rapping continued, I
drew the door which was before half open, suddenly open ; not a
second could have elapsed, yet I can swear that I could then see
nothing ! although I had a lighted candle in my hand, nor can I
at this moment conjecture the cause of that violent knocking. I
have been in one or other of the two apartments that are so much
disturbed, more than once, but particularly in the one which has a
large modern window, when from the noises, knockings, blows on
the bed and rattling of the curtains, I did really begin to think
the whole chamber was falling in. Mr. Taylor, sitting on a chair
in the same room, while I was standing close by him, observed, ' I
thought it was sufficiently terrible last night, but this is more
than I ever heard it.'

" One night the two servants were so much agitated that they
refused to sleep any longer in their apartment ; Mr. Chave per-
mitted them, in the dead of night, to bring their bed and bed
clothes into the room where he slept with Mrs. Chave; after
they had been quiet about half an hour, and the light was put out,
a large iron candlestick began to move most rapidly over the
whole room, producing by its motion a noise exactly resembling
the grinding of a malt-mill. Mr. Chave was in the act of ringing
the bell, to call up the 'prentice boy, when the candlestick was
violently thrown at his head, which it narrowly missed; but
after striking the head of the bed, fell upon the pillow.

" Mr. Searle, late keeper of the County Gaol, informed me of his
intention of going to Sampford to find out the grand trick that
was there exhibiting. He informed me, after his visit, however,
that the blows were extremely loud and violent on the bed in
which a single female slept (Ann Mills), even while he was sitting
on one side of the bed and his friend on the other. The sword
before mentioned was placed, he positively assured me, on the
bed where a large folio Testament was placed over it, thus by its
weight pressing down the sword ; they then resumed their
position on each side of the bed, so as to be able to ascertain the
slightest motion of the person who occupied it. The sword was
in a very short space of time hurled with the greatest violence
from the bed against the opposite wall — a distance of about seven
feet. He was quite certain the female in the bed neither moved
hand or foot. It seems that in Mr. Searle's absence from this
room, a few minutes, his friend struck at something and blood
was evident on the knife, but as this circumstance took place
without any witness, I do not consider it worthy of much atten-
tion.

" As the following fact has been sworn to in the presence of
Captain Jones, myself, and others, I may venture to relate it.
Mr. Taylor deposes that in going into the room in consequence of
the shrieks of the women, the sword that before was lying on the

238 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTEOBD

floor was clearly suspended in the centre of the room, with
its point towards him ; he drew back and contemplated this
wonderful object with amazement and terror, when after the
expiration of about a minute, it fell to the ground with a loud
noise. He also deposed to his perfect ignorance of the cause of
the phenomenon.

" Last Thursday night, September 13th, the family, with one
exception, were not much disturbed, nor were they some nights
previous to that ; but Anne Mills deposed on oath, on Friday
morning, before Mr. Sully and myself, that she was beaten so
violently on that night that she hesitated whether she should run
out of bed or strike a light ; in the act of doing the latter, she
received a very severe blow on the back, the effects of which she
deposed were very visible, and the tinder box was forcibly
wrenched out of her hands, and thrown into the centre of the
room by the same agent that gave the blows. Lastly, two
servants belonging to the place, Mary Dennis and Sally Case, in
the presence of a Mr. Sumpter, bore witness to the folio wing very
extraordinary occurrence : That on Sunday morning at half-
past seven o'clock they were violently beaten while in bed ; that
the bed in which they slept was opposite to the large modern
window before described ; that while nothing interfered between
them and the light but a thin sheet, they distinctly saw a large
arm suspended over the bed, without any body attached to it.
The possibility of such a phenomenon if it was to be seen, I have
convinced myself of."

An affair of such mystery was sure to attract attention on the
part of many persons who were not disposed to accept a super-
natural solution. Among those who attempted to get to the
bottom of the secret was Mr. Marriot, editor of the Taunton
Courier. In Colton's narrative we frequently meet with the
name of a Mr. Taylor, and Marriot affirmed his belief that he,
and no one else, was the veritable ghost. Taylor, he said, had
studied necromancy under the " celebrated Moon," and had
turned his knowledge to account in producing these remarkable
effects. Taylor, however, made an affidavit before J. Govett,
Esq., the Mayor of Tiverton, denying these allegations, and
couched in the following terms :

" That he never saw Mr. Moon exhibit but three times in his
life ; that he was never in his company but twice in his life ; that
he never was under Mr. Moon's tuition one hour. Sworn before
me, 27th September, 1810,

" J. GOVETT, Mayor of Tiverton."

It would seem that the house in question had been occupied at
an earlier date by a Mr. Bellamy, during whose tenancy it was
believed to have been used for the purpose of secreting smuggled
goods. " In the corner," says Mr. Colton, " of the second room,
where strangers usually sit during the night, there is a large hole

THE GKEOKGIAN EEA (II.) 239

about two feet square and six feet deep." Commenting on this
admission Mr. Harriot averred that it was only a part of the
truth, that instead of there being one communication with
the upstair rooms, as Mr. Colton had stated, there were actually
three, a circumstance which " Mr. Chave studiously concealed
from the numberless visitors who have been drawn by curiosity
from all parts of the country to attend the ghostly lectures." It
does not appear what answer Mr. Colton made to this, but on
another point in which his case was attacked, he successfully
maintained his ground. Mr. Marriot stated that on a visitor
named Talley going into the inner room " he was much surprised
to observe a man named Dodge, a cooper, sitting on the bedside
half -concealed by the curtain." To this very damaging assertion
Colton rejoined " Mr. Talley himself now admits he recollects he
did not see any man half-concealed behind a curtain for the
plainest of all possible reasons, there were no curtains to that
bed on which he saw Mr. Dodge sitting." Marriot, however,
went on to say " that Mr. Talley then took the precaution to
lock all the doors ; and taking the keys with him in the servants'
room. On the following morning Mr. Talley went into the
chamber where Dodge was, who could not quit his room till he
had let him out of it, he having taken the key." " This," says
Mr. Colton, " is rather miraculous, as I shall now make it fully
appear that the door of this identical chamber where Mr. Dodge
slept, on that memorable night, with the apprentice boy, hath
never had since its formation either key-hole, lock, bolt, bar, or
anything to secure it, but a very common thumb latch, even the
catch of which was gone." While elementary facts like this were
disputed, it was hopeless to expect that the mystery would be ex-
plained ; but it is now certain that the whole of these seances
were arranged by Mr. Colton, with the help of two accomplices.
Seeing that this was the case, his boldness in challenging enquiry
is positively amazing. No man ever acted a part with greater
ability.

In the appendix to his " Hypocrisy," published in 1812, he
makes the following reference to the subject, which seems at
first sight utterly inconsistent with his guilt and shews a con-
summate reliance on his own skill in baffling detection : " If
these nocturnal and diurnal visitations are the effects of a plot,
the agents are marvellously secret and indefatigable. It has
been going on more than three years. And if it be the result of
human machination, there must be more than sixty persons con-
cerned in it. Now I cannot but think it rather strange that a
secret by which no one can possibly get anything should be so
well kept ; particularly, when I inform the public what the news-
papers would not, or could not acquaint them with ; namely, that
a Reward of two hundred and fifty Pounds has been advertized for
anyone who can give such information as may lead to a discovery.

240 THE CHKONICLES OF TWTFOBD

Nearly two years have elapsed, but no claimant has appeared. I
myself, who have been abused as the dupe at one time, and the
promoter of this affair at another, was the first to come forward
with one hundred pounds, and the Mayor of Tiverton has now an
instrument in his hands, empowering him to call on me for the
payment of that sum, to anyone who can explain the cause of
the phenomena. ... A gentleman who. commanded a
company in the Hereford Militia was stationed at Sampford ; his
curiosity was much excited, and he sat up in 'Mr. Chave's house at
different times, thirty nights. I dined with him at Ottery
Barracks ; his brother officers were anxious to know his opinion of
that affair. He immediately replied, ' Mr. Colton, who sits
opposite, has engaged to give one hundred pounds to any person
who can discover it. If he hand me half a guinea across the
table, I engage before you all to pay the money instead of him,
whenever he is called upon.' I did not take his offer. A clear
proof that neither of us thinks a discovery the most probable
thing in the world."

I should add that the Mr. Talley, who has been so often
mentioned, was the individual whose military proclivities have
already gained him a place in these pages. It seems that
he was the owner of some property at Sampford, and
this led him to take an official interest in the proceedings.
Accompanied by the Eector of Sampford and several other people
he entered the haunted house, and, striking an attitude, shouted
" Come forth, if thou hast aught to say ? " The ghost, however,
declined to appear. Colton, in his satire, thus alludes to the
circumstance :

Here blust'ring Marplots, like Glendower, bawl,
At Sampford's vasty Pond for goblins call;
Be not deceived, my Friends, 'tis all a Hum,
Roar as he may, and rant, No Ghost mill come.

In conclusion I will adduce a contemporary poem written in the
ballad style and clearly the work of an unbeliever, though the
name of the author has not transpired. I have omitted a word
or two in the opening stanza for the sake of the metre.

THE SAMPFORD GHOST.

Old men and beldams in the street,
Do prophesy upon it dangerously.

Terrific Muse, whose chief delight,
Amidst the darksome shades of night,

When nature sinks to rest,
Is to affright some luckless wights
With horrid sounds and dismal sights,

Of forms in terrors drest,

THE GEORGIAN ERA (II.) 241

Thee I invoke — arise and sing

The fears that from the noises spring

Of Sampford's hellish ghost !
Who from some dark and dreary grave
Starts forth to haunt the rooms of Ch - ve,

And scare a mighty host ! *

Altho' its sounds have long been heard,
No ghostly form has yet appeared

In mild or fierce array ;
A man heroic, stout of heart,
Has said, " Come vorth whoe'er thou art,

If thou hast ort to zay."

A Priest wav'd round his uprais'd hand,
As if by force of magic wand

Or some enchanting spell,
And said — "Declare at my command,
If Spirit thou art or Goblin damn'd,

With air from heaven or hell ! "

From distant hamlets, villas, towns,
Squires came, as well as rustic clowns,

And wildly stared about.
The Chancellor t sat and heard it knock
Three hours and more by Sampf ord clock,

And try'd to smoke it out. |

No spectre comes, with terrors crown'd,
But still is heard the horrid sound

Throughout the haunted room ;
Deluded fools I to reason blind,
Who even startle at the wind,

A mopstick or a broom.

With glasses mounted on her nose,
Each village witch and beldam goes

With superstitious ken
To view the Spectre's dark abode,
And mark the room where it hath trod,

By mortal eye unseen.

With open mouth and staring eyes,
In council deep these dames surmise

Some great event at hand !
in labour thus a mountain stood
With wond'rous consternation view'd

By all throughout the land !

* The number of people which the superstitious tale of this imaginary
being has collected together, may with propriety be termed a host.

f A brave Sharpshooter,

J This man actually sat for the above period in the room, wherin this
supposed ghost performs his pranks, thinking, it is said, by the effluvia of
tobacco to stifle or otherwise drive the infernal Goblin from the place
of its abode.
E

242 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOKD

But while they trembling eye'd the rock,
Expecting some tremendous shock,

To light a dormouse came. §
Like them look on, ye silly fools,
Well taught in error's mystic schools,

And ye shall see the same !

Meanwhile this maxim let me prize,
" That good may out of evil rise, "

Its truth I doubt no more ;
Since now oppressed with hopes and fears,
Old women knuckle down to prayers,

Who never pray'd before.

Tiverton, June 9th, 1810.

The interest excited by the Sampford Ghost had hardiy sub-
sided when another incident, not precisely of the same kind, but
having to do with the world of spirits, provided the people of
Tiverton with a congenial topic of conversation. In 1814, the
daughter of a farmer living at Landfoot was taken seriously ill,
and at length supposed to be dead. The doctor, however, observ-
ing certain circumstances, which made him suspect that she was
in a trance, declined to certify that life was extinct, and after a
fortnight she revived. She then confided to her relatives an
account of an extraordinary vision which had happened to her,
and requested that it might be taken down in writing and printed.
To pacify her, her friends pretended that this had been done, but
she disbelieved them, and after threatening to return and haunt
them unless her wish was complied with, she expired. The
details of the vision were so wildly extravagant, that up to the
date of her funeral no steps were taken for carrying her injunc-
tion into effect. While the mourners were waiting for the
hearse and coaches, a voice was heard from the adjoining room,
saying, " Father, it is not printed" The company were horror-
struck, and ever afterwards Mr. Tom Taylor, who devoutly
believed both in the vision and the ghostly warning, caused the
former to be re-printed every seven years in accordance with
what he understood to be his sister's command. The Eev.
William Vowles, who made the incident the subject of a sermon
at " Steps Meeting, " Tiverton, June 26th, 1814, was of opinion
that the mysterious voice was due to the vagaries of a servant inaid.

A third story relates to a somewhat earlier period J* In 1872,
when some old manuscripts were being turned over, there was
found a portion of an old diary kept towards the end of the last
century, by one William Gover. Here is the story given in his
own words and not very accurate orthography : —

" In July 21st, 1797, died an ancient gentleman in Bartow's
Causeway, Mr. Sampson by name. He was a consell (consul) for

§ The noise which has excited so much consternation no doubt pro-
ceeds from a cause equally frivolous.

THE GEOKGIAN EEA (II.) 243

England to Algeeres, and by some means narrowly iscaped his life
in that county. For his service to Government he had £500 a
year. Charitable, well disposed gentleman. Towards his latter
end he agreed with his shurgon (surgeon), Mr. Guffett (Govett),
after his death to lay in his bed for six dayes and nights by his
order and desire. The above shurgon to viset him every day, to
examine if there was any life in him, and at the expiration of six
days and nights by his order and desire, his head was to be taken
from his shoulders, which was done at the time desired. Then
he was put in his coffin and buried in a plot behind his house, in
the orchard belonging to him. He had two thorns planted
where his grave was to be made, the one at the head and the
other at the foot. He was received into the grave by a strange
dissenting minister, which made a very fine prayer on that
occasion, and sung two hymns at the grave. There was no other
reason to be given, only mistresting the Hand of Providence for
fear he should come to life after he was laid in his grave. P.S. —
For the certainty of this act I myself heard Mr. Martin Duns-
ford (the historian) say he had the gentleman's head in his hand
after it was taken off. Attested by me, William Gover." To
this we may add that for years after Sampson was buried, his
ghost, it is said, refused to be " laid " and his head having been
kept by the doctors for scientific purposes, old Sampson used to
wander headless at night in search of it. ;<

Lastly — about eighty years ago there lived " on the
Leat," as it was then called, and near the Factory, an old man of
the name of Jarman. The history of this individual was involved
in some obscurity, but enough of his antecedents was known to
make him an object of suspicion to his neighbours and the towns-
folk generally, whilst to the juveniles he was a source of terror.
Mothers would quiet unruly children and send them to sleep by
the threat of " Old Jarman shall come for thee." Of what par-
ticular crimes he had been guilty was not remembered with any
certainty, but rumour suggested some of the blackest. At any
rate he was said to have acquired a certain amount of wealth
through the direct agency of the devil, who, as in the case of
Faustus, merely stipulated that when his dupe finally undressed
to take to his bed for the last time, he (old Nick), should have
him, body and soul. As the poet says :

" To these conditions both consented,
And parted, perfectly contented."

Now whatever old Jarman might have been, he was certainly not
a fool, and was, therefore (so the report ran), perfectly aware
that as long as he went to bed without entirely undressing, he
was safe from any visit from the enemy of mankind.

Tears rolled by, and old Jarman lived on, doing neither harm
nor good that we wot of, but feared and avoided by his neigh-

E2

244 THE CHEONICLES OF TWFFOKD

hours. Daily he pursued his usual avocations, and nightly did he
retire to his rest — " and thereby hangs a tale " ; for, in order to
cheat the devil, he never took off the garment which Sir Walter
Scott's Miss G-riselda describes as " that part o' a man's habili-
ments, the whilk it does na become a leddy to particulareeze."
Although the days we write of were not those of shoddy and
cheap clothing, yet the effluxion of time brings everything to an
end, and so it fell out that old Jarman's " unmentionables " be-
came wofn out, and had to be replaced by new ones. These were
brought, and the old man on retiring for the night had denuded
himself of the old ones, and was engaged in admiring the cut and
texture of the new, when suddenly there was an awful smell
of brimstone, and in a moment Old Nick was at his side to claim
the fulfilment of his bargain.

" Half-kilTd with anger and surprise,
4 Art come again ?' old Jarmaii cries ! "

It was too true, but a lucky thought suggested itself—" Wait a
minute," quoth he, and taking good aim, flung his big turnip of
a watch at the devil's head. While the latter, nonplussed by the
blow, was whisking his tail about, Jarman seized his nether
garment, and jumping into it, bade defiance to the enemy. After
this episode in his history, there occurs a blank, so

" How long he lived, how wise, how well,

How roundly he pursued his course,
And smoked his pipe at the " White Horse "

Historians do not tell."

My informant, however, says he can just remember — for it was
more than half-a-century ago — a strange funeral emerging from
a small house, near what is now known as " Pinkstone's Corner,"
followed by a gaping crowd (mostly women), this being a sample
of their gossip : — " Bless-ee a zold ez zel to Belzebub years ago,
and than he waz ebble to build thik row of eight housen. No-
body cude zleep in tha room way un, and they do zay az how
there's nort but stones in the coffin and that Nick hath got the
body o' en."

I must now give some particulars of the Eev. C. Colton, A.M.
Cantab. Collegii Regalis Socius, as he was wont to inscribe him-
self— in plain English, Fellow of King's College, Cambridge.
Although he did small credit to his cloth, and was, in fact, the
very reverse of a model clergyman, he was nevertheless a man of
versatile talents. He wrote books, sported, gambled, and finally,
committed suicide. He was the Curate of Prior's Portion, this
living having been bestowed on him about the year 1805 by the
Provost and Fellows of King's, and in ability as a preacher he far
outshone the rest of the clergy of the town and neighbourhood.
Consequently when it came to his turn to occupy the pulpit at St.

THE GEOKGIAN EEA (II.) 245

Peter's, the building was always crowded, a large part of the con-
gregation consisting of strangers who had come on purpose to
hear him. His sermons were not marked by any peculiar
doctrinal opinions, but they were scholarly and epigrammatic, and
he was noted for his scathing manner of denouncing hypocrisy
and formalism. I hare already mentioned his satire dealing with
the former subject. It is a long and rather stilted composition,
and by no means so well known as his prose work " Lacon." The
latter is a series of reflections on life and morals, set out in
paragraphs and showing profound thought as well as consider-
able power of language. His general habits, however, were
more those of a sportsman than a student. He lived in a small
house on the east bank of the Exe, the approach to which lies
through a garden in St. Peter-street. He was unmarried, and his
household consisted of himself and a domestic, who was house-
keeper and servant combined. One Sunday afternoon when he
had retired to the vestry for the purpose of changing his surplice
for the black gown in which he always preached, he was observed
hastily to emerge, and, crossing the chancel, to leave the church
by the little door. At first people thought he must be ill, but
just before the conclusion of the hymn he re-appeared, and,
mounting the pulpit, delivered his discourse. The explanation
came out the next day. On arriving at the vestry he found that
he had forgotten to bring his sermon, and as extempore preaching
was not in his line, he had no alternative but to hurry home for
it. Here, however, a new difficulty presented itself, for his
worthy housekeeper after carefully shutting up the house had
gone to church. But Colton was not to be foiled. He forced
open a window, got into the house and having secured his
manuscript, ran at the top of his speed back to the church, where
he arrived in the nick of time. On another occasion Mr. Colton
had his horse waiting for him at the gate as soon as service was
over, and a servant with his gun, &c. ; for wishing to be in time
for the game on the following morning, he thought it expedient
to ride to Dulverton the Sunday evening. It is even said that he
once did duty with a scarlet coat concealed under his gown, in
order that he might be able to start for the " meet ' ' on Exmoor
immediately after the service, but this may not be true. Again,
one of the Rectors lent him a terrier, and as Colton did not
return the animal within a reasonable time, a warm discussion
ensued. The dog's name happened to be " Pomp," and as it was
Colton's turn to preach the next Sunday, he announced with great
gravity as his text, " Neither shall his pomp follow him." At
length having received the gift of a living nearer London, he
quitted Tiverton, and his subsequent career is very painful to
read of. I have already spoken of Colton's gambling propensities.
After his removal to his new sphere he became associated with the
notorious gang— Thirkell, Hunt, and Probert — who were tried later

246 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOKD

on for the murder of a Mr. Ware. The latter was reputed to be
rich, and at the time when this trio conspired against him, a sum
for a bet was owing to him, or he had a good deal of money on his
person. However that may be, Thirkell agreed to drive Mr.
"Ware in his gig to Probert's, a lonely villa some ten miles or so
from London, where gamblers held their nocturnal orgies and
spendthrifts were often lured to their ruin. Before, however,
they quite reached their destination, a bullet from Thirkell's
pistol served as a quietus for Mr. Ware, and with the help of the
two other scoundrels, the body was sunk in a pond behind the
cottage. " Murder," it is said, " will out," and these facts having
become known, the three gamesters were arrested and tried.
Probert turned King's evidence, Thirkell was hanged, and Hunt
transported for life. There is nothing whatever to connect Mr.
Colton with this crime. Since his departure from Tiverton, he
had plunged into the wildest excesses, and had long ago been
compelled to sever all connection with the church, but it is pretty
clear that he had nothing to do with this dastardly act. How-
ever, on the apprehension of his associates he thought it safer to
make his escape to France. Here he continued his vicious courses,
and at last, in a fit of despair, cut his throat. The author of the
" American in Paris," thus refers to this melancholy event : " I
have just fallen accidentally upon the story, which everybody
knows, of the unhappy Colton. He wrote books in recommenda-
tion of virtue and critiques in reprobation of vice, with admirable
talent. He was a clergyman by profession, and yet became a
victim to this detestable passion. He subsisted by play several
years amongst these dens of the Palais Royal, and at length fall-
ing into irretrievable misery, ended his life here by suicide. One
feels a sadness of heart in looking upon the scene of so horrible
an occurrence ; one owes a tear to the error of genius, to the
weakness of our common humanity."

Turning aside from the tragic and portentous to comparatively
humdrum issues — the "trivial round and common task" of
parochial life : — About this time there appears to have been con-
siderable distress among the poor. In 1811, 3,770 bushels of
wheat were bought by the parish and sold at a reduced price to
the needy. The cost to the ratepayers was £231 6s. 9|d. Next
year a meeting was held in the Town Hall for expediting relief.
The sum of .£250 was subscribed, and wheat, barley, and potatoes
were bought and sold to the poor at less than the current prices.
In the month of July potatoes were so scarce that for a fort-
night not a single specimen was to be seen in the market. — In
1812 it was resolved by the Turnpike Trustees to cut two new
roads ; one to Exeter over Cherry Tree Hill, and the other to
Bampton and Dulverton by the course of the Exe. The former
of these roads was completed about three years later. Several of
the main entrances to the town date from the present century.

THE GEORGIAN EEA (II.) 247

The approach from Rackenford formerly led past Broomfield, the
section of road^between the Factory and Shillands having been
adapted for the purpose as recently as 1831.* The Station-road
was cut at the opening of the railway ; the old London-
road is on the other side of the line.t — On the 12th of May,
1813, the inhabitants were perturbed by the appearance of a
water-spout. This occurred during a violent thunderstorm, but
not a drop fell from the celestial siphon, which passed immediately
and most considerately to the north. After a while the water-
spout broke into two parts, one of which took a north-easterly
direction. What became of the other is not recorded. It is
evident, however, that something happened, for in about an hour
the Exe rose five feet and did a great deal of mischief, but this
time Father Exe may be excused, as it was all the fault of the
water-spout. On the 10th of January, 1814, it was rather cold.
The thermometer was ten degrees below freezing point " in a
warm room." On the llth there was a heavy fall of snow,
whereby travelling- was rendered impossible for several days ;
but, by way of compensation, on the 13th the Exe was frozen so
hard that skating was rendered possible. The Rev. C. Colton was
very much alive on this occasion. He caused a table and forms to
be deposited on the ice, and sat there drinking punch with certain
of his " pals." After this he amused a gratified public by skating
and letting off Roman candles. On the 16th of May, preliminaries
of peace having been signed, the poor were regaled with 2,987 Ibs.
of meat and puddings and cider. The rejoicings — processions,
sham-fights, feastings, and other delights — were kept up till the
20th. On the 1st of July peace was proclaimed at Tiverton. The
7th was a thanksgiving day, and marked in the evening by illumi-
nations. On the 25th of August the first barge laden with coal
arrived by the canal, and the price of coal was reduced, in conse-
quence thereof, 3d. a bushel. The Grand Western Canal, how-
ever, is a subject which must not be dismissed too lightly. The
line was surveyed and estimates prepared in the year 1795, and,

* At the time when the foundry was built a canal was cut from the
Leat to Shilland's Quarry, near Broomfield, and flat-bottomed boats
used to ply on it. There was a foot-bridge over the leat opposite the
Worth Arms, whence a path led to Loughborough, where there was
another foot-bridge, and thence to the old Turnpike Gate.

f Before the cutting of the railway the appearance of the spot was
somewhat as follows •• A footpath, starting from the corner of The Elms
led through two mills to a point just opposite Zephyr Lodge,
which stood very near where the goods' station is now. There was a
rustic bridge over the Lowman which has been diverted from its ancient
bed— connecting Zephyr Lodge with two cottages. Trees grew in the
street between Lowman Bridge and the houses which are approached by
flights of steps in Gold-street, and from Lowman Bridge to the first
house on the right in Elmore. I may add that the landing before the
houses above mentioned shows the original height of the pavement.

248 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

when first projected, the canal was expected to afford a valuable
means of communication, by way of Taunton and Bridgwater,
with the Bristol Channel. The original idea was to continue the
excavations as far as Topsham, but it was never carried out.
"Within its existing limits the canal has not been a success. The
traffic has chiefly consisted in the carriage of limestone, coal, and
culm to and from the neighbouring districts ; and the profits
arising from it have been almost, if not entirely, absorbed by the
repair of the banks. It is now in the hands of the Great
Western Kailway Company. For the majority of the inhabitants
its chief raison-cPSlre is the excellent skating it affords, but
merely for this the construction of a canal so many miles in
length would be undoubtedly an expensive luxury. It is
not likely therefore, that the shareholders were much influenced
by this consideration. On the 15th of September, 1815. six
houses opposite the lower end of St. George's Churchyard, in St.
Andrew's-street (besides other buildings) were destroyed by fire.
In the previous sections I have carefully abstained from enter-
ing into details respecting the woollen trade, from a feeling that
I should be conveying no sort of information whatever to the
bulk of my readers, uninstructed as they necessarily are in the
technique of the subject. Before treating, however, of its final
collapse it will be proper to take a brief retrospect of the vicissi-
tudes of this industry during the eighteenth and the early part of
the nineteenth century. Eegarded as a whole it was a period of
decline. This is shown by the comparative state of the popula-
tion. In 1705 the inhabitants numbered about 8,690 ; in 1811
they had dwindled to 6,932, including the local militia, and of
this total 1,429 were engaged in trade and manufacture. I am
indebted for these figures to Colonel Harding, but I must confess
that I am unable to comprehend his mode of reckoning. He
appears to imagine that the population had decreased in this in-
terval by about 3,000, but the only possible way of attaining this
result, on the data which he supplies, is by adding the number of
work-people in 1811 to the actual difference in the returns. He
goes on to add that in 1785 the population was 7,699, and that
consequently the diminution between that year and 1811 was
1,200. All this, however, by the way. During the first two or
three decades of the eighteenth century the woollen manufacture
of Tiverton was in a highly flourishing condition, and the maximum
of prosperity was reached about the year 1730, when fifty-six
fulling mills were in regular employ. Duns ford, who received his
information from persons then living, gives the following list :

Mills

At Greenway near the turnpike-gate to Exon ... 6
At the south-end of Westexe ... ... 6

Nearly opposite Broad- lane ... ... 6

Behind Palehouse - ... ... 6

At the ducking-stool in Leat-street ... ... 6

THE GEOEGIAN EEA (II.) 249

Mills

Near them and farthest on the north ... 2

Cockow Mills, in the Hams ... ... 4

In Farley village ... ... ... 1

Near Worth -house ... ... ... 2

In the village of Bolham ... ... 6

Ham mills, on the river Lowman ... ... 2

Behind the Bridewell, ditto ... ... 2

Near Cottey-house ... ... ... 2

Near Washfield Wear ... ... 5

The great fire of 1731, notwithstanding the rapid rebuilding of
the town, had no doubt a prejudicial effect on its trade ; and the
bitter dissensions between the masters and men on the subject of
Irish worsted were naturally detrimental to both. The intro-
duction of Norwich stuffs in 1752 led many persons to augur the
approach of a brighter era in the woollen manufacture. This
prospect, however, was soon eclipsed, for in 1761 the establish-
ment of a serge factory at Wellington drained Tiverton of a large
number of its most efficient workers. Soon after 1789 the
woollen trade was seriously hampered by the increased consump-
tion of cotton articles, but in 1790 there were still 1,000 looms
in Tiverton, 700 of which were in daily use, and 200 wool-
combers. In 1793 a factory was opened in Westexe by Messrs.
Heathfield, Dennis, and Co., who intended it to be used as a
cotton mill. The design was afterwards abandoned, but the
factory was nevertheless of great service to the town, since the
proprietors displayed considerable energy, and in this way the ex-
istence of the woollen manufacture on which so many depended
for a livelihood, was protracted to the year 1815. The closing
scene was tragic. On the 21st of March, about eight o'clock in
the morning, whilst the workpeople were at breakfast, there was
heard the loud report of a gun, and the news rapidly spread that
Mr. Armitage, the managing partner, had shot himself. As an
examination of the books revealed an unsatisfactory state of
affairs, it was decided to wind up the concern. The stock and
machinery were sold by auction, and the factory, in the course of
the same year, passed into the hands of Mr. Heathcoat. The
causes which had been mainly operative in the destruction of the
ancient industry were two : — the breaking out of the French
Eevolution, with the consequent cessation of the Dutch trade, and
the competition of places like Bradford.

The Factory is such a notable feature in Tiverton that a sketch
of its history is decidedly in place here. The first mill erected in
this quarter of the town for fulling purposes appears to have
stood on the ground occupied by a flour-mill, and here also, opposite
the Ham, was the site of the Pale-house. Both these terms are
curious. The former, which has no connection with the leg of a
pig, is usually found in the form of a suffix (e.g. Eockingham,
Nottingham, etc.), and the full description of the locality is

250 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

" Brayes " or " Boyes-ham," It was formerly in the possession
of Peter Blundell, and formed part of his bequest to the famous
school. As regards " Pale-house," the term seems to refer to the
outer limit in this direction of the home park of the Castle previous
to the cutting of the leat. The original leat, now filled up, began
at a point half-way between St. Peter's Church and the " Head
Weir," and gained for the southern part of the Ham the name of
" The Island." In 1677 the "Head Weir" was constructed in
order to furnish a sufficient supply of water for several fresh
mills, the owners of which undertook to conduct the leat to the
earlier fabric, free of cost, in consideration of the proprietor
abandoning his monopoly. The older part of the present
factory was built by Messrs. Heathfield, Dennis, and Co,, in 1792,
and was purchased by Messrs. Heathcoat, Boden, and Oliver,
lace manufacturers, of Loughborough, in 1816. In 1822 the
partnership was dissolved, when some of the machinery was re-
moved to Barnstaple, and since that time the business has been
carried on under the name of John Heathcoat and Co. In 1822
gas works were erected and a foundry established. The latter
has been superseded by the present foundry buildings, and from
time to time other alterations and additions have been made. In-
cluding all its ramifications the lace factory occupies an area of
several acres, and on the whole the enterprise has been most suc-
cessful. The subject does not, perhaps, lend itself very readily
to poetic treatment, but a Devonshire bard, Mr. Hope Hume,
has essayed the task in the following lines : —

" One mighty water -wheel, that round

Revolves with slow and measured sound,

And, with each revolution, weds

Ten thousand thousand silken threads,

Wound from a million golden reels,

Or little flying fairy wheels,

That buzz like bees, in sunlit rooms,

Where keen mechanics watch their looms ;

And galleries long, with windows wide,

Where countless busy maids preside,

Whose nimble fingers nurse the lace,

That yet their bridal veil may grace :

Such to the poet's unskill'd eye

Shows Tiverton's great Factory."

Dr. Smiles, in his world-famous book, " Self-Help," gives the
following account of Mr. Heathcoat :

" John Heathcoat was the son of a cottage farmer at Long
Whalton, Leicestershire, where he was born in 1774. He was
taught to read and write at the village school, but was shortly re-
moved from it to be put apprentice to a frame smith in the
neighbouring village. The boy soon learnt to handle tools with
dexterity, and he acquired a minute knowledge of the parts of

THE GEOEGIAN EEA (II.) 251

which the stocking-frame is composed, as well as of] the most
intricate warp machine. At his leisure he studied how to intro-
duce improvements in them, and his friend, Mr. Bazley. M.P.,
states that as early as the age of sixteen he conceived the idea
of inventing a machine by which lace might be made similar to
Buckingham or French lace, then all made by hand. The first
practical improvement he succeeded in introducing was in the
warp frame, when by means of an ingenious apparatus he succeeded
in producing ' mitts ' of a lacy appearance ; and it was this suc-
cess which determined him to pursue the study of mechanical lace-
making. The stocking frame had already, in a modified form,
been applied to the manufacture of point-net lace, in which the
mesh was looped as in a stocking ; but the work was slight and
frail, and therefore unsatisfactory. Many ingenious Nottingham
mechanics had, during a long succession of years, been labouring
at the problem of inventing a machine by which the mesh of
threads should be twisted round each other on the formation of
the net. Some of these men died in poverty, some were driven
insane, and all alike failed in the object of their search. The old
warp machine still held its ground.

" When a little over twenty-one years of age, Mr. Heathcoat
married and went to Nottingham in search of work. He there
found employment as a smith and ' setter-up ' of hosiery and
warp frames. He also continued to pursue the subject on which
his mind had been occupied, and laboured to compass the contriv-
ance of a twist traverse net machine. He first studied the art of
making the Buckingham or pillow lace by hand, with the object
of effecting the same motions by mechanical means. It was a
long and laborious task, requiring the exercise of great persever-
ance and no little ingenuity. His master, Elliot, described him at
that time as plodding, patient, self-denying and taciturn ; un-
daunted by failures and mistakes, full of resources and expedients,
and entertaining the utmost confidence that his application of
mechanical principles would be crowned with success. During
this time his wife was kept in almost as great anxiety as himself.
She well knew of his struggles and difficulties, and she even began
to feel the pressure of poverty on her household. For while he
was labouring at his invention he was frequently under the
necessity of laying aside the work that brought in the weekly
wage. Many years afterwards, when all difficulties had been
overcome, the conversation which took place between husband
and wife one eventful Saturday evening was vividly remembered.
' Well, John,' said the anxious wife, looking in her husband's
face, ' will it work ?' ' No, Anne,' was the answer, ' I have had
to take it all to pieces again.' Though he could still speak hope-
fully and cheerfully, his poor wife could restrain her feelings no
longer, but sat down and cried bitterly. She had, however, only
a few more weeks to wait for success, long laboured for and

252 THE CHEONICLES OF TWTFORD

richly deserved, came at last, and a proud and happy man was
John Heathcoat, when he brought home the first narrow strip of
bobbin net made by his machine, and placed it in the hands of his
wife.

" It is difficult to describe in words an invention so complicated
as the bobbin-net machine. It was, indeed, a mechanical pillow
for making lace, imitating in an ingenious manner the motions
of the lace maker's fingers in intersecting or tying the meshes of
the lace upon her pillows. On analysing the component parts of
a piece of hand-made lace, Heathcoat was enabled to classify the
threads into longitudinal and diagonal. He began his experi-
ments by stretching common packing-threads across his room for
a warp, and then passing the weft-threads between them by
common plyers on the opposite side ; then, after giving them a
sideways motion and twist, the threads were re-passed back be-
tween the next adjoining cords, the meshes being thus tied in
the same way as upon pillows by hand. He had then to contrive
a mechanism that should accomplish all these nice and delicate
movements, and to do this, cost him no small amount of bodily
and mental toil. Long after he said — ' The single difficulty of
getting the diagonal threads to twist in the allotted space was so
great, that, if it had now to be done, I should probably not at-
tempt its accomplishment.' His next step was to provide thin
metallic discs, to be used as bobbins for conducting the thread
backwards and forwards, through the warp. These discs, being
arranged in carrier-frames, placed on each side of the warp, were
moved by suitable machinery, so as to conduct the threads from
side to side in forming the lace. He eventually succeeded in
working out his principle with extraordinary skill and success, and
at the age of twenty-four he was enabled to secure his invention as
a patent.

" As in the case of nearly all inventions which have proved pro-
ductive, Heathcoat' s rights as a patentee were disputed, and his
claims as an inventor called in question. On the supposed invalidity
of the patent, the lace-makers boldly adopted the bobbin-net
machine and set the inventor at defiance. But other patents
were taken out for alleged improvements and adaptations, and it
was only when these new patentees fell out and went to law with
each other that Heathcoat's rights became established. One
lace manufacturer having brought an action against another for
an alleged infringement of his patent, the jury brought in a ver-
dict for the defendant, in which the judge concurred, on the
ground that both the machines in question were infringements of
Heathcoat's patent. It was on the occasion of this trial ' Boville
v. Moore,' that Sir John Copley (afterwards Lord Lyndhurst),
who was retained for the defence in the interest of Mr. Heath-
coat, learnt to work the bobbin-net machine in order that he
might master the details of the invention. In reading over his

THE GEOEGIAN EBA (II.) 253

brief, he confessed that he did not understand the merits of the
case ; but, as it seemed to him to be one of great importance, he
offered to go down into the country forthwith and study the
machine until he understood it, ' and then,' said he, ' I will
defend you to the best of my ability.' He accordingly put him-
self into that night's mail and went down to Nottingham to get
up his case as perhaps counsel never got it up before. Next
morning the learned sergeant placed himself in a lace-loom, and
he did not leave it until he could deftly make a piece of bobbin-
net with his own hands, and thoroughly understood the principle
as well as the details of the machine. When the case came on
for trial, the learned sergeant was enabled to work the model on
the table with such ease and skill, and to explain the exact nature
of the invention with such felicitous clearness as to astonish
alike judge, jury, and spectators : and the thorough conscientious-
ness and mastery with which he handled the case, had, no doubt,
its influence upon the decision of the court.

" After the trial was over, Mr. Heathcoat, on enquiry, found
about six hundred machines at work after his patent, and he pro-
ceeded to levy royalty upon the owners of them, which amounted
to a large sum. But the profits realised by the manufacturers of
lace were very great, and the use of the machines rapidly ex-
tended, while the price of the article was reduced from five
pounds the square yard to about five pence in the course of
twenty-five years. During the same period the annual average re-
turns of the lace trade have been at least four millions sterling,
and it gives remunerative employment to about 150,000 work-
people.

"To return to the personal history of Mr. Heathcoat. In 1809
we find him established as a lace manufacturer at Loughborough,
in Leicestershire, There he carried on a prosperous business for
several years, giving employment to a large number of operatives,
at wages varying from £5 to £10 a week. Notwithstanding the
great increase in the number of hands employed in lace making
through the introduction of the new machine, it began to be
whispered about amongst workpeople that they were superseding
labour, and an extensive conspiracy was formed for the purpose of
destroying them wherever found. As early as the year 1811
disputes arose between the masters and men engaged in the
stocking and lace trades in the south-western parts of Notting-
hamshire and the adjacent parts of Derbyshire and Leicestershire,
the result of which was the assembly of a mob at Sutton,in Ashfield,
who proceeded in open day to break the stocking and lace frames of
the manufacturers. Some of the ring-leaders having been seized and
punished, the disaffected learnt caution, but the destruction of
machines was nevertheless carried on secretly wherever a safe
opportunity presented itself. As the machines were of so delicate
a construction, that a single blow of the hammer rendered them

254 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFOKD

useless, and as the manufacture was carried on for the most part
in detached buildings, often in private dwellings remote from
towns, the opportunities of destroying them were unusually easy.
In the neighbourhood of Nottingham, which was the focus of
turbulence, the machine breakers organised themselves in regular
bodies, and held nocturnal meetings, at which their plans were
arranged. Probably with the view of inspiring confidence, they
gave out that they were under the command of a leader named
Ludd, or General Ludd, and hence their designation of Luddites.
Under this organisation machine-breaking was carried on with
great vigour during the winter-of 1811, occasioning great distress
and throwing large numbers of workpeople out of employment.
Meanwhile the owners of frames proceeded to remove them from
the villages and lone dwellings of the country, and brought them
into the warehouses of the towns for their better protection.
####*#

"Among the numerous manufacturers whose works were attacked
by the Luddites was the inventor of the bobbin-net machine him-
self. One bright sunny day in the summer of 1816, a body of
rioters entered his factory at Loughborough with torches and set
fire to it, destroying thirty-seven lace machines and above
.£10,000 worth of property. Ten of the men were apprehended
for the felony and eight of them were executed. Mr. Heathcoat
made a claim upon the county for compensation, and it was re-
sisted ; but the Court of Queen's Bench decided in his favour, and
decreed that the county must make good his loss of £10,000. The
magistrates sought to couple with the payment of the damages
the condition that Mr. Heathcoat should expend that money in
the county of Leicester ; but to this he would not assent, having
already resolved on removing his manufacture elsewhere. At
Tiverton, in Devonshire, he found a large building which had
been formerly used as a woollen manufactory, but the Tiverton
cloth trade having fallen into decay, the building remained un-
occupied, and the town itself was generally in a very poverty-
stricken condition. Mr. Heathcoat bought the old mill,
renovated and enlarged it, and there recommenced the manu-
facture of lace on a larger scale than before, keeping in full work
as many as three hundred machines, and employing a larger
number of artisans at good wages. JSTot only did he carry on the
manufacture of lace, but the various branches of the business
connected with it — yard, double silk-spinning, net making, and
finishing. He also established at Tiverton an iron foundry, and
works for the manufacture of agricultural implements, which
proved of great convenience to the district. It was a favourite
idea of his that steam power was capable of being applied to
perform all the heavy drudgery of life, and he laboured for a long
time at the invention of a steam plough. In 1832 he so far
completed his invention as to take out a patent for it ; and

THE GKEOKGIAN EEA (II.) 255

Heathcoat's steam plough, though it has since been superseded by
Fowler's, was considered the best machine of the kind that had
up to that time been invented.

" Mr. Heathcoat was a man of great natural gifts. He
possessed a sound understanding, quick perception, and a genius
for business of the highest order. With these he possessed up-
rightness, honesty, and integrity, qualities which are the true
eulogy of human character. Himself a diligent self-educator, he
gave ready encouragement to deserving youths in his employment,
stimulating their talents and fostering their energies. During
his own busy life he contrived to find time to master French and
Italian, of which he acquired an accurate and grammatical know-
ledge. His mind was largely stored with the result of a careful
study of the best literature, and there were few subjects on which
he had not formed for himself shrewd and accurate views. The
two thousand workpeople in his employment regarded him
almost as a father, and he carefully provided for their comfort and
improvement. Prosperity did not spoil him as it does many ;
nor close his heart against the claims of the poor and struggling,
who were always sure of his sympathy and help. To provide for
the education of the children of his work-people, he built schools
for them at a cost of about £6,000. He was also a man of
singularly cheerful and buoyant disposition, a favourite with men
of all classes, and most admired and beloved by those who knew
him best.

"In 1831 the electors of Tiverton, of which town Mr. Heathcoat
had proved himself so genuine a benefactor, returned him to
represent them in Parliament, and he continued their member for
nearly thirty years. During a great part of the time he had Lord
Palmerston for his colleague, and the noble lord on more than one
public occasion expressed the high regard he entertained for his
venerable friend. On retiring from the representation in 1859,
owing to advancing age and increasing infirmities, thirteen
hundred of his workmen presented him with a silver inkstand and
gold pen in token of their esteem. He enjoyed his leisure only
two more years, dying in January, 1861, at the age of seventy-
seven, and leaving behind a character for probity, virtue, manli-
ness, and mechanical genius, of which his descendants may well be
proud."

On the 18th of April, 1816, there was a fire in St. Andrew-
street, and five houses were destroyed. During this year agricul-
ture was in a very depressed condition. Oats sold at Is. 9d., and
barley at 2s. 9d. per bushel. The price of beef and mutton was
3d. per lb., and in February some wheat was sacrificed at 3s. 6d. a
bushel. On the 17th of January, 1 817, the Exe surpassed itself.
In November the death of the Princess Charlotte was announced,
and on the 19th, the day of her funeral, a service was held in St.
Peter's Church at a quarter to seven p.m. The sermon was preached

256 THE CHRONICLES OF TWXTOBD

by the Rev. Perry Dicken. In 1818 arrangements were made for
widening and repairing Exe-bridge. The cost of the undertaking
was £700, of which £300 was to be paid by the parish, £200 by
the Exe-bridge trust, while the remaining £200 was to be raised
by subscription. Mr. Folletb, the oldest feoffee of the Exe-bridge
trust, laid the first stone in March. Towards the end of the
year the trees adorning the east and west sides of St. Peter's
Churchyard, as also those in St. George's, were planted by Mr.
Turner, one of the churchwardens. In 1819, at a vestry meeting,
it was resolved to repair and re-seat Sfc. Peter's. The restoration,
which occupied two years in effecting, cost nearly £2,000, the
amount being raised by the sale of some church lands and two
church-rates. With the exception of the pews belonging to the
Lords of the Manor, which were renovated in 1826, all the ancient
and dilapidated seats now came down, and the floor having been
levelled, new seats of wainscoat oak were erected on a uniform
plan. In the course of these alterations the remains of several
persons who had been buried in the church were sacrilegiously ex-
posed to view. Among others the body of Mary Hall, who had
died in 1727, at the age of 72, was discovered in a state of good
preservation ; and her hair, auburn in hue, was ascertained to be
twenty-two inches long. On the supposed site of the Earl of
Devon's chapel, a leaden coffin, about four feet in length, was
opened and found to contain a perfect skeleton, which, however,
on exposure to the air, immediately fell to pieces. On the re-
moval of the panelling near the vestry door some wall paintings
were uncovered. The restorers, not appreciating this form of art,
and possibly regarding it as Popish, caused them to be ruthlessly
plastered over.

On the 1st of May, 1820, a prodigious pig, weighing 1,456 Ibs.,
was shown at Tiverton. Probably the heaviest man ever seen
in Tiverton was one Snook. He was the landlord of the
Ship Inn in Bampton-street, and is said to have scaled 21 stone.
The smallest man of whom 1 have heard mention was an
individual named Tarr. He was boots at the Palmerston,
and measured about three feet in height. Another lusus
natures was " little Jemmy Bagster." I do not know what
his precise dimensions may have been, but he could accom-
modate himself very easily in a child's chair ; in fact, being a
cripple, he was accustomed to propel one through the streets by
wriggling first on one side and then on the other. He was an
umbrella-mender by trade, and very fond of playing skittles. On
one occasion he had the misfortune to lose a halfpenny over
some game of chance, and the winner, observing his chagrin,
offered to restore the money. To his surprise Bagster regarded
the suggestion as an insult, and replied loftily " Tich my honour,
tich my 'eart." Bagster, being a native of Exeter, and in receipt
of parish pay, used to visit the county town every quarter day,

THE GEOEGIAN EEA (II.) 257

and in order to travel thither more expeditiously, drove a
four-in-hand ! Harnessing four dogs to a light vehicle, and
seating himself in the latter, he performed the distance between
Tiverton and Exeter with as much comfort, perhaps, as some of
his betters. Very unluckily for him, a rumour of his luxurious
habits reached the ears of the Governor and Guardians of the
Poor, who decided that the driver of a four-in-hand was not a
suitable recipient of parish pay. I may remark par parenfhese
that it was not an uncommon practice in those days to employ
dogs as draught animals. The dogs, so used, were generally of a
large breed, and their services were commonly required for the
transport of light wares, so that the practice, though now
illegal, did not quite constitute a case of cruelty to animals.
One instance, however, has been mentioned to me, in which this
rule was transgressed, with rather unpleasant consequences to the
transgressor. It seems that a worthy lady had set out for Cul-
lompton Fair with a load of boots in a cart drawn by sundry
members of the canine species. After a while, finding the journey
somewhat toilsome, she quietly mounted the cart, and, oblivious
of the torture she inflicted on the devoted dogs, rode on quite
contentedly, until one of the wheels came in contact with a
wooden post, and she found herself sprawling in the road.

w<i airokono Kal aXXov, ocms -roiavta <ye /3e£ot.

I cannot find any reference to dramatic performances at
Tiverton previous to the year 1709. On p. 303 of Dunsford's
History is a footnote stating that a large barn near the Castle
had been frequently used as a temporary theatre. Many com-
panies, he says, had exercised their talents in it, but none were
such general favourites as a family named Biggs. Mr. Biggs,
senior, acted as manager, his son was an accomplished comedian,
and of his daughter it is averred that " in every character she
shewed abilities that would have honoured a much better stage."
On the company leaving Tiverton in September, 1790, Mr.
Stephens, in the name of Mr. Biggs, recited an epilogue, com-
posed for the occasion, in which were the following lines :

Yes, happy spot ! in thy calm breast unite
All that delights the soul or charms the sight.
Here Beauty sits : the everlasting queen
Reigns, in her varied shape, through every scene.
See, to her aid each kindred goddess flies,
Rests on this spot, descending from the skies.
See, Flora brings enamell'd meads of flowr's,
Whilst Ceres in your lap her bounty pours.
See ros'd-lip Hebe ride on ev'ry gale,
Imparting health and youth throughout the vale ;
And here — 'tis here that Hebe's charms divine
In female excellence unequall'd shine.
Such is this spot, which fate has giv'n to you ;
Such is the spot to which we bid adieu.

258 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOKD

Tiverton, however, was destined to possess for a number of years
a regular theatre of its own.

In speaking of the rise of Nonconformity in Tiverton I had
occasion to refer to a Unitarian Chapel in St. Peter-street which
was converted ahout the year 1820 into a theatre. The agree-
ment between the manager, Mr. Henry Lee, and the lessor was
that the former should 'rent iff or a few months in the winter, while
the owner should retain possession of it during the remainder of
the year, and devote it to any object he pleased. Mr. Lee was
already the occasional, arid probably the only, tenant of the
theatres of Taunton, Bridport, Dorchester, and other towns,
where he and his company were usually received with much
favour. In his early days he is said at the Gloucester Theatre to
have played Falstaff to Kean's " Prince Hal," a thing which he
could do without padding, being even then remarkable for his
corpulence. He wrote a play entitled " Caleb Quotum," which,
through the friendship of Kean or Garrick, was placed on the
London boards. It fell flat, however, and was soon withdrawn.
Ill luck seems to have been usual with Lee. Once when he and
his company paid their customary visit to the town, he was
arrested for debt and consigned to the "Debtors' Prison," a wretched
den under the old Town Hall. This place is stated to have been
worse than a " condemned cell " at Newgate — a dark, damp
dungeon, infested with insects. As a special favour, and through
the interest of the late Mr. George Barne, Lee was allowed out
for an hour at a ti me on his parole, when he might have been
seen pacing to and fro before the Old Bank. Previous to the
chapel being used by the company, it underwent an entire trans-
formation, and was thoroughly fitted up as a theatre with pit,
boxes, orchestra, gallery, dressing-rooms, stage, and every neces-
sary convenience for the production of stage plays. Lee was
well supported by his wife, and several daughters, the eldest of
whom always took the leading parts and did so creditably. After
a few years the management fell into the hands of a Mr. Davis,
but the Lee family (minus the old gentleman who was seen no more)
still formed part of the company on their occasional three
months' visits to the town. Among other members of the com-
pany was a decayed gentleman named Heathcote, of whose ante-
cedents little was known, except that he had been reduced
from comparative affluence to seek a livelihood on the stage.
Whilst with the company at Tiverton he conceived and executed
the design of making the siege of Tiverton Castle and certain
exciting incidents connected therewith the subject of a three-act
play. In furtherance of this object, and to render the piece more
attractive, the late Mr. Elford Reed, a local artist of great skill
in painting, produced a " drop scene " representing the town,
castle, and church as they appeared at the time of the siege. At
length the night of the first performance arrived. As may be

THE GEORGIAN ERA (II.) 259

supposed, the house was crammed, and the author on being called
before the audience at the close, received a well-deserved ovation.
It was played, of course, a few times more, and several hundred
copies of the piece were sold, but as it was never put on any
other provincial stage, it is to be feared that the author reaped
but small advantage from his work.

About this time a Major Johnson came to reside in Tiverton.
He was an Irishman and a major on the retired list. On each
visit of Mr. Davis' company to the town the gallant major, when-
ever the role of an Irishman had to be played, offered his services
to the manager, and not unfrequently would sing a comic song
between the play and the farce, which in those days always came
after the four or five-act piece. Although he was an amateur
only, his appearance on the boards always elicited rounds of
applause, as he seemed " to the manner born." Mr. Davis, with a
generous wish to cater for the entertainment of his patrons, en-
gaged, at an expense he was not justified in incurring, London
" stars." Among these was Mrs. Nisbet and her sister ; the
former was to take the leading parts for the two nights of her en-
gagement, while the latter was to perform as singer and danseuse.
An amusing incident occurred while the latter was singing one of
her songs. The subject was love, and it had a chorus with the
words " Why don't the men propose ?" This, pronounced with
emphasis, the stamping of a little foot, and an appealing look to
the boxes, was irresistible ; and to the consternation of the audi-
ence, a young fellow who had been dining, suddenly sprang from

his seat, and saying, " D d if I don't propose" rushed behind

the scenes. Some noise and confusion followed, and he was
quietly escorted to the Angel Hotel, where he was staying as a com-
mercial, and told to "pop the question" the next day. On
another occasion the renowned Sliss Foote was had down from
London to play three nights for £15 a night as " a very great
favour " to the manager. Her three parts were " Portia,"
" Rosalind," and " Lady Macbeth," but although the prices were
doubled and no half-prices allowed, her visit failed as a financial
speculation. During the Christmas holidays it was usual to put
" George Barnwell" on the stage. On one occasion the leading
lady was unable from some cause to take her part, and a substi-
tute had to be found at the last hour. Will it be believed that
the part of the fascinating and beautiful, bufc worthless, courtesan
Millwood was taken by old Mrs. Lee, a dame of seventy summers,
who usually took such parts as " Meg Merrilies," " Hecate," etc. ;
and her own son appeared as '' Barnwell " ? The building was
pulled down in 1844, and since then Tiverton has had no theatre
properly so called, the Athenaeum first, then the Heathcoat
Hall and Drill Hall doing duty instead.

My readers will, no doubt, be pleased to see a specimen of the
old play bills.

82

\ Mr. DODSWORTH

)

American Captain Mr. Dighton.

Young Merry Master Davis.

John ... Mr. SMITH.

American Soldier Mr. BALSON.

LAST NICHT OF THE PILOT.'

THEATRE, TIVERT.ON.

On WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 21st, 1835, will be presented the Grand
Nautical Drama called THE

T» I L O T ,

A Tale of the Sea,
THE SCENERY PAINTED BY MR. HOLLIGAN,

(Of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane).

This admirable Drama is founded on the well known Tale of THE PnJOT, written
by Mr Cooper, the American Novelist, and was performed upwards of Two Hundred
Nights on its first production. The Tale posseses considerable spirit, energy, bold-
ness of character, and colouring, that mark an original Genius. The highly wrought
Character of Long Tom Coffin is a theme of universal admiration :— the deep-toned
Passion and Romance of his Nature, blended as it is with his rich Nautical Humour
and Phraseology, complete the Picture of a Sailor, which every one pronounces
perfect. The half-Yankee, half-Cockney, Capt. Boroughcliffe, a Gallimaufry of
Amorousness, Cowardice, and Military Swagger, and his attendant Sergeant Drill,
are very entertaining personages ; and;such is the deep interest and humour attached
to the whole Tale, both in character and subject, that all concur in awarding it
unqualified praise.

The Pilot Mr. HERBERT LEE,

Barnstable Mr. CHAPMAN. -

Colonel Howard ... Mr. BISHOP
Capt. Boroughclifle (a { M WEBB

regular Yankee) \ mr' w
Sergeant Drill ... Mr. SENNETT.
And Long Tom Cof&n(every inch a Sailor)

Mr. DAVIS, who will introduce a Yarn entitled

"THE SAILOR'S CONSOLATION."

Cecilia (with a Song) ... Mrs. DA VIS. | Irish Pedlar Woman ... Miss BROWNE

And Kate Plowden ... Mrs. SENNETT.

SUCCESSION OF SCENERY, &c. The Ocean off the American Coast.— Ship &
Schooner sailing in the distance.— Room at Col. Howard's.— Another apartment of
the Colonel's. — Through the Balcony is perceived

A VESSEL LABOURING WITH THE STORM !

DECK OF THE ARIEL.

Room at Col. Howard's.— Song by Boroughcliffe, •' YANKEE DOODLE." —
Guard House. — Pilot and Griffith rescued by Long Tom Coffin disguised as an Irish-
woman.—Kate Ploughman's Apartments.— She corresponds with Barnstable by
Signals from the Balcony.

ROCKY PASS.-BROAD SWORD COMBAT,

By Mr. DAVIS, and Mr. SENNETT, as Long Tom, and Sergeant Drill.

DECK OF THE ARIEL.— Long Tom narrowly saved from drowning, half

mad with exhaustion and excitement, gives a fearful description of an imaginary

Storm.— State Room at the Colonel's. — Barnstable condemned to death.— The

Pilot's mysterious interview with the Colonel in his behalf.- QUARTER DECK

OF THE ALACRITY. -Barnstable on the eve of Execution.— Long Tom's noble

intercession. — Arrival of the Ariel.— General Attack.— The American strikes. —

British Flag triumphant.— And the Curtain • descends to the air of "RULE

BRITANNIA."

A FAVOURITE SONC BY MR. DODSWORTH.
A much admired GLEE, called. " Hark, Apollo strikes the Lyre."

By Mr. & Mrs. DAVIS, and Mr. BISHOFF.
•' My Grandfather was a wonderful Man " by Mr. CHAPMAN.
" THE GHOST OF A SHEEP'S HEAD " by MR. WEBB.

The whole to conclude with a NEW FARCE (now performing at the Theatre
Royal, Drury Lane,) called

MR. AND MRS. PRINGLE,

Or, THE FAMILY PARTY.

Mr. Peter Pringle ... Mr. OSBORNE. Mr. John Brush ... Mr. DAVIS.
Timothy ... Mr. CHAPMAN. Charles Robin, .. Mr. BISHOFF

Henry Robinson ... Mr. DODSWORTH.

Billy Robinson ... Master DAVIS. Tommy Robinson ... Master SINNETT

Clarence Robinson ... Miss GROVE. Mrs. Bustle ... Miss BROWNE

Kitty ... Mrs. DAVIS. And Mrs. Pringle ... Mrs. SINNETT.

Boxes,— 2s. 6d. Pitt,— 2s. Gallery,— Is. Second Account at half past Eight.
Boxes, 2s. Pit, Is. 6d.

Half Price to the Box, Pit and Gallery, at Nine o'clock. Doors to be opened at
Six, and begin at Seven o'clock.

Tickets to be had of Mr. SALTER, Printer, and at the usual Places. Season
Tickets to be had of Mr. Herbert LEE.

*** No Admittance behind the Scenes.
The Grand Melo Drama of " The BRIGAND," also, " The WRECK ASHORE "

are in active Preparation.
Stage Manager, Mr, OSBORNE.

THE GEOKGIAN EEA (II.) 281

The most notable event in 1821 was the celebration of the
coronation of George IV. In addition to the usual procession of
the clubs, the richer inhabitants took part in their carriages, and
the trades were represented by craftsmen at their employment.
Britannia was there in all her glory in the person of the tallest
woman in Tiverton, a Mrs. Banbury. The Town Band and the
inevitable drums and fifes were also conspicuous, as were also the
charity boys and girls and a number of young women, two and
two, in ribbons and white frocks. Interest, however, was chiefly
centred on the " Herald," whose tabard, gorgeous dress, and gold
laced head-covering was a sight to behold. This important
official was represented by Mr. Collard, a much respected hatter of
Fore-street. He possessed a portly person and a sonorous voice
which was well adapted to his office of reading the proclamation
in various parts of the town. A liveried page on each side of his
caparisoned charger added to the imposing effect. The next
loyal celebration was on the occasion of the coronation of King
William and Queen Adelaide, when Mr. Collard again acted as
" Herald," and Mrs. Banbury mounted once more a milk-white
steed, and, as before, was attended by a boy page on each side.
At the coronation of Queen Victoria Mr. Collard was no longer
visible in the procession, his increasing age rendering his voice
unequal to the strain of reading the "Herald's" proclamation. His
place was filled by Mr. Quick, the then master of the Boys' Blue-
coat School. The loyalty of the inhabitants of Tiverton was
again shown on the marriage of the Queen with Prince Albert.
Once more the shops were closed, the bells rang out, there were
public dinners, and oceans of wine and beer accompanied the
loyal toasts on the joyous occasion. The poor were not forgot-
ten, and even the inmates of the workhouse participated in the
good things which were freely supplied to them. To return,
however, to the coronation of George IV. Colonel Harding
states that though the bells rang, there was little rejoicing
among the lower orders, who reserved " all demonstrations of
loyalty to the 21st of August following, the day of Queen
Caroline's funeral, when much display was made by the different
societies in Tiverton, and some rioting and confusion was the con-
sequence." This is hardly in agreement with the account pre-
viously given, which has been furnished by an eye-witness, and
which I have every reason to believe correct ; but there is no
doubt that there was a considerable amount of discontent in the
place, and that it did not wait till the 21st of August to break
out. The date of the coronation, I should say, was July 19th,
and some of the more convivial of the inhabitants resolved to
have a luncheon, or, as Harding calls it, " a cold collation," in
the School Green. The charge was 3s. 6d. per head, and about
three hundred people took part. Now there happened to be at
this time a good many Jacobins, or as we should now describe them,

262 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

Radicals, in the town, who themselves held aloof from the
festivities and were not content that their neighbours should
enjoy themselves. While, therefore, the more loyal Tivertonians
were making their post-prandial speeches and regaling each other
with song, the envious " Rads.," larking in secret places, deter-
mined to pay them out. As may be easily imagined, on an occa-
sion of this sort the joyous citizens put aside all suspicion and
made full use of the " flowing bowl." Consequently they were
hardly in a condition to defend themselves, when, on emerging
late in the evening from the School gates, they found they had to
run the gauntlet of their political opponents drawn up in battle
array. As they came out, one after another, they were seized
and hustled about, and when at length they were released, pre-
sented a pitiable spectacle — hatless, with torn coats, and bleeding
heads. There were no police in those days, and the two or three
constables, who were the sole representatives of order, were
powerless to interfere.

Very few events of any interest occurred at Tiverton during the
reign of George IV. In August, 1822, the foundation stone of
Pitt Parsonage in St. Andrew-street was laid under the direc-
tion of the Rector, the Rev. J. Spurway. About this time also
Mr. GK Cosway rented a small factory in Westexe, where for
many years he carried on a successful trade in blankets. In 1823
there was a contest between the clergy and the parishioners
respecting the right of the former to appoint one of the church-
wardens. Harding seems to imply that the clergy had usage on
their side, but a reference to Dunsford will shew that this was not
the case. The privilege of electing churchwardens, indeed, had
long been the subject of a triangular duel between the parish-
ioners, the clergy, and the Corporation ; and the older historian in
his notes invariably alludes to any interference on the part of the
two latter as an aggression. Here are his instances : —

" 1675. Thomas Keene, Zachary .Bidgood. — This year the
members of the Corporation claimed the right of electing church-
warden (sic) for the town of Tiverton, and nominated Wm.
Powell to that office. They were resisted by the parishioners at
large, who elected Thomas Keene. The matter was carried into
the Bishop's court at Exon, which determined the right of elec-
tion to belong to all the parishioners paying scot and lot, by the
majority of those assembled ; and that the claim of the Corpora-
tion was usurped and contrary to law. Mr. Keene was conse-
quently returned and sworn into office."

" 1771. William Jenkins, Hugh Sweatland. — The election of
Hugh Sweatland was the first instance of the clergy of this parish
interfering in the choice of churchwardens ; and they then
nominated Mr. Sweatland."

" 1782. George Dunsford, Nicholas Dennys. — The ministers
again interfered, and nominated Mr. Dennys to the office of
churchwarden,"

THE GEOEGIAN EEA (II.) 263

" 1784. Martin Dunsford, George Besley. — This year the
members of the Corporation interfered, and employed the influence
of that body, in concert with those landowners who had begun
the suit at law in the Inquisitional Court at Exon, to hare one of
their adherents chosen churchwarden. They were opposed by
the parishioners in general, paying scot and lot, that is, towards
the parochial rates and taxes, who nominated Mr. Dunsford. The
greater part of the ratepayers in the parish were polled regularly,
and Mr. Dunsford was returned duly elected by the majority of 60
to 36. It is supposed that more than 3,500 people were collected
in the church house and yard on this occasion."

" 1785. Martin Dunsford, Eobert Wright. — This year the
clergy again interfered, and nominated George Besley for church-
warden. The parishioners opposed their claim, and nominated
Eobert Wright for the country. Caveats were entered by each
party in the Ecclesiastical Court against the nomination of the
other, so that Mr. Dunsford was the sole warden sworn at the
visitation. Both the others were sworn a few weeks after at the
Bishop's Court in Exon, by a mandamus from the Court of King's
Bench. The cause was not litigated further at this time, but Mr.
Wright received and paid monies officially, and was esteemed the
only warden for the country by the parishioners, who objected
at the time of the election against any nomination of the clergy
exclusively, because contrary to custom immemorial, and at a
future (sic) vestry meeting impowered their attorney legally to
support the choice of the parishioners."

" 1786. Martin Dunsford, Nathaniel Cook.— This year the
churchwardens were elected by the parishioners unanimously.
Two of the minister* of the church objected to the election,
because they had not the exclusive nomination of either ; and
entered a protest against it on the vestry journal, but did not
think proper to nominate any other person, or legally oppose the
election, at this time, nor have they attempted it since."

The fact is that at Tiverton the rules for the election of
churchwardens were somewhat complicated. The practice was,
and is, that one should represent the country and the other the
town, but down to the year 1789 there was a further limitation
as the wardens had to be chosen from each of the four quarters,
Pitt, Clare, Tidcombe, and Prior's, in rotation. — Revenons a nog
moutons. In the year 1823 the clergy nominated George Barne,
Esq., the parishioners Mr. Joseph Chilcott and Mr. James
Munday. A caveat was at once entered against any other
appointment than the last, and formidable preparations were
made for the legal enforcement of the claim. The clergy, how-
ever, were not disposed to go to law on the subject and the elec-
tion of both wardens has remained ever since in the hands of the
parishioners.

On the 16th of September, 1823, on the occasion of Mr.

264 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

Heathcoat's return from France, his employees got up an ovation
— a compliment which Mr. Heathcoat re-paid by giving his work-
people, to the number of sixteen hundred, a dinner in the factory-
yard. The menu appears to have included beef, mutton, pork,
baked and boiled puddings, beer, ale, and cider, and the provision
was no doubt thoroughly enjoyed. The feasters then formed a
procession and perambulated the town with flags, bands, &c. It
is pleasing to add, there were no " rows." — In an old Exeter
paper dated April 4, 1824, I find the following account of a
tragedy, which, though nearly seventy years have elapsed, is still
remembered by old inhabitants : " A frightful accident occurred
at Tiverton in the afternoon of Monday last. Several boys and
lads had ascended the tower of St. Peter's Church and in the
midst of their holiday gambols one of them (a fine boy, 9 years of
age, son of Mr. Perharn, brick-maker), leaning over the battle-
ments, over-balanced himself, and dreadful to relate, fell to the
ground, a height of above one hundred feet. The poor fellow, it
is needless to say, was killed on the spot. The body presented a
most distressing spectacle, being full of dislocations and bruises."
A tombstone was erected to the memory of the unfortunate boy
in St. George's churchyard against the east wall of the church. —
At a meeting on the 28th of November, 1825, it was decided to
remove a house belonging to a Mr. Bryant close to the Town
Hall, and to throw the space covered by it into St. George's
churchyard. A question having been raised as to whether the
rectors or parishioners had the disposal of the ground, towards
the close of the year counsel's opinion was taken on the subject.
The verdict was in favour of the parishioners, who proceeded to
demonstrate their victory by having vaults made of two sizes and
letting them, the larger for ten and the smaller for eight guineas.
The ground thus added remained unconsecrated till 1886. In
1829 the churchyard was enlarged still further by the inclusion
of a garden to the south of the chapel, the interior of which had
undergone various alterations — especially the singing loft, in 1826.
The Mr. Bryant,whose name I have mentioned, was a "character."
"Argus," in one of his Whipshire papers, gives the following
account of him :— "A portion of the present graveyard of St.
George's Church, adjoining what is now Mrs. Bond's shop, was
the site of a house and shop occupied by a very worthy and re-
spected, but most eccentric tradesman, named Bryant, described
by his contemporaries as ' Old Franky the Saddler,' for such was
his trade and occupation. He had many apprentices — all out-door
boys, and these were expected, as all such were in those days, to
be at the shop at 6 a.m. sharp. Now Franky Bryant had carried
on his business with credit to himself and probably with satisfac-
tion to his customers, for half-a-century or more, and felt a
natural wish to indulge a little in the morning, especially in the
winter, and, therefore, felt it a hardship to dress and let in his

THE GEORGIAN EBA (II.) 265

apprentices at that early hour, so a happy thought was evolved
from his fertile brain. Outside his bedroom window and just
over the shop he affixed a box on the principle of a pigeon-trap,
in which, on retiring to his virtuous couch, he deposited the key
of the shop door with a string depending from it long enough to
reach the ground. As soon as he heard a certain apprentice's
knock in the morning, he would jump out of bed, and letting
down the string, retire to bed again. A slight pull at this would
cause the box to open and drop the key. After a time, however,
he adopted the plan of dropping the string when going to bed,
and this becoming known to certain practical jokers, he found one
morning that during the night his premises had been entered, and
though nothing was missing, his stock-in-trade was in the wildest
confusion, and the contents of his larder cleared, together with
some choice old wine on which he prided himself.

" It was, however, for his idiosyncrasies and marvellous
delusions that he became so widely known. That he sincerely
believed all he told, no one doubted, but —

' In his brain,

Which, was as dry as the remainder biscuit
After a voyage, he had strange places cramm'd
With observations, the which he vented
In mangled forms.'

" Numberless were the wonderful things he had seen and done,
scarcely exceeded by those of Baron Munchausen himself. I will not
intrude on your space with more than one or two of these. He had
a gun with a bent barrel, which, he said, was an invention of his
own for the purpose of ' shooting round the corners,' and that
on one occasion standing at one side of a corn rick he had
brought. down 40 birds at one shot ! A more amusing assertion,
however, was made by him in the writer's presence on the occa-
sion of a balloon ascent from the Cathedral-yard, Exeter, about
the year 1825, by Mr. Green, the then celebrated aeronaut, who
was accompanied by a gentleman of the name of Cuthum. A
number of Tiverton people, myself among them, went to a field
on the summit of ' Seven Crosses,' from whence it was surmised
a sight of the balloon could be had if the wind should be blowing
in that direction ; nor were we disappointed, for it soon became
plainly visible to the naked eye, and a good telescope might
even discern the car with its occupants. ' Franky,' of course,
was there with a telescope which, as he assured us, was superior
to any before invented. Addressing the late Mr. Wotton, the
attorney (who also had a glass in his hand), he said, ' Do you
know, sir, that with my glass I could bring the object near enough
to see the car and those within it, and even to hear what they
said?' 'Indeed,' said Mr. W., 'and what did they say?'
' Oh,' said Franky, ' one said to the other, ' See yonder field
near Tiverton, what a number of people are gazing at us.'

266 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

Farewell, Baron Munchausen, with thy harmless and amusing
stories ! Well do I remember thee on one Sunday morning as 1
walked behind thee, and saw thee telling some marvellous tale to
the late Henry Dunsford, the banker, on the way to church."

Lastly, I may refer to some local superstitions which prevailed
about this time. Near Ashley lived an ancient lady, generally
known as " Old Dame Beck." She wore high-heeled shoes with
buckles, and, as she was reputed a witch, people were afraid of her.
The neighbourhood was supposed also to afford two magic springs.
In a field near the Hobby Horse Mills was a very small pool about
the size of a man's hand, and about knee-deep. The water of this
pool was thought to be medicinal, and credulous persons went with
their bottles to procure a supply. It was afterwards proved, on
the diversion of the Lowman, that the water came from the river,
having soaked through the interjacent gravel. A similar instance
was to be found in Dunswell Copse, situated at the base of the hill
near the Park, but on the other side of the road. Here was a
large square pond, and patients resorted to it for washing their bad
legs. The virtue, however, quickly departed from this pond, when
it was shewn that the water was derived from the Town Lake, a
portion of which had been used for irrigating the Park. The
following cure for the King's Evil is said to have been successfully
applied to a boy, who is still alive to tell the tale. He paid a visib
to a man named Marley, of Oakford, who was the seventh son of a
seventh son. The latter gave him a small box of ointment, and
told him bo dip a pin's head in it and strike the wound nine times
each way. He was then to catch a toad, cut off one of its hind
legs, put the leg in a calico bag, tie the bag up to the wound, and
let the toad go away alive ; and as the toad died, the wound would
heal. Another interesting recipe is the following : " Take a
one-ounce stone, put it in a quart of water, place in first blood-
stained rag in the bottle, stop it down with lead, turn it every
morning, and eay the Lord's prayer : and this will cure a cut."

YESTERDAY

IX

If

YESTERDAY

UNTIL the year 1830 the markets at Tiverton were held
in the streets. Hints to this effect occur in earlier
pages of this work, but as it is not certain what
arrangements were made in former times for all depart-
ments of trade, it will be convenient to state at this
point the condition of affairs immediately preceding the erection of
the new market-place. This information has been given me by
an old inhabitant of the town, Mr. William Davey, to whom I am
indebted for a good deal of quaint gossip concerning a past
generation, some of which has been incorporated in this
work. The earthenware market was held in Bampton-
street between the Boar's Head Inn and the National
Provincial Bank. Planks were laid across the gutters, and on
the planks the vendors placed their wares. For the clothiers,
temporary stalls were erected between the market gates in
Bampton-street and the Corn Market, and traders came from
Frome, selling broad-cloth. The pig market was in front of the
Boar's Head Inn ; hence the sign. The sheep market was in the
"Works," the bullock market in Newport-street. Angel-hill
has been considerably lowered near the Congregational Chapel,
where the pathway was called " the Steps." Between the Steps
and the road was a vacant plot, and here the potato market was
held. The bags containing the potatoes were rested against a
number of permanent posts. The meat market was held in Fore-
street. Every week temporary stalls were carried on men's
shoulders from Back-way and arranged in two rows from St.
George's Church to the middle of the street. From this point as
far as Bampton-street was the poultry and butter market. The
market weights were placed before the shop now occupied by

270 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOKD

Mr. Strawson. Two uprights were driven into the ground as a
support for the scales ; and near them was a kind of sentry-box,
where a man in livery gave out tickets certifying the weight of
the commodities. The Tiverton livery was a gold-laced hat, a
red cloth waistcoat, a blue coat trimmed with gold lace, and
kerseymere breeches and leggings.

About 1825 people became sensible that these primitive arrange-
ments were not the most convenient that might be devised, and
at a public meeting of the inhabitants it was resolved to apply
for an Act of Parliament authorising a change. A Bill entitled
" An Act for removing the markets held within the town of
Tiverton and providing a market-place within the said town, and
regulating and maintaining the said markets," received the Royal
assent on the 10th of June, 1825 ; and on the 6th of July fol-
lowing a meeting was held of the persons empowered to carry it
into effect. It does not appear, however, that any steps were
taken for this purpose until the spring of 1829, when another
meeting was convened, and measures were adopted for purchasing
various properties in the middle of the town, part of which had
formed the site of the old Bowling Green. The total cost of the
undertaking was £8,392. This was covered by £50 shares, one
of which was to be paid every year with interest, until the whole
of the borrowed capital was liquidated. After that the proceeds
of the market were to be devoted to the use of the Market
Trust. Yearly sums of £218 15s. and £31 5s. were also payable
as equivalents for the old tolls which, as we have seen, had been
given many centuries before to the poor. The part of the
market assigned to butchers, poultry-dealers, and gardeners, was
opened on the 8th of June, 1830; the cattle market on the 14th
of June, 1831.

In 1876 the buildings were in a very bad state, and were prac-
tically re-built, at a cost of about £2,000. This was probably
a necessity, as the Trustees seem at no time to have had a
superfluity of funds. In 1888 they were threatened with a
Chancery suit in vindication of the claims of creditors from whom
money had been borrowed to build the market. These creditors,
or their representatives, are known as " deed poll holders " ; and
the sums due to them, if calculated in full, amounted in 1888 to
£7,821 principal, with arrears of interest to the extent of £17,486,
making a total indebtedness of over £25,000. The income
from the market consisted of £350 per annum paid by the
lessee for the right of receiving the tolls ; and the greater part
of this was expended in repairs and cost of maintenance, or
handed over to the charitable trust. Mr. Gr. E. Cockram,
acting for the majority of the creditors, offered to surrender
all claims for overdue interest, wipe out the original debt by
one-half, and reduce the rate of interest for the future from
5 to 4 per cent.; a sinking fund of one per cent, for the final

TESTEEDAT 271

extinction of the debt being established with a view to the
markets being the property of the town and freed from tolls.
The indebtedness of the market trustees would thus be
brought down to £3,900, the interest of which would be
met out of the revenue, still leaving a substantial sum for the
charities. The questions thus raised, however, are at this date
(1892) still unsettled. On Tuesday, August 28th, 1888, Mr.
Arthur J. Ashton, barrister-at-law. on behalf of the Eoyal
Commission on Markets and Fairs, held an inquiry at the
Tiverton Town Hall relative to the markets and fairs of the
borough. The appointment of the Commission was in conse-
quence of a speech made in the House of Commons by Mr.
Bradlaugh, who declared that the tolls in private markets were
excessive, and that the whole matter was a fit subject for official
investigation. From the evidence of Mr. John Williams, who had
been lessee of Tiverton market for thirty-one years,it appeared that
there had been a progressive decline in the revenue. He stated
that he had taken the market in the first place by public tender,
and that on several subsequent occasions there had been auctions.
He was then paying £350 per annum ; when he first took
the market, he paid £524. The receipts had been materially re-
duced by the opening of the railways and the decrease of butchers,
stalls. Where he used to take from butchers £5 or £6 a day, he
now received' only 30s. A vast amount of trade, which used to
take place in the market, was now done in shops. Other evi-
dence referred to the corn market. This, it was stated, was in
another part of the town, was private, and in the hands of an
independent body of trustees. The corn tolls were very small,
business being done principally by sample at the hotels. There
was less said about the fairs, possibly because there was no ques-
tion involved, as was the case with the markets. In May, 1869,
however, by an Order in Council the fair-days were changed, for
the sake of convenience, from the second Tuesday after Whitsunday
and Michaelmas-day to the first Thursdays in June and October.

The fairs, even more than the markets, have been shorn of their
glory, and proposals have lately been made for abolishing them, the
cattle fair in particular, which is held in the streets, being regarded
in the light as a public nuisance. Sixty or seventy years ago, before
the erection of the market, the entire fair was held in the streets.
There was a row of stalls on each side of the full length of Fore-
street, half-way down Gold-street, and in Bampton-street to a
point a little above the present market entrance. The various
branches of trade each had its locality assigned to it. The cloth
and woollen stalls were in Bampton-street; the scythes, reap-
hooks, sheep-shears, Blackdown scythe-stones, etc., near Ford's
Brewery. This side of Fore-street was devoted to the sale of
fruit and new and second-hand clothing. Leather goods adapted
to agricultural pursuits, and consisting of furzing gloves, gaiters,

272 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYTORD

bridles, halters, and the like, furnished many of the stalls. On
the north side, from the " Tuns " to the Angel, was a continuous
row of sweet-meat and toy stalls. In those days Tiverton Fair
and its attractions drew hundreds, and, indeed, thousands, from
the towns and villages within a radius of fifty miles. The horse-
fair in Lowman Green was, perhaps, the best attended in the
county. Not the least of the attractions on these occasions were
the shows, which were pitched some in Bampton-street, some in
the Boar's Head Inn yard, also the inevitable Cheap-Jack, and
generally a dramatic company. For the farmers' daughters and
their swains " the fair " had romantic associations, as it afforded
an excellent opportunity for courtship.

If chance some fairing caught her eye,

The ribbon gay or silken glove,
With eager haste he ran to buy

For what is gold compared with love ?

Ever since the year 1615, when the Charter was granted, it has
been the invariable custom in Tiverton, as in other towns and
cities publicly to "proclaim" at the hour of noon. During the
reign of the Old Corporation the display, which was made on
these occasions, did great credit to the inhabitants and marked
the respect which they felt for one of the charters of their
liberties. The Mayor, accompanied by all the Aldermen and
Councillors, in their official garb, together with the beadles and
constables, marched to Coggan's Well ; and the charter was read
either by his Worship himself or the Town Clerk. This duty is
now delegated to a policeman, and it is seldom that more than five
or six out of the twenty-five members of the Corporation think
it worth while to attend the ceremony. After a hasty recitation
of the Charter and the pronouncement of " God Save the Queen " !
a derisive shout is given by half-a-dozen small boys, who are
usually the sole witnesses of the proceedings, and then with
down-cast looks the " procession " returns to the Mayoralty
Boom, where his Worship endeavours to cheer their spirits with a
glass of port, and the toast of " Success to the Tiverton Fair "
is drunk in solemn silence. The proclamation on these occasions
is as follows :

BOROUGH OF TIVERTON.
0 YEZ! O Y EZ!I O YEZ!!!

The Right Worshipful the Mayor of this Borough hereby proclaims
and makes known that this present Fair is commenced, and will endure
and continue for this day ; and that all manner of Persons coming to
and from this Fair shall have free coming and going with all manner of
Goods, Cattle, Wares, and Merchandizes, paying their Toll, Custom,
Stallage, Piccage, Finis, and Coverage to tlie same appertaining, without
any let or trouble, except for Felony, Murder, or Breach of the Peace,
or for Contracts or other things done with this present Fair ; and that
there be not bought or sold any Merchandizes, Wares, Cattle, or other
things brought to this Fair, to be bought and sold, but only in the open

YESTERDAY 273

Fair, and at the place and places therefor respectively and usually ap-
pointed, and not elsewhere ; and also the Mayor doth in Her Majesty's
Name charge and command that all Persons coming, resorting, and
being in this Fair, do keep Her Majesty's Peace, and that no Person do
any Act to the Breach of the same upon pain of Imprisonment, and
further to be punished and Fined according to their offences. And
that all Foreigners and Strangers bringing Wares or Merchandizes to be
sold in this Fair, do at the end of the said Fair close their Booths, Shops,
and Stalls, without putting any manner of Wares, or Merchandizes to
sell, after the said Fair is ended. — God save the Queen.

For " finis," in the above declaration we ought, perhaps, to
read " fines," but the whole form is now such a farce that officials
know little, and care less, as to what is being read.

It has been the practice in some towns for many ages to notify
the commencement of the fair by the hoisting of a large glove*.
This ceremony is enacted with no little pomp at Exeter
at the Lammas Fair, while at Barnstaple a glove suspended on a
pole decked with dahlias, is placed before the oldest building
in the town — the Quay Hall, where it remains during the
Fair. In the Western Times of October 2, 1847, 1 find
the following reference to a similar usage at Tiverton : — " There
is a custom here of exhibiting a white glove at the end
of a pole, decorated with flowers and evergreens, in some
conspicuous position in the fair ; walking thoughtfully on, as our
custom is, it caught our eye, and we asked what it meant. We
were told it was the ' hansel t glove,' and then we got into an
antiquarian train of contemplation, and recollected that a glove
anciently signified possession or investiture, and were satisfied
that this must be the origin of our custom." At Tiverton the
custom is now discontinued.

The following letter addressed by a townsman to the Tiverton
Gazette in June, 1890, has reference to a curious relic of bye-gone
days, known as " Churchyard fair " : -"Some of the inhabitants
of Tiverton will be surprised to learn that there are more than two
fairs held in the town' during the year. As a matter of fact
there are four. On Whit Monday and Easter Monday the
children of the town (some of them at any rate) resort to the
' Works,' where two or three old people set up stalls for the sale
of those peculiar kinds of ' refreshment ' (save the mark !) which

* " It was part of the royal prerogative to set up markets, and fairs
were established by virtue of the King's glove, which was the authority
under which any free mart or market was held. The glove was
ordinarily displayed as a token of security under which trade might be
carried on uninterrupted, and was emblematic of the power to maintain
order of the King who sent it." — From Gloves, their Annals and
Associations, by S. WILLIAM BECK, F.R.H.S.

f Hansel (probably Hand Sale, or Handsel, a New Year's Gift) the
money taken upon the first part sold of any commodity or first in the
morning (Bailey).
T

274 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

are seen' only on fair days, and in which the said children indulge
and yet survive. This is known as Churchyard fair. Not long
ago it was quite a merry pleasure fair, but now it does not seem
likely it will outlive the few aged stall-keepers who have not for-
gotten the tradition. In the authoritative work on ' Gloves ;
their annals and associations,' by Mr. S. W. Beck, occurs the fol-
lowing paragraph :— 'The fair in the first place originated in the
congregation of devout worshippers, on the festal day of the saint
to whom some church was dedicated. From occasional business
being done between people who rarely met at any other time, it
became usual to frequent the church festivals for the sake of meet-
ing customers ; the church authorities exacted payment for the
privilege, and often gave over the churchyard or some part of the
precincts to the traders. After this practice had been unavail-
ingly forbidden by proclamation, an Act of 13 Edward II. was
passed for the purpose of preventing any further holding fairs on
sacred ground.' From which it would seem that Tiverton church-
yard fair is a very interesting though illegal survival."

With reference to the bowling-green which was supplanted by
the present cattle market, I may say that, being always well
kept, it was a favourite rendezvous on fine mornings for the
gentlemen of the town and neighbourhood, who met there as
much for friendly intercourse as for the game of bowls. ^Apropos
of this, I may mention that in 1890 the Rev. Donald Owen pre-
sented a set of bowls to the Tiverton Park, and these may now be
used on payment of a small fee. At the end of the last and
the beginning of the present century there was a club, consisting
of tradesmen of the town, which included, among other objects, a
weekly game of fives. This was performed on Saturday after-
noons against the north side of St. Peter's tower, the ball, a light
one, being struck, not with a bat, but with the hand, whence the
name " Fives," referring to the five fingers. Attached to the
" Elmore Bell," a respectable tavern kept by a Mrs. Hartley, was
some ground where the same class of people played at quoits. The
bull-ring was opposite the canal. At one time, as is intimated
in the story of " Peter," the bull was led round the town,
decorated with ribbons, and preceded by a fife and drum band,
but various old Tivertonians whom 1 have questioned on the
subject, can only remember the sport as a " stolen bliss." The
Crediton shoemakers having arrived with the dogs, and a space
having been roped in, the bull was introduced, his horns being
protected with iron. The dogs, held between the knees of their
owners, were let slip one at a time, and attempted to seize the
bull by the nose. If the attempt was successful, the bull
would, of course, make desperate efforts to shake him off and
stagger round the ring, the clog swinging at his nose. If the
bull endeavoured to get out, he was beaten back by the sticks of
the spectators, and the dog which held on longest obtained the

YESTEKDAY 275

prize. Sometimes it was the dog which came by the worst, and
he was tossed by the enraged bull as high as a house. The shoe-
maker would then rush forward to catch his beloved dog and
prevent his being injured by the fall. Any dog which " chattered "
when going to the bull was disqualified.

Early in 1831 the principal people of the town started a project
for the erection of a public hall, reading and billiard rooms. The
spot chosen was over the entrance to the market in Fore-street,
and negotiations were speedily entered upon with the market-
committee for the acquisition of the premises. The committee
expressed their willingness to part with the site, but stipulated
that the shareholders of the new enterprise should provide gates
at the market-entrance. No difficulty was found in acceding to
these terms and in due time the building was erected at a cost
of about £3,000. For many years it bore the imposing name of
" The Athenaeum," and it is now the " Technical, Science, and Art
School." In 1843 the property passed into the hands of Mr.
Heathcoat ; and in 1884 it was purchased by the Science and Art
Committee.

In September, 1831, there were serious disturbances among the
lace-workers. The grounds of the quarrel seem to have been two-
fold. In the first place, the price of lace having fallen, Mr.
Heathcoat decided on a proportionate reduction in the oper-
atives' wages. A great sensation was caused by this announce-
ment, the consequence being that on Monday, October 3, there
was a general strike. For three weeks the men continued firm.
Every morning and evening they met together on the top of
Exeter-hill and debated on the situation, after which they
returned in procession to the town. Apart from the lowering
of their wages the workpeople were deeply exasperated with one
of Mr. Heathcoat's managers, Mr. Benjamin Wood. He had
never been popular with them, and an impression prevailed that
his counsels had a great deal to do with the disagreeable state of
things then existing. The magistrates sought in vain to reconcile
the parties ; and Mr. Heathcoat, fearing that in the present
temper of his employees there would be a breach of the peace,
went in person to Lord Ebrington, the Vice-Lieutenant of the
County, and requested his interference. His Lordship hastened
to the spot, but previous to his arrival, an affidavit having been
made by the parish officers, the authorities swore in a number of
special constables, besides taking other measures adapted to the
circumstances. By this time the funds of the operatives were
almost exhausted ; and, on hearing of the precautions which were
being adopted, they became excessively angry. Seizing an oppor-
tunity, when Lord Ebrington had left for Stoodleigh, they
assembled in large numbers and. with effigies and torches, pro-
ceeded to Leat-street, where was the residence of the Mte noir.
Before they arrived, Mr. Wood and his family had taken the

276 THE CHKONICLES OF TWFFOKD

alarm and retreated to the factory, where they remained in
safety. Meanwhile the crowd burnt the effigies in front of
his door, smashed the windows, and broke into the house.
They destroyed all the furniture, a good deal of ifc being
thrown into the leat, and then searched for the owner. As
he could not be found, they gradually dispersed to their homes.
The riot occupied a considerable time, but, in spite of all that had
been done to meet such an emergency, the mob were allowed to
work their will almost without hindrance. Isolated members of
the Corporation and others did indeed use their influence to
induce the people to desist, but at a crisis of this sort force
is the only remedy. Warned by what had happened, the
authorities now acted with energy. The streets were patrolled by
special constables during the night, and on the next day the
Yeomanry were sent for. They, and their commander, Colonel
Buller, arrived in the evening. Orders were given to the troopers
to turn out at seven o'clock a.m. and by ten o'clock they were
mounted and parading in " the Works." This show of promptitude
prevented further outrages, and several of the ringleaders in the
disturbance were arrested, and sentenced at the following
assizes to various terms of imprisonment. The dispute, however,
between Mr. Heathcoat and his workpeople still continued, and
the former was on the point of engaging new hands under the
protection of the military, when the workmen suggested that the
average wage in similar factories should be ascertained. The offer
was readily accepted. Mr. Heathcoat nominated one deputy, and
the men another, while two others were appointed by the
Corporation to act as referees if the former should happen to
disagree. One after another Barnstaple, Taunton, Chard,
Nottingham, Chesterfield, Derby, Loughborough, Leicester, and
Tewkesbury were visited, and a table was drawn up shewing the
average remuneration in each of the places named. The infor-
mation thus acquired was presented to the public, when it was
found that the current wage in most of the departments was con-
siderably below the figure originally proposed by Mr. Heathcoat.
As, however, the enquiry had been made at the instance of the
men themselves, they were compelled to abide by the result. This
with some grumbling they did, and work at the factory was re-
sumed. I should add that subsequently Mr. Wood made a claim
on the parish for compensation. The Paving Commissioners, to
whom the question was referred, were at first disposed to resist
the claim, and a committee was appointed to obtain counsel's
opinion on the subject. On after-thoughts, however, they con-
cluded that it would be better to compromise the affair, and, to
avoid litigation £52 12s. was paid to Mr. Wood out of the liberty
rate.

In March 1832 — for the first time in the history of the town
— gas lamps were lighted. Gas works had been erected in 1822,

YESTEKDAY 277

but on too limited a scale to be of much service for general
purposes. In 1831 a company was formed for lighting the whole
town with gas. The capital at the outset amounted to .£1,100 in
a hundred and ten £10 shares, and an arrangement was effected with
Mr. Heathcoat, the proprietor of the works, for the due supply of
gas. The price was at first 15s. per thousand feet, but successive
reductions were made until in 1843 the charge was 10s., two-third
only of the original sum. Further reductions have since brought
it down to 3s. lid. per thousand feet. The example of the Paving
Commissioners in illuminating the streets with gas was quickly
followed by shopkeepers and, after them, by private residents.
Now, I presume, it is destined to be superseded by the electric light.
Perhaps the saddest lot that ever fell to a human being was
to be bound as a parish apprentice, and the following regula-
tions passed in 1833 will help to explain why this was the case : —

The fine for refusing to take an apprentice being fixed by law at
£10, that smn is followed as the amount of inconvenience in imposing a
parish apprentice.

Farms, Fields, and Tithes.

Every £100 of yearly value to take one apprentice. Every £50 and
under £100 to take one apprentice, and to receive a contribution of 2s.
in the pound from smaller tenements, with which it may be classed to
make up £100 value. Farms and Fields under £50 yearly value to con-
tribute and not take an apprentice except willing to do so, on receiving
a contribution of £5 only from other properties. Farms to take a
second apprentice when the number of children shall exceed one for
each £100, and so on.

Houses.

Every dwelling house or other building of the value of £7 and under
£14, to be liable to take half an apprentice, or contribute £5 to any
occupier under £14 rated value, taking an apprentice. Every dwelling
house, &c., not being a farm house, value £14 and not exceeding £30,
one apprentice. Every £20 above the first £30, one apprentice. No
lodger to take an apprentice, and only one to be bound to the same
person in each year. All persons refusing to abide by this scheme to
take an apprentice.

These arbitrary enactments aroused considerable opposition and,
as the authorities neglected certain forms in distributing the
apprentices, the circumstance was turned to account by insti-
tuting an appeal. The attempt was successful and the custom of
binding-out poor children was soon afterwards abandoned.

In October 1834, soon after the burning of the Houses of
Parliament, the people of Tiverton were startled by a report
that one of their number had been committed to the Tower for a
crime resembling that which has gained for Guy Fawkes his
unenviable immortality. Later intelligence shewed this to be an
exaggeration — the person in question had only been subpoenaed
as a witness. It seems that shortly before this event he had
occasion to go up to town for the puroose of consulting a gentle-

278 THE CHEONICLBS OP TWYFORD

man of the long robe, who, as a relative of his own, had heen
entrusted with his private affairs. Having transacted their busi-
ness, the two friends parted with the understanding that the
Tivertonian should dine with his lawyer in the evening. In the
meanwhile, as he had nothing particular to do, he turned his steps
in the direction of St. Stephen's, and, as he was being shown
over the House of Lords remarked to the attendant on the
excessive heat. The attendant explained that the heat arose from
the burning of Exchequer talleys, and was not greater than usual.
The visitor did not say more, but he could not get rid of the impres-
sion that there was something gravely amiss. In the evening
when he was sitting at table with the lawyer, the latter noticed
a glow in the eastern sky, and the Tivertonian at once exclaimed
" Depend upon it, it is the House of Lords on fire." He then
mentioned the circumstances which had aroused his suspicions in
the afternoon, and his host, who was, naturally, not a little
curious, turned to the footman and told him to go out and make
enquiries. The man soon returned with the news that the
gentleman's fears were only too well-grounded — the House of
Lords was on fire. During a subsequent examination before
Lord Brougham, the same Tivertonian was asked " Are you a
member of the establishment ? " The witness, thinking perhaps
of the Popish plot, did not at first comprehend the question. It
was explained to him that the Court was not concerned with his
religious beliefs ; — had he any official connexion with the build-
ing ? The deponent was able to reply in the negative. The
Tivertonian, whose evidence was considered very important
in elucidating the origin of the mischief, was none other than
Mr. John Snell, my grandfather.

The chief event in 1835 was the passing of the Municipal
Reform Bill, the first elections being held on December 25th.
The last acts of the Old Corporation were quite worthy of its
general career ; the members, whenever they did sin, sinned
stoutly. After the passing of the Eeform Bill in 1832, Lord
Harrowby and his brother, having lost their Parliamentary
interest in the borough, withdrew from the Corporation, and the
members of that body felt that they must do something to repair
the loss. There was a clause in the charter which enabled them,
if occasion should arise, to recruit their ranks by force ; but so
long as the Ryder family, with their wide political influence, con-
tinued to dominate the Council, a seat on the board was a coveted
prize, and the clause remained inoperative. Now, however, that
they felt themselves beginning to sink, the Corporation seized on
this straw and fixed on three unoffending residents, utterly unam-
bitious of the honour, to serve on the board. These persons were
not freemen, and two of them at least — Messrs. Edward Lawson
and Robert Bovill — derived no advantage from the town, being
private gentlemen living on their means. The third, Mr.

YESTERDAY 279

Ambrose Brewin, was one of the chief lieutenants of Mr. Heath-
coat, but as yet he was not in the enjoyment of the freedom of
the borough. The Corporation, which included no less than six
lawyers, decided that the distinction was not material, and
they accordingly imposed a fine of £50 on each recusant. On
receipt of this information, Mr. Brewin resolved to litigate the
affair, while Messrs. Lawson and Bovill, wishing to save them-
selves trouble, and being instructed that there was no precedent
for the circumstances, paid the fine, conditionally on the money
being refunded, if Mr. Brewin should succeed in establishing his
immunity. A lawsuit was begun, but before much progress had
been made with it, a case was discovered, which negatived the right
of the Corporation to inflict penalties on other than freemen for
the refusal of office. Thereupon the proceedings were abandoned
by the Corporation, and Messrs. Lawson and Bovill applied for a
restitution of the fines. As the money was not returned, the
aggrieved parties addressed a memorial to the Lords of the
Treasury, with what result 1 have been unable to learn. Very
soon after, however, the Old Corporation ceased to be. They were
succeeded by a new elective body, composed of the same number
of members, but possessing a different constitution. The Corpora-
tion now comprises six Aldermen and eighteen Councillors.
The Mayor is chosen annually, but his tenure of office may be
prolonged at the discretion of the Corporation. The Aldermen,
also elected by the Corporation, retire every six years, while the
Councillors, six of whom are allotted to each of the three wards —
Lowman, Castle, and Westexe Wards — are elected for three years.
Until quite recently the care of the lighting and paving of the
town portion of the borough within what is known as " the
half-mile radius," was vested in a body called the " Town
Improvement (or Paving) Commissioners." By an Act of Parliament
passed in 1875, this body was improved out of existence and
their functions merged in those of the Corporation.

The change from the Old Corporation to the New did not com-
mend itself to all the inhabitants. Not a few of the latter con-
sidered it to be most in accordance with the fitness of things,
that they should be governed by men like Sir John Duntze, to
whom the ordinary tradesman could touch his hat without any
sense of indignity. Evidence of this feeling may be found in a
skit on the Town Council, which appeared in a serio-comic
paper, the Olla Podrida, published in the year 1843, to which
the Masters and scholars of Blundell's School are said to have
contributed.

On Thursday last a special meeting of the Town Council was held at
the Guildhall, and the notice being for ten o'clock precisely, several of
the members attended as early as half -past twelve. The Mayor being
called to the chair, the Town Clerk was called on to make his report as
to the site of the new gaol, but excused himself inasmuch as he had
mislaid a most important document, viz., the turnpike ticket of one of

280 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

the carriers who had been employed in drawing sand, and although he
had already removed nine cart-loads of papers from the table and floor of
his office, he had not yet been able to recover it, but hoped by employing
an extra clerk and the most remitting diligence, to be able to put his
hand on it in a few months. A long and very interesting discussion
then arose as to the size of the drain for carrying off the waste waters
from the prison, some of the Council recommending tliat it should be
seven inches wide, whilst others characterized that plan as a most
extravagant one, and strongly advocated six inches and three-quarters.
Mr. Hugh, in particular, patronized the lesser size. He had been used to
water-works all his life ; he had always practised economy, and always
would. He was elected by the burgesses to carry out re-trenchment —
(cries of " beef and beer.") He cared for none of these sneers ; he was
an independent representative of the lower orders —a man sprung from
the people. He should be ashamed of himself, if he was guilty of such
infamous extravagance as to consent to a drain being made of that
enormous size, which some gentlemen wished, merely to gratify their
own pride at the expense of the poor suffering burgesses. He told them
plainly that Lowman Ward would never consent to it ; the people
(especially the Elemorians) would rise in one united body against it, and
he couldn't blame them for doing so, as he considered the scheme
concocted entirely to spend the public money uselessly. He would,
therefore, move that the drain should not be more than six inches and
three-quarters wide — (great cheers from the crowd led off by Mr. Facey).
Mr. Thomas Pleasure was most happy to second the truly important
motion of his very eloquent friend in the blouse, and without any dis-
paragement to the no doubt independent burgesses of the Lowman
Ward, he must say that his own constituents, who were some of the
finest fellows that ever chewed little apples, would never consent that he,
their own darling, their pet chicken, their dear darling representative,
should sit mum-chance in this grave assembly, and give a silent vote on
this momentous question. Six inches and three parts was wide enough
for any drains to be paid for out of the public purse, and if gentlemen
wished to indulge themselves with an aristocratic one of seven inches,
he would suggest to them whether they ought not to pay for it them-
selves. Mr. Martial said to be sure they did. About nine years ago he
let fall a half pint in at the Half Moon, and there being no company
there to make a collection, he was obliged to pay for it out of his own
pocket. Mr. Thomas Breadall would like to ax the Mayor how wide he
made the drains in his gert banging fields. He know'd somethink about
it hisself, and had improved his own Manor of Claypit, and he thort six
inches and three quarters a plenty. He couldn't use gert fine words like
Tommy Turnpike there, but his vote was as good as t' others and he'd
stick to the right side. Mr. G. H. Voicey, after the truly interesting
debate and unused as he was to public speaking, could not refrain from
a few observations. Ever since he had the honour of seconding his
noble friend Lord Viscount Palmerston, Esquire, Home Secretary of the
Foreign Department, he had been entrusted with the suffrages of his
fellow burgesses ; and he wasn't ashamed to meet his constituents. He
should be glad to see them all on former occasions, and he should go
home without voting at all. After a few straggling remarks the Mayor
put the question, which was carried by nine to six. Mr. Justice Coals hav-
ing invited himself to Bolham to dinner, and Mr. Breadall having asked
the price that pigs were like to fetch at Exeter to-morrow, the meeting
broke up.

The following fictitious address (undated) exhibits the same
spirit of good-humoured raillery. The signature appended was

YESTERDAY 281

that of a butcher known to be one of the most corpulent men in
the town : —

To the Free and Independent Burgesses of Westexe Ward.

FELLOW TOWNSMEN,

At the solicitation of numerous influential parties in the
Ward, I beg respectfully to offer myself as a candidate for your suffrages
at the approaching municipal election. To those unacquainted with
my innate modesty and retiring habits, this may be considered a some-
what presumptuous step, but when we look at the manner in which
this Ward has lately been represented, and the Burg-esses' interests so
shamefully abused, I trust you will consider, from the weight 1 shall be
able to carry in the Council, I shall be found the right man in the right
place. To the licensed victuallers I confidently appeal. They may at
all times rely on my wannest support, and I shall take the earliest
opportunity of waiting upon each of them personally. As this is my
first appearance in public, you have not had an opportunity of judging
of my abilities as an orator, — suffice to say that I am a sincere admirer
of Lamb, and shall copy him as closely as possible. I shall not, therefore,
trouble you with any further remarks on that score, bearing in mind
the maxim of the immortal Will Shakspeare — " Brevity is the soul of
wit " If elected, I pledge myself to take my seat in the Council
Chamber on thoroughly independent principles — leaning neither to the
right nor to the left ; and in a business point of view I flatter my self
I shall be found worthy of your support. My qualifications — having
long been a " knight of the cleaver " in this ancient borough — will, I
doubt not, be considered sufficient for the high honour to which I aspire.
I am, Gentlemen, Your obedient Servant,

W. N

My committee meet every evening at the " Live and Let Live,"
where I shall be happy to meet the electors, and answer any questions.

The precise period when horse-racing was begun at Tiverton is
somewhat doubtful. It is, however, generally believed that the
practice commenced in the middle of the last century. The
earliest race-bill of which a specimen can be obtained, is dated
1815, by which time it is evident that the Tiverton race-meeting
was an established institution. Even then the event was a very
popular one, attracting thousands of spectators, and the course*
during the intervals of the racing, had the appearance of a large
picnic arid pleasure-fair " rolled into one." The meeting increased
in popularity and importance year by year, until in 1835 Lord
Palmerston became one of the members for the borough. He
had as his colleague Mr. Heathcoat, and by their united patronage
and support and by the very liberal subscriptions both of the
townspeople and of many noblemen and gentlemen of the county,
it was rendered one of the most attractive and best attended race-
meetings in the West of England. It was held on the last
Thursday and Friday in August. These two days, following
immediately on the Blundell Celebration, which naturally drew a
good many strangers to the town, were entirely given up to the

* The course was situated in a field about a mile from Tiverton on
the road to Bampton.

282 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOED

races, being observed as general holidays, and the Kace Fund Ball
in the evening was always largely attended.

So great on those days was the influx of visitors by road, that
the yards of the local inns and hotels were unable to accommodate
half the vehicles. The only resource, therefore, was to remove
the horses from the shafts, place them in the stables and leave
the carriages in the streets. It was no unusual thing to see a line
of carriages of every description extending from the " ThreeTuns"
to the entrance of the market in Fore-street, and in St. Andrew-
street from the Angel Inn to the gates of the Pitt Parsonage,
while the other inns and hostelries were equally well patronized.

At the period to which we refer, the nearest Eailway-station
was at Bristol, and the race-horses, with their trainers and
jockeys, travelled from one meeting to another by road. It was,
however, not an unfrequent occurrence for valuable high-class
horses to be transported in horse-boxes similar in construction to
those now in use on the railways. These vans were drawn from
town to town by fo'ur post-horses, which were ridden by
postillions. On the course the carriages were ranged in a closely
packed double row quite half-a-mile in length. Among them
were many " swell " drags and fours-in-hand from Exeter and
other places, containing officers from the barracks and their
friends, both ladies and gentlemen. These used to enter the
town with key bugles, playing the popular tunes of the day, and
driven by "toffs" in their fashionable driving-coats with pearl
buttons as large as small cheese-plates. On the opposite side of
the course, in a line with the river Exe, was a neat and capacious
grand stand and saddling paddock, with weighing and dressing
tents for the use of the jockeys. From the gallery of the grand
stand, to which admission was obtained on payment of half-a-
crown, could be had an uninterrupted view of the course and its
surroundings. At a short distance from the grand stand, but in
a line with the river, was erected a rank of neat wooden booths,
generally from eight to ten in number, belonging to the various
innkeepers of the town, who were granted permission to sell
refreshments, both eatable and drinkable, during the two days'
racing. Over each booth was a covered gallery of seats, from
which, on payment of sixpence, a good view of the racing could
be obtained, away from the crush of the crowd and under shelter
from the sun or rain. In the intervals of racing the Town Band
promenaded the course for the delectation of those who were
fond of music and did not object to an al fresco dance. All
pedestrians were admitted to the course free, but carriages were
subject to a charge varying from half-a-guinea to half-a-crown,
and depending on the number of horses attached to them, and
whether they had four wheels or only two.

Although Lord Palmerston kept a rather large stud of race-
horses, trained by John Day, of Danebury, and was himself a

YESTEEDAY 283

regular attendant at the Tiverton Eaces, his popular colours —
green jacket and orange cap — were never seen here until Mr.
Scobell's horse, Cracksman, beating the best horses that could be
brought against him, had won the Tiverton stakes, 120 sovereigns,
two years in succession. It was in connection with these victories
that one of Palmerston's political opponents taunted him,
jokingly, on not having any horse in his stables good enough to
come and run for the prize. He smiled and said, " I will make a
note of it, and I dare say John Day will look out something good
enough to run for your Tiverton stakes another year." Accordingly
the next year he brought down that good mare Iliona, winner of
the Cesarewitch stakes in 1841 ; arid Jliona was the first and the
rest nowhere. Palmerston laughed outright, and said, " I thought
Day would find something good enough to win at Tiverton" ; but
with his usual generosity, he added, " I will make the Committee
a present of the money to form the nucleus of the prizes for
another year." After that his colours were often conspicuous
here, notably on his good horses Tootliill, Romsey, named after
his seat in Hampshire, and Buckthorn, a very nice horse, probably
the best horse Lord Palmerston ever had, and certainly the best
he ever bred, his sire having been Venison and his dam Zeila.

The following account of Lord Palmerston as a racing man,
taken from Day's "Eeminiscences of the Turf," will, doubtless, be
read with interest :--" Lord Palmerston kept horses with my
father about the year 1817, and had several good ones. Amongst
his early possessions may be mentioned Enchantress, Ranvilles,
Biondetta, Luzborough, Black and All Black, Foxbury, arid Grey
Leg ; and later Toothill, lliona, Zeila, Romsey, Dactyl, and
Buckthorn. But 1 think that in racing circles he will be better
known as the owner of Iliona than by any other. The name of
Priam's daughter, on her firsb appearance in public, caused a
sensation among the most learned orthoepists .... But a greater
sensation was created when she won for Lord Palmerston the
Caesarewitch. In early -life his lordship was always credited with
being poor; and, until he married, anything like a substantial
cheque was acceptable to him .... Buckthorn was a nice horse,
rather above the average of the Venisons, and, like his father,
stayed well. He was probably the best horse his lordship ever
had, and certainly the best he ever bred, being by Venison out of
Zeila. As a two-year-old he ran second to Little Savage for the
two-year-old stakes at Winchester, third to Elcot and Flirt for
the Woodcote Stakes at Epsom, and not placed in the New
Stakes at Ascot, won by Bobbie Noble. As a three-year-old, he
ran nine times and won five, and cantered over for the Wiltshire
Stakes, dividing the forfeit with Mr. Winch's Proudfoot. He
won at the following provincial meetings : Stockbridge, Winches-
ter, Salisbury, and at his lordship's favourite meeting, Tiverton.
His lordship never interfered at all with the management of his

284 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

horses. He used to say to my father, ' Eun them where you
like and when you think best. Only let me know when they
are worth backing, or that you have backed them for me.' He
seldom saw one tried or run. If he did, it would be at Tiverton
when he was on a visit to his constituents for electioneering
purposes .... Lord Palmerston was abstemious in his eating and
drinking. A glass or two of sherry at dinner was all that he
generally partook of. When the dessert came on the table, he
would retire to his library or study, leaving her ladyship to do
the honours of the table. He read or wrote from ten o'clock at
night until two o'clock in the morning, standing at a high desk,
as he thought such a position preferable, for the sake of his
health, to leaning over a low one. He rose early, and in the
country breakfasted at nine o'clock, reading before doing so. He
was fond of many sports, though he seldom indulged in any
except racing. He was extremely proud and vain of his person,
which possibly gained him the soubriquet of ' Cupid.' He con-
sidered himself, and indeed was, a thorough ladies' man,
and only married late in life. When at Broadlands, his
place in Hampshire, he used to ride over to Danebury,
to see his horses, mounted on a thoroughbred hack, and
his groom on another ; and starting from his own front
door, gallop all the way until he reached his destination. Indeed,
on arriving at Danebury he would go round the yard once or
twice, gradually reducing the pace, until he could pull up. This
may seem ludicrous, but it is no exaggeration, for I have seen him
do so myself. He used to wear dark trousers, and a dress-coat of
the same hue, the latter unbuttoned and of course, flying open,
gave him a strange appearance in riding so fast. I never knew
him partake of any repast at Danebury, not even a glass of
sherry or a cup of tea, and doubt very much whether he ever
entered the house. Immediately after seeing the horses, and
chatting matters over with my father, he would ride back just as
fast as he came. The reason he gave for riding so furiously was
that it was, as he said, such ' capital exercise.' "

Conducted as they were under such distinguished auspices, no
wonder the Tiverton Races went on flourishing and growing in
importance year after year. It is not easy to describe the spectacle
presented by the place during the two days' carnival. Dense
masses of people crowded about the course mingled with all
manner of vehicles. Included among the latter were shows con-
taining monstrosities of various kinds calculated to attract eager
sight-seers — caravans with wild beasts, both alive and dead,
swing-boats, roundabouts, shooting-galleries, and boxing-booths.
Figuring on the course, also, were three-card-trick men, pea-and-
thimble sharpers, race-card sellers, vending " c'rect cards " and
lists of the names, weights, and colours of the riders, itinerant
musicians, nigger minstrels, ballad singers, gipsies, etc., etc.

YESTEEDAY 285

Altogether the scene was most animated, and the anniversary
thoroughly enjoyed, as the Races generally produced exciting
finishes. I regret to add that there were some features in the
affair which the most indulgent of critics could not bring himself
to approve, and with which the more respectable patrons — such as
Mr. Heathcoat — who regarded the meeting more in the light of a
social function than anything else, had nothing to do. One such
feature was the roulette tables, which were placed in tents
guarded by a brace of powerful bullies, whose office it was to
prevent any attempt at robbery, to which the heaps of gold pieces
presented an exceptional inducement. Occasionally also the
betting was exceedingly high, and quite beyond the means of
those who indulged in it. The result was in some cases disastrous,
and one gentleman, whose name need not be mentioned here, was
so gravely embarrassed by his losses that he was obliged to mort-
gage his estate, which had been in the possession of his family
ever since the Conquest, and which was ultimately sold in the
open market. These facts are tolerably woll known, but few,
perhaps, are aware of the precise circumstances of the wager. The
gentleman in question had a favourite horse named Grimace.
This horse was trained by a man named Harris, and the jockey
he employed bore the singular name of Weediniron. The
enthusiastic squire, having great confidence in the merits of the
colt, backed him heavily, and during most of the race the animal
seemed likely to justify his good opinion. His disappointment
and chagrin may be imagined when, just in sight of the goal,
horse and rider came in contact with the distance post, and the
prize went to a rival. Among local men two notable supporters
of the Eaces were Mr. William Westaway, an enterprising tailor,
of Fore-street, and " 'Torney Tom Rendell." The former rode his
own horses, of which he generally kept four or five. A gentle-
man rider was Mr. Basset, of Watermouth Castle, who won the
first steeple-chase, in 1864, with his horse Smasher.

After Lord Palmerston's death the races began to decline, his
successor, the Hon. George Denman, taking but little interest in
sporting matters. He, however, appeared on the course, and in
spite of his admitted ignorance, was once called on to act as
judge. This was on the second occasion on which he
ever visited a race-course, and in forming his decision he was
assisted by a committee of racing men. Besides this, other
reasons concurred to lessen the interest which had so long been
felt in the Tiverton and IVorth Devon Eaces. Other race-
meetings, aided by cheap excursion trains, arose in different parts
of the country, nearer the great training establishments and
giving richer money prizes than Tiverton could afford ; and after
several spasmodic attempts to restore their prestige, they
collapsed. The paraphernalia of the course, paddock, and fittings,
ropes and stakes, fittings of the grand-stand, saddling and starting-

286 THE CHRONICLES OF TWXTORD

bell, roofing, &c., were sold by auction on the 23rd May, 1885, in
the yard of the Boar's Head Inn.

The new Poor Laws came into operation in the year 1835,
and Tiverton became the centre of a union including twenty-seven
parishes. A fresh work-house was built at a cost of £8,800, and
was first occupied at Michaelmas, 1838. The money required for
this object was borrowed and re-paid by instalments. The relief
of the poor in the parishes of the Union is administered by a
Board of Guardians comprising 38 elected members, and the
county justices within the area. The Guardians representing the
parishes of the Union outside Tiverton constitute the Rural
Sanitary Authority.

The year 1837 witnessed the completion of the Independent
buildings in St Peter-street. The chapel, commenced in 1829, had
been finished the following year at an outlay of nearly £2,210, and
it was now desired to erect a school and a house for the minister on
the adjoining site. With this view the trustees approached the
Improvement Commissioners and requested leave to remove the
steps leading from St. Peter-street to Exe-bridge. Permission
was granted, and the Commissioners on their part undertook to
complete the road and foot-path over a part of the way and to
take all the available materials. The total cost to the congregation
of this undertaking (including the chapel) was £4,184 11s. lid.
The chief credit for these achievements is due to the Rev. Mr.
Heudobourck, through whose efforts the Elmore Chapel also was
erected at a cost of £800. Mr. Heudobourck was a rara avis among
Nonconformist ministers, as he was possessed of ample means,
drove a carriage and pair, and kept a man in livery. He was,
therefore, in a position to assist with his purse, as well as by his
exceptional abilities, the congregation over which he presided. He
was held in great respect, and during his ministry and that of
his successors, Kev. H. Madgin and Rev. W. R. Noble, the
Independent community enjoyed a period of unexampled pros-
perity. The next pastor was the Rev. E. S. Bayliffe, B.A., who
resigned in 1879. He was succeeded by the Rev. Thomas
Cooper, who had previously officiated for some years as a preacher
in the United States. While Mr. Cooper was in Tiverton,
unfortunate disputes, culminating in legal proceedings, arose
between him and some of the leading members of his congrega-
tion, and a secession took place to a temporary structure in
Barrington-street. When Mr. Cooper left in 1890, the seceders
returned to St. Peter- street, and a new era of harmonious work-
ing ensued under the pastorate of the Rev. Thomas Webster.

On Tuesday, 6th September, 1836, the foundation stone of the
Roman Catholic Church of St. John was laid by the Right
Reverend Dr. Baines, assisted by Miss Eliza Chichester. The
erection of this building was due to the Rev. Jean Mare Montier,
an emigre French priest, who in 1823 accepted the office of

YESTEEDAY 287

Chaplain to the Chichester family. Mr. Montier, who died in
1833, left instructions in his will for the building of a Catholic
Chapel and the appointment of a resident priest, to attend to
the needs of poor Eoman Catholics in the neighbourhood of
Tiverton.

In 1840 an obelisk was erected on Angel-hill. This inter-
esting object cost .£70, the money being raised by sub-
scriptions. It was removed in 1878 to make room for an
ornamental lamp-stand, the gift of Mr. John Lane.— The Tithe
Commutation Act, which was passed in 1837, made it necessary
that every parish should be surveyed. On the 14th of February,
1841, it was resolved that the tender of Messrs. Williams, Reed,
and St. Aubyn, of Hay Ladock, Cornwall, should be accepted on
condition that they should provide " one accurate second class map
and book of reference of such parts of the parish of which the
owners have no maps, &c., at 3d. per statute acre ; revise and
average all correct maps existing, so as to form one complete map,
at 2d. per acre ; and add all houses, buildings, gardens, streets,
&c., for £25. The map to be drawn on a required scale of 3
chains to an inch and the whole to be completed in seven months.
Any number of these maps to be supplied at one half penny per
acre each copy." As the contractors failed to carry out this
agreement, a meeting was held on the 14th of June at the Town
Hall for the purpose of re-considering the subject. The treaty
with Messrs. Williams, Reed, and St. Aubyn was declared null
and void and fresh offers were invited. Eventually, on behalf of
the parish, the tender of Mr. William Eichards, of Tiverton, was
accepted. The following were the terms : — " To measure and
map the town and parish of Tiverton, on first-class principles, on
a scale of 3 chains to the inch, and to make three fair copies of
such maps and the book of reference of the entire parish at 6d.
per acre. To make a distinct map of the town as included in a
circle half a mile distant from Coggan's well in Fore-street, of
one chain to the inch, for the sum of £35. To complete the whole
of the measuring and one map within ten months from the time
of signing the contract, and to finish the remainder within two
months after." The contract was signed by Mr. Eichards on the
13th of July, 1841, and ths survey was commenced on the 25th
of February in the following year. The contractor gained much
credit for the way in which the project was executed, and he
appears to have spared neither trouble nor expense in bringing it
to a successful issue. Her Majesty's Commissioners, however,
declined to accept the general map of the parish containing the
four portions and insisted on receiving three maps of each portion
separately. These the parish supplied. No survey of the parish
was made between 1841 and the Ordnance Survey in 1884,
but three maps of the Ordnance Survey have been obtained by the
Town Council. One is on the scale of ten feet to the mile ;

288 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOBD

another 25 inches to the mile ; and the other six inches to the
mile.

In 1841, under the direction of Mrs. Peard's trustees,
alterations were begun in the interior of St. George's. The pews
in the body of the church, the pulpit, and the reading-desk were
taken down, and tiers of seats erected close to the north and south
walls for the National School children and poor persons. The
middle aisle was reduced from eight feet nine inches to five feet
fire, and the seats which had hitherto been unusually wide, were
shortened by six inches. The effect of these changes was a total gain
of a hundred and seventy-four sittings. Alterations were likewise
made in the gallery and a new vestry was added to the church.
The cost of these improvements was about £310, which was to be
paid out of the pew rents. Mrs. Peard's legacy was especially
intended for the repair of the roof, and her trustees, who had
absolute discretion in the matter, seem to have been unwilling to
divert the funds to other objects. In 1836 the parishioners had
been very anxious to appropriate the surplus interest to some of
the uses above mentioned, but the trustees returned a decided
negative. Now in 1841 they justified their existence by spending
about £1,500 on the roof. The ceilings and pillars in the side
aisles were raised for the sake of additional ventilation. So far
as healthjand utility were concerned, something may have been
gained by these measures, but St. George's in a general way is past
redemption. Nothing will ever do it any good. The operations
referred to were in progress from the 15th of August, 1841, to
the loth of May, 1842 — just nine months. During that time
there was, of course, no service in the church, but four services
were regularly held at St. Peter's — at nine and half-past one for
the congregation of St. George's and at eleven and half-past three
for that of St. Peter's. The evening lecture remained unaltered.

An important chapter in the annals of Tiverton is the history of
railway communication. Railways are now such an established fact
that it is difficult for those of the present generation to imagine
how the world could possibly have wagged without them. It
seems, however, that it did so, and there are still elderly persons
among us who can recall the various shifts and contrivances
which were resorted to in the absence of the now indispensable
locomotive. One way of getting about was on horse-back or in a
well-appointed gig, and, strange to say, these antiquated methods
are not yet discarded ; but the ordinary mode of travelling was by
the stage-coach. The first change took place about the year
1843, when the Bristol and Exeter Railway was completed, and
opened throughout its length. By this extension of the Great
Western Railway was given the first direct, and for many subse-
quent years the only, route to London from the West of England
by the " iron horse ." The station used for Tiverton was that
now known as the " Tiverton Junction," but for a long time it

TESTEEDAT 289

went by the name of the " Park Station."* It probably received
this appellation from the estate on which it was built, but it is
impossible to find anything in the nature of a park nearer than
Bradfield, the seat of the Walrond's. At that date a considerable
amount of trade seems to have been carried on between North
and South Devon, the goods passing along the roads. Apparently
the traffic met at Tiverton as a kind of half-way place, and the
arrangement, no doubt, was productive of satisfactory results to
many who were then in business there. A good deal of this trade
was diverted by the opening in 1848 of the Tiverton Branch
Railway, which had been provided for in the original Act of the
Bristol and Exeter Railway. From 1848 to 1848 the passenger
and other traffic from Tiverton was worked by coaches, etc.,
which proceeded to the Tiverton Junction v id Halberton, a state
of things which is remembered as giving the minimum of accom-
modation with the maximum of trouble and expense. The public,
however, had not then been spoilt by the facilities and conveni-
ences, which, thanks to large returns and keen competition,
railway companies now lavish on their customers. In those early
days second-class carriages were perfectly open at the sides, and
third-class carriages were like cattle-trucks, without any shelter
whatever !

The years 1844-45 were a time of great railway speculation
and extension, and among other lines which were projected were
two especially intended -to reach North Devon. One was the
Taw Vale Line from Crediton to Barnstaple, which was liberally
supported, if not promoted, by the then Earl of Portsmouth. It
passed through this nobleman's estates, and at Eggesford gave
him a station at his Park gates. The other from Tiverton to
Barnstaple, via Exebridge and Southmolton, had the rather
lukewarm support of Lord Fortescue and other landowners inter-
ested in this part of the county. Both schemes were intended
for the same session of Parliament (1846), but in consequence, it
is said, of some caprice of Mr. Brunei, the engineer, in altering
the plans of the North Devon line at the last moment, these
could not be deposited in time. Those of the Taw Vale line, on

* The Directors of the Bristol and Exeter Company proposed at first to
erect a Station on Leonard Moor, in the parish of Sampford Peverell.
Against this the inhabitants of Tiverton and the Turnpike Trustees pro-
tested, and in 1842 they despatched a deputation to Bristol to argue the
point. The Directors agreed to consider the application, but with
reference to the further proposal of a branch railway, the deputation
was informed that such a railway was not in the contemplation of the
Directors, and that .there was no probability of its being made. The
inhabitants were by no means pleased with the reply. For some years,
owing to the mail road passing through Bampton, Tiverton was
officially described as " near Bampton " .- and the inhabitants bitterly
complained that in future their ancient and important town would
be known as " Tiverton, near Sampford Peverell,"
U

290 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

the contrary, being in better bands, were lodged, and in tbe
absence of any competing line, the Taw Vale Eailway was
sanctioned by Parliament, and soon after put in construction and
completed. When opened, this line naturally attracted all the
trade between Exeter and South Devon on the one hand, and
Exeter and North Devon on the other ; and from the completion
and opening of the Taw Vale (now called the North Devon)
Railway may be dated the loss of much of the importance of
Tiverton as a trading centre between North and South Devon.
Statistics would seem to verify this, as from the census and other
returns it is seen that up to 1841 there had been, though gradual
and slow, an increase of the population, while the data of 1851,
1861, and 1871, shew a falling-off in this respect, as also in the
number of inhabited houses.

This was bad, but there was still left to Tiverton, as an agricul-
tural and market town, its principal source of supply, i.e., the
northern district of the county ; and, notwithstanding the
loss of much of its former traffic, its reputation as a good business
place and lively market town was fairly maintained. But the
projection in 1863 or '64 of the Devon and Somerset Eailway
from Taunton to Barnstaple threatened still further injury to
Tiverton. Through the financial difficulties of the Company many
delays occurred to put off the evil day, but its eventual completion
in 1873 compelled those interested . in Tiverton to recognise the
fact that its trading prospects were seriously attacked. A glance
at the map will show how inevitably this was the case. Trade
and agricultural supplies were diverted through the new line to
Taunton on the east and to Southmolton and Barnstaple on 'the
west, and this was aggravated by the issue of cheap market tickets
to those towns. Thus, as the returns of the Tiverton market too
fully prove, the hitherto good weekly supplies were reduced to a
low ebb, and a very large range of country from Wiveliscombe on
the east to Knowstone on the west, was absolutely severed from
Tiverton. The obvious want of a railway led in 1862-3 and
1864-5 to various projects for its supply. Persons supposed to be
acting in the interest of the London and South Western Eailway
Company proposed a narrow gauge railway, in connection with
that company's line, from Exeter through Tiverton to Dulverton.
During two or three successive sessions these schemes met with
strenuous opposition from the Bristol and Exeter Company, who
objected to any interference with what they termed their " vested
interest " in the neighbourhood ; but the ultimate rejection of
them in 1864 by the committee of the House of Commons was
only secured by the Company undertaking to support any local
scheme giving accommodation to the district. In reliance upon
this a local company was formed and in 1865 was obtained the
first Act for the construction of the Tiverton and North Devon
Eailway, the Bristol and Exeter Company undertaking to provide

YESTEBDAY 291

direct communication with Exeter by an extension called the Exe
Valley South. This promise they fulfilled to the letter by pro-
moting the line in 1866-7, but they violated its spirit by failing
to obtain the assent of the majority of the shareholders called to
approve it at the Wharncliffe meeting. Consequently the project
dropped. The denial of this extension southwards (since it was
never maintained that the piece from Tiverton to Morebath would
of itself be remunerative) and the absence of local support in
quarters where it had been anticipated, brought about the abandon-
ment of the entire scheme, and in 1868 the Act was repealed
Thus both sections of the projected railway which seemed so
necessary for Tiverton and the Exe Valley, and to which the
Bristol and Exeter Company had pledged itself in Parliament,
were lost.

Following this came a time of railway depression, when
extensions and guarantees to local companies were regarded
by shareholders of the leading companies with abhorrence. The
necessities of Tiverton, however, in this regard were felt to be most
urgent, Its trade was dwindling, its population diminishing, and
that without redress, while it had no other means of communi-
cation with the outer world than a branch line, which professed
to keep in touch with the up and down trains of the main line.
Actually, however, there were daily detentions of passengers, and
" Park Station " had the character of being a Mugby Junction (of
which indeed it is said to have been the prototype). This want
of punctuality was the occasion of great profanity. Curses both
loud and deep were liberally bestowed on the managers of the
Bristol and Exeter Hailway. This, of course, could not go on
without an attempt at relief. Again in 1873-4 the same persons
who had obtained the Act of 1865, with considerable accessions
to their ranks, began to move in the matter, the leading spirit
being the late Mr. William Partridge, solicitor, but for whose
efforts it is practically certain Tiverton would never have secured
the boon of increased railway accommodation. After protracted
negotiations with the Bristol and Exeter Company as to the
support which it would receive from them in the shape of sub-
scribed capital, terms of working, &c., the scheme ultimately
assumed a shape which justified the promoters in again going to
Parliament. The line, much changed from what had been proposed
in 1865, in order to meet the views of certain shareholders, was
again sanctioned by the Act of July, 1875. Its troubles, however,
were then only in their inception. The want of local support
was once more painfully manifest. The principal landowners,
with one notable exception, (Sir John H. Heathcoat-Amory,
Bart.) were found either to be resisting the line indirectly or,
as was often the case, were openly opposed to it. One result
of this opposition on the part of one or two local " squires " was
that when the line was ultimately made, the village of Cove was

292 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFORD

left without a station, although in the original plans a station
at that point had been projected.

In 1876 the Bristol and Exeter Railway was sold and trans-
ferred to the Great Western Eailway Company, who then came
on the scene to be treated as parties de novo. After lengthy
discussions with that company fresh terms were arranged and in
1878 received Parliamentary sanction. It was thereby agreed that
on the local share subscription reaching =£25,000 the Company
should find the remainder of the capital. Hope deferred, it is
said, maketh the heart sick. The truth of this adage the pro-
moters of the railway had good reason for knowing, since it was
confirmed to them by experience. The difficulties of raising the
small amount of local capital required, proved much greater than
had been anticipated, though they were surmounted at last chiefly
through the liberality of Sir J. H. Heathcoat-Amory, who, with
members of his family, subscribed £7,000. A contract was then
taken for the line ; but in 1880 litigation commenced between
the Company and Mr. R. F. Loosemore (through a small portion
of whose land the line ran), and, as the dispute was kept up
with great spirit for four years, the completion and opening of
the line were delayed by at least eighteen months.

However, everything comes to him who can wait, and in 1884,
about forty years after Brunei's scheme had been first adumbrated,
a railway connecting Tiverton with North Devon was an accom-
plished fact. The first Directors were:— Sir J. H. Heathcoat-
Amory, chairman ; Mr. G. W. Cockram, (the then Mayor)
deputy-chairman ; the Right Hon. W. N. Massey, M.P. for
Tiverton ; Messrs. F. Mackenzie, A. Paine, and E. M. Winton.
The solicitors for the Company were Messrs. Partridge and
Cockram. The day on which the line was opened (Thursday,
July 2nd, 1884) was marked by public rejoicings both at Tiverton
and Bampton. The work was completed by the opening in the
following yearof the Exe Valley South extension. Thus by placing
Tiverton on a quasi main and through line all was done that
could be done for it after its original and better chance of being
on the main line itself had been lost through the ignorance and
perversity of those who in 1838, it is said, exerted themselves to
keep the railway from the town and raised money by subscription
to oppose its coming through Tiverton and the Exe Valley.

So much for the wisdom of our ancestors !

The traffic returns of the Tiverton and Xorth Devon line have
shewn a steady increase from the time of opening, the average
yearly advance from 1884 to 1891 being about £100 a year ;
but the heavy difficulties encountered by the Company in its
initial stages affected its finances so severely that no dividend
has yet been paid to the shareholders, nor is there any prospect
of a dividend for several years to come. It has recently been
suggested that the Great Western Railway, who subscribed two-

YESTEEDAT 293

thirds of the share capital, should acquire the other third (about
=£25,000 worth), at the rate of 5s. in the £. That the trade of
the town has largely benefited through the provision of increased
railway accommodation there can be no doubt ; and to this fact
the shareholders must look for consolation in default of any direct
return upon their money.

In 1842 a building in St. Andrew-street which had been in use
as a National School since 1820, was adapted for purposes of
worship by an offshoot of the Methodist denomination, known as
Bible Christians, which came into existence chiefly through the
evangelistic labours of a West-country farmer named Bryan —
whence the term " Bryanites," applied for a number of years
to his followers. A new Bible Christian Chapel was erected on
the same site in 1837.

Mention has been already made of the local prison erected on
the site of the old Bridewell. The operations by which this
improvement was effected fell within the years 1844-6. I may
therefore avail myself of this opportunity to refer to criminal
matters at Tiverton under the old regime. The sentences passed
at the Sessions were sometimes very severe. One woman,
Elizabeth Dunn, was sentenced as a receiver of stolen goods to
fourteen years' transportation, but, as she was too old to be
shipped to the Southern Seas, she was kept in Tiverton gaol from
1798, the date of her admission, to 1812, when she was discharged
at the age of 75. As if to mitigate this harshness of the
judicial mind the discipline within the precincts of the prison was
ridiculously mild.

A memorable trial occurred on one occasion in the old Town
Hall. A respectable person was indicted on a charge of bigamy.
She took her place in the dock, dressed in a black silk dress, and
was defended by a barrister named Frisby, who pleaded for her
until the perspiration ran down his face in streams. The climax
was reached when the prisoner, on being told to hold up her right
hand and asked why sentence should not be pronounced, spoke
for herself and so eloquently as to move the entire court. The
sentence passed on her was three months' imprisonment. She
spent most of the time in the gaoler's kitchen, running, when-
ever a visitor was announced, into the cells.

With regard to the escape of prisoners, the following story
has been told me by a Tivertonian whose father had a small
share in it. The latter was the landlord of a " Tom and Jerry "
public, called " The Country House," in St. Andrew-street (not
the present building, but one on the same site) and a few doors
from him lived a family named Wynn. There were two sons John
and Jim — fine athletic young fellows, with an evident talent for
getting into scrapes. It so happened when John was about
sixteen years of age, that Mrs. Chesney, mother of the author of
the " Battle of Dorking," who then kept a ladies' school in

294 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

one of the large brick houses at the top of St. Peter-street, cast
her eye upon him, and thought he would be a suitable atten-
dant in her establishment. He was accordingly engaged and
seems to have remained for some time in her service. A few
years later — in January or February of 1842, my informant
thinks — John and Jim had been enjoying themselves at a friend's
and were returning home, when one of them suggested, that "for
a lark " they should make their way into Mrs. Chesney's. John,
of course, knew all about the premises, and they appear to have
found little or no difficulty in carrying their plan into effect. It
was then about one or two o'clock in the morning ; and, thinking
themselves quite safe, they descended into the kitchen, lit a candle
and regaled themselves from some bottles of wine, to which they
had gained access, until they were nearly fuddled. Next door to
Mrs. Chesney was the house of Mr. John Barne, who happened
that evening to have been at a party. On his return he noticed
a light in Mrs. Chesney's kitchen. The circumstance struck
him as unusual, he became suspicious, and, ringing the bell, he
called up the inmates. Having explained his motives, he offered
to go down to the kitchen and see what was amiss. There, if
you please, he found Messrs. John and Jim Wynn reclining at
their ease and partaking of the good things which the establish-
ment afforded. He was not long in reminding them that they
had no business there, and being himself a powerful man, over
six feet in height, he grasped them each by the collar, and
marched them down to the prison in St. Andrew-street. Of the
two Jim appears to have been the less drunk, and exposure to the
fresh air did something to clear away the fumes of intoxication.
As they wended their way to the prison he began to realise the
awkwardness of the situation. At any other time, he thought,
Mr. Barne would not have been able to drag him and his brother
to gaol, single-handed, as he was now doing, but as things were,
he felt it would be hopeless to resist. Outside the door of the
gaol was suspended a long rope for ringing the bell, and Mr.
Barne, having both hands occupied, ordered his prisoners to
give it a pull. Jim excused himself on the ground that he had
hurt his foot with a piece of glass, and seizing his opportunity,
begged Mr. Barne to relax his hold, pointing out that it was now
impossible that he should escape. Mr. Barne fell into the trap. In,
a moment Jim sped down the street like lightning, and was soon
" lost to sight, to memory dear." In the meantime the other victim,
John, was safely committed to the mercies of Mr. John Radford
the gaoler. In those days prison discipline was nothing like so
strict as it is now, and John was able from time to time to quit
his cell and communicate with the other prisoners. He had no
mind to stay there any longer than was necessary, and resolved at
the earliest moment to make a bid for freedom. Now the wall
of the old prison was constructed on a very different plan from

TESTEEDAT 295

the present one. There were a few feet of stone and all above
this was mud, thick enough, perhaps, but eminently open to
perforation. John and his comrades procured tools, and one
night when the gaoler was absent or drowsy, scooped out a hole
large enough for the passage of the human frame. Through this
hole they tumbled — some twelve or thirteen of them — one after
another, like sheep through a gap, and before many minutes had
elapsed, had seen the last of Tiverton gaol. We now return to
Jim. A night or two after the young men had disappeared, Mr.
Hooper was making a tour through his backyard, when he was
startled to hear his own name. On further examination he
found that the voice proceeded from his furnace, where he was
accustomed to brew his beer. It was that of Jim Wynn, who
had ensconced himself there on the night of his escape, and was
now almost perishing with hunger. Mr. Hooper, being a humane
man, fetched him some bread and cheese and some beer, but
warned him that he must evacuate the same night, as otherwise
he himself would be implicated as an accomplice. Jim promised
to comply, and soon afterwards he rejoined his brother. The
pair took refuge in a merchant-man bound for China, representing
themselves as two cousins of the name of Rooks. They remained
away for two years, after which they returned to England, and,
when last heard of, were leading respectable lives in London.

A still more daring feat was accomplished in June, 1870, when
a prisoner escaped from the new prison. The particulars of the
event are as follows :

The new gaol was in every respect very different from its
predecessor. The walls were of solid masonry and carried to
such a height that those on whom the massive doors had once
closed must have felt their fate was indeed sealed and that for the
time at least, they might " all hope abandon." Such, however,
was not the feeling of James Dunn. Not long before he had
been committed to Tiverton gaol on a charge of highway robbery,
and he was stated, morever, to be a deserter from the army. At
present only James Dunn knew the certainty of these matters,
but the authorities having secured the man, would now be able to
investigate into his antecedents at their leisure. It is probable
that Dunn anticipated unpleasant consequences from these
enquiries : at any rate, he determined to run no unnecessary risks
from the fallibility of his judges. On the contrary, being, of the
temper of Latouche, he decided in the phrase of Prince Bismarck,
not " to stew in his own juice " a moment longer than might be
necessary to complete his preparations for escape. The plan by
which he emerged from " durance vile, " was cunningly devised,
and his skill and daring in executing it were also remarkable. As
soon as he was known to have " bolted" amazement filled the
breasts both of the gaol keepers and the inhabitants. The
gaolers, I understand, were in great distress and ardently longed

296 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

for his capture, while the inhabitants freely expressed their
admiration at the rascal's clever escape and wished him no further
harm than that he might elude the grasp of his pursuers. A
" hue and cry " was raised, and the constables, having discovered
the route he had taken, were soon on his traces.

it appears that on the evening in question Burnell, the warder,
admitted the prisoner into exercise yard No. 1 , and locking the
door, left his charge, as his custom was, to prepare for the inmates
of the gaol their supper. On his return to the yard, after an
absence of eight or ten minutes, lo and behold ! Dunn's apart-
ment was empty. A glance was enough to satisfy the warder's
curiosity ; the bird had flown ; and as it was fatal to waste time
in vain regrets, he at once raised an alarm. On examination the
mode of the prisoner's egress was clear. In the yard where he
was left by the warder, was a little shed, where the inmates were
accustomed to work in rainy weather. This shed was furnished
with a long metal shute for carrying off the water. ' Wrenching
off this shute immediately that he was alone, the prisoner must
have climbed up the iron railings which enclosed the end of his
narrow cell, and having arrived at the top of the inner wall, he
appears to have stretched the shute from the place on which he
was standing to the outer or boundary wall, about four or five
feeb higher. He next brought into requisition a long line which
he had manufactured out of half a bed-sheet, and tying a stone
which seems to have been used at his work, to the end of the
rope, he threw it over the boundary wall. Grasping tightly the
other end of the rope, he crossed the shute and safely arrived at
the top of the outer wall. Here he devised another plan of
fastening the sheet. Instead of trusting to the stone before
used, he drove the " hold-fast," which had supported the shute,
into the end of his temporary rope, and allowed the stone to
drop to the bottom outside. Just as the prisoner began to
descend, the rope must have broken, for only a yard of the torn
sheeting was found on the top of the wall, whilst the remainder
with the stone at the end, had dropped into a small garden below ;
and, to judge from the foot-prints, the runaway must have fallen
heavily.

The prisoner was now free, and fortunately for him, no one
witnessed his escalade but a little girl in an adjoining garden. She
does not seem to have regarded the matter as in any way singular
for, afterwards on being questioned she said that she had thought
that Dunn was a labourer, and employed there. The result was
that the prisoner got about five minutes' start. His course is
believed to have been down St. Andrew's-street, through the
" Tumbling Fields," and over Newte's Hill, where, according to
the statement of a boy, the prisoner stopped him and warned him
to say nothing of having met him when he reached the town.
Dunn's motive for this precaution was that he was wearing a pair

YESTEKDAY 297

of trousers with the words " Tiverton Gaol " printed rather
plainly on them. The inscription, however, was partially covered
by a white slop, and this will account for its escaping the notice
of people who might have met him in the early part of his
journey. After his alleged presence on Newte's Hill he was seen
no more until about one o'clock the next morning when Police-
Constable .Ryder, who had been stationed by Superintendent
Crabb to watch the prisoner's house at Sampford Peverell, saw
him in the act of throwing gravel at a window which was
supposed to be that of his wife's bedroom. The constable, wishing
to make sure of his arrest, made off quietly to another quarter of
the village, where a comrade, named Jarvis, was also acting the
part of sentinel. The two then proceeded by different routes to
Dunn's house. On his way Jarvis entered a barley field, and here
to his surprise he found the loving couple lying on the ground and
composing themselves to sleep. Jarvis' arrival was a rude awakening
for them, but Dunn did not capitulate without a fierce fight for
freedom, and but for the timely aid of Constable Ryder, Dunn
might once more have escaped. As it was, he was secured and a
horse and cart having been obtained at the nearest public-house,
the luckless prisoner was conveyed to Tiverton and safely lodged
in the gaol.

In 1846 a dispute which had been long pending between the
Feoffees of Blundell's School and the inhabitants of Tiverton,
terminated in the victory of the inhabitants. The course of this
dispute is extremely tortuous, and I am not sure that it will be in
my power to describe with perfect accuracy the various incidents
which marked its progress. The points at issue, however, are
clear and plain. For some time the people of Tiverton had
laboured under an uncomfortable conviction that the Bluridell
Charity, which was intended primarily for their benefit, was being
applied in a way by no means correspondent with the will of the
donor. The main grievance of which they complained was the
introduction of boarders, who, instead of being grateful for their
privileges, despised the native boys — to use Mr. Blackmore's
phrase — as " cads " and absorbed no inconsiderable portion of the
funds, which were laid out in scholarships. The appointment of
Feoffees who were unconnected with the town, and who were dis-
posed to uphold the existing character of the School as the
fashionable boarding-school of the county, and the obvious
pecuniary interest of the Master and Usher in pushing the claims
of the boarders, whenever an opening occurred in the assignment
of scholarships, were regarded as the principal causes of the
diminished value of the school as a local institution for the
education of Tiverton boys.

About the beginning of 1837, when the Feoffees were consider-
ing what to do with the surplus funds at their disposal, more than
a hundred and fifty " burgesses and others" signed a petition to

298 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

the House of Lords, in which they set forth their complaints, as
above stated, and suggested that the Master and Usher should be
remunerated in proportion to the number of "free scholars." As
this petition had been signed privately, it was objected to on that
ground and declared not to represent the sentiments of the
inhabitants. But the agitation thus started was not allowed to
subside, and on the 28th December, 1838, a public meeting was
held and a committee was appointed "to communicate with the
Trustees of Blundell's School, respecting divers matters in which
the inhabitants of Tiverton were deeply interested." Not long
after, it was ascertained that the Feoffees were preparing a peti-
tion to the Court of Chancery; and the Committee, in view of this
proceeding, summoned a meeting of the inhabitants on the 31st
January, 1839, when it was resolved that the Committee should
represent to the Trustees, that it would be very agreeable to the
inhabitants if the surplus income of the school were devoted to
educational objects, viz. the instruction of the pupils in art,
science, and modern languages.

The Trustees, in the course of the same year, 1839, submitted a
scheme to the Court of Chancery for the application of the
surplus funds. In order to do away with the existing fees for
tuition, they proposed to increase the salaries of the Master
and Usher. They also expressed their willingness to pro-
vide gratuitous instruction in Mathematics ; to augment the
existing scholarships and exhibitions ; and to establish fresh
exhibitions : while, as regards the admission of foreigners,
they desired the direction of the Court. On the 4th June, the
Master, having considered the petition, made an order accordingly.

Towards the end of the year two affidavits were signed by the
inhabitants ; one in favour of extending the curriculum to
science, general literature, and other branches of learning ; while
the other advised the retention of a purely classical education.
Meanwhile a petition had been forwarded by inhabitants to the
Court of Chancery in opposition to that of the trustees : and in
February, 1840, the Vice-Chancellor gave judgment. His decision
was that, so far from establishing their case, the petition of the
inhabitants was " a foul libel upon the masters, trustees, and all
those who were concerned in the management of the school." He
added a rider, however, allowing " the petitioners to come before
the Master, under the existing reference, and to carry in a new
scheme." In other respects the petition was dismissed, and the
petitioners had to pay the costs.

Thereupon the inhabitants decided to proceed against the
trustees by " information." As the expression may not be intelli-
gible to lay persons, it may be well to explain that it is usual
for an information in Chancery to be filed by the Attorney-
General, in cases where public charities are misapplied. The Lord
Chancellor gave judgment on this fresh suit the 18th January,

YESTEKDAY 299

1841, staying all proceedings under the order of the 4th June,
1839, and quashing the order of the 14th February, 1840. He
further suggested that, as the analogous case of the Manchester
Grammar School had been already before the Court, the decision
then given should be accepted as the basis of an amicable settle-
ment, in order that the charity might be spared the expense of
continued litigation.

No further progress, beyond mutual threats and recrimina-
tions, appears to have been made with the affair until 1844. On
Wednesday, the 4th September, in that year, a Commission was
opened at the Three Tuns Hotel for the purpose of receiving
evidence concerning Blundell's School. The proceedings lasted
till the 12th October, and the evidence collected on this occasion
was not published until the March of the following year. Of
the ninety-one witnesses whose depositions were taken either in
Tiverton or London, on behalf of the town, no less than seventy-
five advocated a more varied course of instruction. One indi-
vidual " thought it desirable to state that there were a consider-
able number of mechanics and artificers, of a superior class,
resident in the town, in consequence of the large manufactory
established there, who would be glad to place their sons to be
educated at Blundell's School, if the system of education was so
extended as to fit them for their calling in life " : while another
considered that it would be advisable that extra attention should
be paid to writing and arithmetic, as he had known boys, who
had spent from five to seven years at Blundell's School, unable to
write a letter in the English language or add together small bills
of accounts. In fact, this was a grand opportunity for all the
conceited bores and meddlesome busy-bodies in the neighbour-
hood to come forward and air their opinions. Comprised in
the list of witnesses were " two independent gentlemen, two
clergymen, one mathematical tutor of Blundell's School, seven
professional gentlemen, one Dissenting minister, ten farmers or
yeomen, fifty-five tradesmen, nine schoolmasters and clerks, and
three respectable persons retired from business." Fifty-nine ex-
pressed the opinion that the " cads " had a bad time. Besides
these, fifty-six persons g-ave evidence on the side of the Trustees ;
and fifty-two for the Masters. These, of course, made it appear
that everything was exceedingly nice at the School, and that,
upon the whole, to be a " cad," was rather an advantage than
otherwise.

On the 29th October, 1846, his Honour the Vice-Chancellor of
England decided that " neither the Master nor the Usher of the
said School ought to receive any payments from or in respect of
any of the boys educated in the said School, or ought to take any
boarder; and that none but boys educated as Free Scholars,
videlicet, scholars free of expense in the said School, according to
the directions in the said will as varied by this decree, ought to

300 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFORD

be eligible to the said Scholarships and Exhibitions." The ques-
tion of instruction in science, literature, and modern language
was referred to " Master Senior," and for the present remained
open.

The results of the Vice-Chancellor's decree are to be seen in a
" Scheme for the .Regulation and Management of Blundell's
School, Tiverton," which was confirmed by the Court of Chancery,
the 4th August, 1852. A considerable portion of this scheme is
merely a reiteration of the provisions of Blundell's will, which
were henceforth to be rigidly enforced. The difference, however,
in the value of money and the augmentation of the funds of the
Charity suggested a higher remuneration for the services of the
teachers. The Head Master was to receive £400 per annum,
without any deductions being made for rates or taxes, while the
Usher was to be paid .£100 per annum on the same conditions.
Both were to inhabit the dwelling-houses, meadow, garden, and
premises appropriated to their use. For these no rent was
demanded from them, and any repairs that might be necessary
were to be paid for out of the funds of the Charity. On the
other hand the Master and Usher were strictly forbidden to
receive boarders or to associate with their office the cure of souls
or any other duty, without the sanction of the Trustees. Three
Assistant Masters were to be appointed — the first to teach French
and^G-erman ; the second, mathematics ; and the third, writing
and arithmetic. Each of these Assistant Masters was to be paid
an annual sum not exceeding £50, clear of all deductions ; but,
with the assent of the Trustees, each of them might take pupils
into their houses as boarders, the number of boarders in each case
not to exceed ten. It was provided also that the duties of mathe-
matical and writing master might, if the Trustees saw fit, be per-
formed by the same person, who was, in these circumstances, to
be paid not more than £75 per annum. Instruction in grammar
and in the Latin and Greek languages was to be imparted free ;
but every boy receiving instruction in any additional subject was
to pay £4 head money. If he was taught two additional sub-
jects, then the charge was to be £5 ; and for three additional
subjects a fee of £6 was instituted. Only free scholars were to
be eligible for Scholarships.

The scheme of 1865 introduced some important modifications
into the arrangements. The number of pupils, who might be
admitted into the School, was left to the discretion of the trustees,
instead of being limited to 150, as fixed by the will of Peter
Blundell, and confirmed by the previous scheme. The Usher's
salary was raised to £150 per annum, and the sum paid for
head-money was increased by £ I in each of the three cases. Two
alterations were severely criticised at the time. In the first
place, the Trustees were empowered to rent or purchase a suitable
piece of land as a playground. This, it was contended, was an

YESTERDAY 301

unnecessary expense, as a playground already existed. Secondly,
persons in the town, not being Assistant Masters at the School,
were permitted to receive pupils as boarders, but all houses, which
were licensed for the purpose, were subject to domiciliary visits of
the Head Master. It was objected to this arrangement that
anyone desiring to oblige a relation or friend by accommodating
his children, was practically reduced to the position of a common
lodging house keeper. Lastly, I should state that, by this new
scheme the restriction limiting the tenure of scholarships to free
scholars was done away.

As may readily be supposed, these changes, and the protracted
litigation which preceded them, were the cause of much angry
feeling. I have by me two or three choice productions, one of
them by a Cambridge man, and. in spite of his assumption of
superiority, quite unworthy of a gentleman. Among the
opponents of the Trustees were several local notables, whose
character and position should have protected them from his
scurrilities, while sneers at less fortunate people on account of
their trade or profession are always exceedingly cheap and always
highly discreditable to those who indulge in them.

The following reply, however, to a letter, signed " A Grateful
Son," while decidedly witty, has no taint of bitterness and
spleen.

TO A GRATEFUL SON.
MY DEAR SIR, —

I am quite disposed to pay a most deferential attention to your Hand-
bill of the 17th instant, partly because I think it probable from your
superior wisdom, that you may have had some considerable connexion
with BlundelFs School, and because I think that you have made the
ablest, and indeed the only defence, that any man could make of the
present condition of that venerable establishment.

Let me come at once to the gist of your argument — You say that you
had always been led to suppose that Blundell intended to establish a
Boarding1 School, as well as a Day School, and that you are borne out in
this opinion by his Will. You very properly instance his directions as to
a Hall and Buttery, and Kitchen with one fair great Chimney, and an
Oven ; a convenient Garden, and Wood-yard, a strong Wall round the
whole, and an entrance Gate ; and you infer that accommodations so
ample as these could not be intended exclusively for the Master's private
family — that he could not and oiight not to want them, since at their first
erection when Boarders were plenty, and natives were scarce, they were
fully sufficient for the purposes of a Boarding- School.

J«ow I will maintain you to be correct in all these conclusions. I assert
that the Master, with his Wife, and seven or eight Children, and a
Servant covld have no occasion for those THREE "fit and convenient"
Chambers, — that one, or at most two, was quite enough for the whole of
them, and the other sufficiently commodious for the stowage of five or
six score Foreigners. I contend with you that the Chamber Windows
were never fitted up with " Iron Bars," or the premises surrounded with
a "strong Wall," to prevent the Master from getting out, but I should
rather think were designed to prevent the poor simple Natives from
getting in. As this has, however, been accomplished by other laudable
means, I would go on to observe, that one " fair Great Chimney," and an

302 THE GHEONICLES OF TWYTOBD

Oven too \ for a man, his wife and family, must have beenperfectly monstrous.
It MUST have been intended for a Boarding School. It is evident that
Blundell meant that the Master should keep his Wood-yard well stocked,
and that the Boarders, whether fifty or a hundred should in the cold
winter evenings con over their books in this great chimney corner
whilst those who might be incommoded for want of room should make
themselves comfortable in the oven ! Blundell, who was a man of the
kindest heart, thus provided for the comforts of the Foreigners both up
stairs and down ; although I wonder how the Master who was cautioned
against '• seeking or enacting any more, either of parents or children "
could manage out of this .€50 a year to keep either the chimney smoking,
or the oven heated.

Oh ! my dear Sir, if Blundell had at first as many grateful sons pour-
ing in from all parts of Devon and Dorset, and Somerset and Cornwall,
as there have been since our recollection, and if those sons, sticking up
for their rights, paid nothing from year to year, but used this as " a
Free-school and not a school of exaction," eating of the fattest, and
drinking of the strongest, and all at free cost, I am sadly afraid the
Master must have wished the "great fair Chimney " considerably
lessened, and the Oven stoppe 1 up altogether. The Usher must in those
days have had the best of it, for having " one chamber to himself only,"
his Boarders (since the Master had some, of course, the man must also1,
were no doubt made free of the aforesaid Chimney and Oven, and in fact
permitted to eat, drink, and sleep, in commonalty with the others ; he,
on his part fetching water and chopping wood occasionally, or perhaps
making up the dough, or putting in the batch, with all the perquisites
of cookery in nattering perspection.

Again, as to the Gardens, — the large extensive Gardens— you, as "the
erudite expounder of Blundell's Will " are perfectly at a loss to imagine
how they should be deemed necessary for the Master's family alone ;
and so am I ; and so must any man in his senses. No. No It's as
clear as noonday that Blundell or Popham intended the Gardens for the
Foreigners also! He wished their bee-hive condition indoors of an
evening to be agreeably contrasted by a run in the Gardens to stretch
their limbs of a morning, here to crop a flower, or there to pluck a
gooseberry ; to-day to taste a plum, to-morrow to take a peep at the
apricots, and next day to cull the choicest product of the vine, so that
having improved their acquaintance with these natural objects of taste,
they might go back to school with a greater relish for latin and greek,
and whilst luxuriating in their Chimney accommodations or Chamber
enjoyments, learn to despise and contemn those poor unlucky ones who
were shut out by the "strong gate" of the inexorable donor from a
participation in all or any of the inestimable rights and privileges.
.... As it is understood that the Feoff ees have now a surplus income of
about £oOO a year, how can they commence the application of it better
than by papering the school-room, and ordering a new Turkey Carpet
for the Green !

I must, in conclusion, also congratulate you on the capital style in
which you have come over the Tradesmen. You see there is a public
meeting called abouj this school, — I and you will go together, and if
you can only make your paper good, and get the meeting to believe that
these " families " (like the one of seven gratis-coloured sons) " that have
made Tiverton their residence for the sake of the benefits to be derived,"
should not be allowed to send their children as d >y scholars, insomuch as
they arc not Foreigners (for we have clearly shewn that all Foreigners
are Boarders !) — we shall then succeed in ousting these families alto-
gether, and increasing the number of Boarders, which is, you know, our
paramount object, and indeed all we wish to do. Now would'nt this be
a capital thing for the Tradesmen ? See what a deal more money is

YESTEBDAY 303

spent by 70 or 80 Boys at the School, than there is by the same number
of families resident here ! Can any one in his sober senses believe but
what the custom of a little hobbledehoy for skipping ropes and penny
whistles is much more valuable than that of his father and mother, his
brothers and sisters ? — To be sure it is. Our Salvation rests on the
Boarders. They shall hound away all the Day-boys, leer at the Master,
quiz the Usher, bamboozle the Porter, thrash the Tailor, chaunt " God
save the Queen .'" till all's blue, and write to her Majesty again for a
fortnight's longer holiday !

I am, with all due deference, yours devotedly,

ANOTHER GRATEFUL.
*Query. GREAT FOOL 1— Printer's Devil.

The best rejoinder to this manifesto is an eloquent speech by
the Key. H. F. Yeatman, who presided afc a dinner of the Old
Boys — the last which was held for many years — in 1850. There
is a fine old-fashioned flavour about it, like that of crusted wine,
doubtless part of the repast ; and though a few symptoms betray
themselves of conscious worth, these may easily be forgiven to an
upright English gentleman, grieving over the destruction of his
ideals, but constant even in defeat :

I rise to propose a Toast which must be considered to be, beyond all
doubt, the toast of the evening ; and especially because that toast is con-
nected with the great object of our meeting in this place, that object
being to do homage to the Memory of our Immortal Founder, the
illustrious " Peter Blundell," (Loud cheers). In offering to you that
toast I confess that I address you under feelings of considerable
depression, and of great and unconcealed embarassment, for I do not
perceive the usual array of those who, in happier times and bygone
years, attended in this place —

" To smell the triumph, and partake the gale "

when all was peace, prosperity and repose ; nor can i recite to you the
nattering annunciations of additional Honors, greater than those of " the
olden time" conferred upon the existing race of Blundell's Scholars
assembled within his walls, or of numbers increasing to an extent
sufficient to prove or shew that the great object of our Noble Founder
has been happily accomplished ! You, Gentlemen, are aware of the effect
produced by the stern and mistaken decree of tho late Vice -Chancellor of
England — a decree which I fearlessly proclaim to have been in oppo-
sition to the letter and the spirit of Peter Blundell's will : at all events,
most certainly in opposition to the external evidence of this case, which
had not been attended to, and considered as it ought to have been, prior
to the judgment given. (Cheers). It has been decided forsooth, that
Boarders shall no longer be received within the walls of Blundell's
School, — although the Will of that Good iM an declares, that "Foreigners,"
(wliich means " the sons of persons not born or before six years of age
brought up in the town of Tiverton,") shall be admitted to the School,
and of course admitted to equal right-!, if and provided one hundred and
fifty Boys cannot be found duly qualified for admission to the School,
who are born or have been brought up within the Town of Tiverton, and
are the sons of parents domiciled in this town. Where then are these
Foreigners to reside except within the walls ? Where are they to sleep,
except in the dormitories of the school, which were laid out and erected
on the Old Foundation 246 years ago ? erected too, immediately from
and after the death of our illustrious Founder ; thus shewing the long
persoriptive use, and the right of admission, so far as Boarders are con-

304 THE CHKONICLES OF TWTFORD

cerned, from 1604, down to the date of the Decree which I complain of,
and which about five years ago degraded this school to the level of a
Charity School by the exclusion of these boarders. (Cheering). And
here, Gentlemen, I beg to ask, in favour of the trustees of Blunder's
School, (who, be it observed, have acted only in accordance with
immemorial or accustomed usage,) who was the expositor of Blundell's
Will ? Who approved of the Ground Plans and Elevations of the
present School, including Dormitories for Boarders, and a Banquet Room
for meals ? Who but Lord Chief Justice Popham, who lived at the
abosre distant period, a man of great Legal Learning : a bosom friend of
Peter Blundell -a Man who is styled in the Will of that Good Man nnd
termed " his right dear and honourable Friend," and who I presume must
have been as good an expositor of the wishes and intentions of Peter
Blundell, as the Vice-Chancellor of England in 1846, who undertook the
office of Expositor just 245 years after the death of our Illustrious
Founder — (Loud and continued cheers). I do not pause for the purpose
of shewing that our opponents are alarmed at the effect produced by
the operation of this Decree, as I could easily do ; that the Tradesmen of
this town, who were so clamorous for litigation, are now mourning the
loss of Thousands per annum expended by these boarders in prouder and
happier days, in the shops of the town of Tiverton ; nor do I advert to
the great mass of evidence which we still possess, and shall hereafter use
when the proper period arrives, for the purpose of causing a recon-
sideration of the erroneous Decree of which all, without exception,
(Respondents and Appellants,) are undoubtedly complaining. But I
pass on to smooth and soften the surprise of those who seem amazed
that in these days of so-called Liberality, persons should be found calling
on a Judicial Tribunal to narrow and contract the opening hand of
generous and expanded charity — to shut close the wide-opening doors of
our Illustrious Founder— to " hide under a bushel" the burning lights of
ingenuous education, and to throw back the suppliants who ask for
permission to slake their thirst at our Castalian springs, and who dam
them up, so as to prevent them from irrigating the barren land ! — (Loud
cheers). This surprise, Gentlemen, might be natural, but it argues a
sad ignorance of the weakness of human nature. Let us open the page
of History for a moment — of History which has been termed " The
Philosophy of Experience," and what is it that we read ? Is it not there
recorded, that in all ages of the World Men have been found of a rest-
less and impatient spirit. Men of little minds, of contracted under-
standings or ungenerous dispositions, whose object has been to pull down
the '' Powers and Principalities " of the World, and to undermine the
Institutions and Establishments of Society ; I say to pull them down to
the humble level on which they themselves are placed " to fret their
little hour upon the stage of life," and to bury them in that " lower deep"
in which they themselves are doomed to struggle, apart from Mightier
Spirits —Spirits of a refined and exquisite construction ; of minds united
to lofty and grand conceptions, and whose hearts beat in unison with
the wants, the requirements, and necessities of their weaker fellow
creatures ! —(Continued cheers). I say. Gentlemen, that in all ages of
the world and in the darker periods of our history such things have
been and will be again, until the time shall come when the mellow
influence of Religious feeling and Education shall soften and subdue the
soul, and drive away its weaker and more sordid propensities ; and till
the blessed moment shall arrive when God's purifying grace shall elevate
the human heart and cleanse ifc of its weakening passions, and make us
more alive to the Christian duties of forgiveness and of love ; and to all
the generosities of a spiritualised and exalted disposition : — remembering
(as we desire it to be remembered) — that the sons of Blundell are ready
and ever have been — to extend the hand of fellowship to those who are

YESTEKDAY 305

disposed to reverence Ms name, and to carry out to their fullest possibl6
extent, the views and wishes of that distinguished Philanthropist: that
we desire to exchange the CYPRESS for the OLIVE BRANCH, and to effect
an honourable adjustment of existing differences and misunderstandings
— believing and knowing as I do, that precedents can be produced from
the Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, (many of which are now in my
possession), sufficient to shew that the Scholarships and Exhibitions of
this School have been awarded strictly in unison with those precedents ;
that for the time to come the objects of our great Founder, and the
interests of this town (which were the especial objects of our Founder's
regard) can only be promoted by a reconciliation based on mutual and
wise concessions, and believing also, that the time is hastening on when
every son of Blundell, and every inhabitant of the West of England
will be found rising as one Man to demand a reversal of that suicidal
decree which has turned the tide of victory on the part of our opponents
into any thing but that " Flood" which " leads an to fortune " which has
turned their ovation '• ' into mourning^ lamentation and woe" and " made
their Diviners Mad ; " — and when the mistaken inhabitants of the town
of Tiverton, above all, will be seen striving to do homage to the exalted
name of Blundell ;— a name which they can celebrate with truthful
praise as having been, and being to them especially —

" Clarwm et veneraMle Nomen,

Multum quod nobis, et nostrts profuit UrM!"

With these sentiments I have the honour to propose to you the
" IMMORTAL MEMORY OP PETEK BLTJNDBLL." (Loud and repeated
cheers).

The immediate effect of the Vice-Chancellor's decree was to
reduce the number of scholars by one-half. Tears afterwards,
when the School had recovered a good deal of its ancient prestige,
the .Rev. J . B. Hughes, the then Head-master, at a compli-
mentary banquet to the present Bishop of London, referred to
the condition of things in 1848 and after. He said : — " It may,
and I hope, will be interesting to you, if I briefly sketch the
history of the school during the last 20 years. I will then, by
your leave, put back the clock for 20 years and ask you to enter
this room on the first school day after the Boarders were swept
away. It was a cold February morning : a more dreary sight I
never witnessed. In this spacious room were scattered 17 boys —
rari nantes. A large number soon arrived for whom a commer-
cial education was better suited than what we had to offer —
there were no funds for modern masters then : they soon left us,
another class succeeded, and the school would probably have
risen in numbers and importance had not the consent for
admission been refused to any foreigners likely to do credit
to us. This was a terrible difficulty. At length it was sur-
mounted, and boys were coming to us from various quarters, but
I was left practically single-handed to teach them. Acting,
however, upon a permissive hint of the rev. Chairman, I obtained
on my own risk, and I am proud to recollect I did so obtain, the
aid of an assistant master, Ilev. E. Duckworth, who has been with
us, 1 am glad to say, ever since. Our numbers increased. The
great difficulty now was where to board them. Another and a

306 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

more profitable course was open to me, but I felt it was my
bounden duty to set aside all personal considerations, and for the
sake of the school to improve the position of a valuable master,
and so retain his services. Accordingly, I counselled Mr. Duck-
worth to open a boarding-house, and it is a source of satisfaction
to me that I then and ever since exerted every influence I
possessed to fill it and keep it full. The result, I rejoice to know,
has not been disadvantageous to himself, while his house has been
a kind of seed-plot to the school and has retained among us one
whose power as a teacher of Mathematics I have never ceased to
acknowledge at home and abroad." Mr. Duckworth's connection
with Blundell's School extended over a term of 25 years, and
terminated in 1879, when he resigned in consequence of the
changes involved in the removal of the School to Horsdon. He
then conducted a private school in Tiverton until 1882, and in
that year he removed to Weston-super-Mare, where he died in
December, 1887, at the age of 59. The testimony of his
contemporaries is that he was a born teacher, having a perfect
knowledge of his subjects and a singular capacity for imparting
that knowledge to others.

In 1847 there were serious food riots at Tiverton. On Friday,
the 29th of April, rumours were circulated of an intended meet-
ing of the operatives of the town on the evening of that day, and
imperfect reports having arrived of disturbances at Exeter
and Cullompton, some excitement was manifested. By eight
o'clock several groups had collected, consisting principally of
boys, near Lowman Bridge, but to all appearance they had no
specific object or nefarious purpose in view. After they had
thus loitered for half an hour, a bell was procured and one of the
mob gave notice that the meeting was adjourned to the following
night, when the bakers, millers, and corn dealers were politely
requested to attend. The few men present, followed by a troop
of boys and women, then proceeded through the streets, reading at
intervals the above announcement. As the evening grew darker,
the mob waxed bolder ; and, as each baker's shop was passed, a
furious yell was uttered, accompanied by a shower of stones.
Scarcely a baker's window was left untouched. At nine o'clock
a cry was raised that they should proceed to Mr. Chappie's,
Gornhay, he being supposed to have a large stock of wheat. On
their way thither, the mob attacked the shop of Mrs. Dinham, an
aged widow, breaking the glass and carrying off the " penny
puddings " and other eatables in triumph. With the prestige of
victory attached to them they arrived at Gornhay, the residence
of Mr. Chappie, about a mile and a half from the town. They
commenced operations by demolishing the windows, but the
discharge of a fowling-piece and the attack of a couple of
ferocious dogs having cooled their ardour, they listened to the
remonstrances of some gentlemen from Tiverton and returned

YESTEKDAY 307

home. Having gratified themselves with a few more yells they
dispersed. On Saturday a large number of special constables were
sworn in, and in the afternoon the Tiverton troop of Yeomanry
arrived. No disturbance of any note occurred until the following
Tuesday. At noon on that day about two hundred men employed
on the Tiverton branch railway entered the town and marched
through the streets to the market-place, but without committing
any acts of violence. The result was an immediate panic. The
butchers packed up or hid their meat, tradesmen closed their
shops, and all business was suspended. The police were
instantly on the alert. The special constables were
assembled, and the Mayor and magistrates, having placed them-
selves at their head, commanded the " navvies " to leave the town.
They appeared indisposed to comply, and one fellow, who seemed
to be the ringleader, was taken into custody. The rest, after a
little hesitation, returned by the same way they had entered,
closely followed by the police and special constables, who seized
and compelled any stragglers to join the main body. They were
thus marched outside the turnpike gate — looking very discon-
certed. A number of large sticks were taken from them, and
there is no doubt that they came with the intention of creating
a disturbance. Late in the afternoon, tidings arrived that the
expelled " navvies " were stopping the people on their way
home from market, and the Yeomanry being now ready for action,
they started for what was expected to be a field of battle. In
about two hours they returned, not having been able to find the
enemy, who had fled upon hearing the " sodgers " were coming.
It was, however, currently reported that blood was shed on the
occasion, a gallant trooper having pricked with his sword one of
the flying foe who was escaping over a hedge. Another incident
in connection with these riots concerned a farmer, named Gill, of
Bickleigh. It was the general belief among the poorer classes that
the high price of provisions was the result, not of any scarcity of
grain, but of unprincipled speculation. The farmers, it was sup-
posed, were hoarding up their corn in order to obtain famine
prices for it, and the story having gone the rounds that Gill was
selling wheat which was unfit for human consumption, at 8s. 6d.
a bushel, the utmost indignation was expressed. A number of
people attacked the farmer, threw about his grain, and would
have inflicted serious injuries upon him, if he had not taken
refuge in an inn, where' he was protected from his assailants. He
was compelled to remain there for several hours, and when he
emerged to go home, he was guarded by policemen. In
the meantime a meeting was held in the Town-hall " for the
purpose of devising the best means of alleviating the prevailing
distress, arising from the present unusual high price of provisions."
There was a large attendance, the Mayor, Mr. J. W. T. Tucker,
being in the chair. The greatest sympathy for their destitute

308 THE CHRONICLES OF TWXTOKD

fellow-townsmen pervaded the meeting and generous donations
were made, upwards of .£550 being subscribed in the Hall.

In 1848 a Public Health Act was passed, and in the follow-
ing year a petition was presented to the General Board of Health,
signed by two hundred and sixty of the inhabitants of Tiverton,
including the professional men and principal shop-keepers, who
desired that the provisions of the Act should be applied to the
borough. In consequence of this appeal Mr. T. W. Rammell,
Superintending Inspector, commenced an enquiry on the 26th of
November, 1850, at the Town Hall, which lasted till the 2nd of
December ; and he also made a tour of inspection through the
town, the inhabitants having been certified of his intention by a
printed circular issued by the Mayor. The results of this enquiry
were embodied in a rather bulky pamphlet of 70 pp, which is full
of instructive matter as to the sanitary conditions then obtaining.
Among other statements occurs this interesting note : " The
back parts of the town consist, for the most part, of courts,
entered by covered ways from the streets, and not being
thoroughfares. The dwellings which they contain have, in the
great majority of cases, no back-door or through ventilation.
The evil effects of this arrangement of the habitations of the
poorer classes may be readily conceived. It appears that this
system of building grew out of the requirements of the old staple
manufacture of the place. The master-manufacturer surround ed
his residence with the dwellings and workshops of the artisans in
his employ, leaving a centre court, or square, for the purpose of
carrying on the process called ' warping the chains ' which is
necessarily performed in the open air. As the woollen manu-
facture declined, and these courts passed into other hands, the
weaving shops became entirely converted into dwelling houses.
The increase of the town of late years, which has been very
considerable, has been accomplished almost entirely by filling up
the vacant spaces in these courts." The Inspector concluded
with the recommendation that an order should be made by the
Honourable Board for applying the provisions of the Public
Health Act to the Borough of Tiverton. The proposal was vie wed
with the greatest possible disfavour by a large section of the
inhabitants, who, moreover, disputed the accuracy of many of the
Inspector's statements. As the average person may be at a loss
to conceive what objection could be taken to the application of so
salutary a measure as the Public Health Act, it may be well to
instance some of the apprehensions entertained concerning it. It
was supposed that the Town Leat would be covered up and
diverted altogether to purposes of house drainage ; that the cost
of the sanitary improvements under the Act would be fabulous :
that the local board would be overridden by the General Board of
Health, who would interfere, in a grandmotherly sort of way
even in the most trifling concerns. It was maintained also that

YESTBEDAT 309

the agitation in favour of the scheme was an interested one,
having originated with the medical men of the town, who
expected to find employment under the Act ; that already the
Improvement Commissioners possessed the necessary powers for
raising funds and constructing scientific drains ; and, lastly, that
if the Inspector's report, depicting such an awful state of things,
was suffered to go forth without any attempt to contradict it,
a world of harm might be done to the town by frightening away
strangers who would otherwise have been disposed to settle
here. Accordingly on Wednesday, the 10th of June, 1851, a
general meeting of the ratepayers was held at the Town H all, and
an emphatic protest was drawn up and forwarded to the Honour-
able the Commissioners of the General Board of Health. A
counter petition was signed by the original promoters of the
scheme and their supporters ; but it does not appear that any
Order in Council was made for the application of the Act to
Tiverton. When the Act of 1848 was superseded by that of 1875,
the principle of " local option " was discarded, and the Act, being
made of universal application, as a matter of course took effect in
Tiverton.

The beneficent institution now known as the Tiverton
Infirmary and Dispensary had its humble beginning about this
time. The Dispensary was established at Kiddell's Court,
Tiverton, in the year 1852 for out-patients only, mainly through
the exertions of Dr. James Bennett Clutterbuck, for the relief of
the sick poor who were not in receipt of parochial relief, Here,
during a period of 16 years, no less than 7,090 persons were
treated as out-patients. In 1865, through the generosity of
Mrs. Caroline Brewin, premises in Bampton-street were purchased,
and by means of a Building Fund, which was raised by private
subscription, additional wards were built, and the whole con-
verted into an Infirmary for the reception of patients, to avoid
the long journey to Exeter Hospital.* In 1891 the Institution
was enlarged by the annexation of the adjoining house at a
cost of £550, the purchase-money being generously given by
Mr. Henry Septimus Gill, J.P. The buildings comprise a male
(John Heathcoat) ward, a female (Caroline Brewin) ward, a chil-
dren's ward arid an isolation room, containing 18 beds altogether ;
receiving, operating and out-patients' rooms ; a dispensary store
and bath-room, and accommodation for a resident House Surgeon

* The chief donations and bequests are the following : — 1867, Mrs.
Caroline Brewin, £1,250 ; Sir John H. Heathcoat- Amory, Bart. £250 ;
Thomas Hallam, Esq., £120 ; Miss Eloisa Heathcoat, £800 ; The Right
Hon. Viscount Palmerston, £100. 1869, Miss Sarah Cartwright, £100;
1872, John G-ooding Phillips, Esq., £100; 1877, Mrs. Elizabeth Hole,£180;
Miss Elizabeth Gibbs, £100; 1831, Miss Mary Dunsford, £100; 1882,
Edward Hallam, Esq., £100; 1885, Mr. John Hatswell, £500; 1887, Mr.
John Lane, £100.

310 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

and Matron, and nursing and domestic staff. The Infirmary
received its first in-patient in February, 1868. An Endowment
Fund was commenced in 1865, which has slowly increased by
bequests and donations, and now exceeds .£5,000 ; the income
from the endowment, however, is not sufficient to pay the wages
and salaries of the indoor staff. For the remaind er of the
working expenses the Institution is dependent on voluntary
contributions. In 1882 the Committee decided to admit at their
discretion severe surgical and medical cases, or cases requiring
operations, as in-patients. In 1889 they instituted a separate
fund for the supply of trusses, and added to the Infirmary
buildings, a mortuary which has since been made available for
public purposes. With these additions the institution is
conducted upon its original lines, and the number of patients
treated, steadily increases each year. Its services are given
without charge of any kind. The late Mr. John Heathcoat was
President of the Institution from its commencement until his
death in I860, when he was succeeded by his grandson. Sir John
Heathcoat Heathcoat-Amory, Bart., the present President.
The rules of the Institution, drawn up in 1852, were revised and
amended in 1867, 1874, and in 1890.

In 1853 a vacancy occurred in the office of Vestry Clerk. I
am not aware that any serious interests were at stake, but the
question of succession to the post caused some excitement in the
town and produced the following " squibs."

"THE FORWARD MAN,"

A NARRATIVE FROM REAL LIFE ; RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED TO THE
RATEPAYERS OF TIVERTON.

July's bright month has past his prime,
When that which I will put in rhyme,

Transpir'd to human view.
The incidents I'll briefly state,
And, as 'tis facts that I relate,

Attention give thereto,

A Parish Office chanced to be
In which " appeared " a vacancy

To his half -clouded mind :
He look'd again, and found 'twas so,
And then his Tender in did go,

And thus far him we find.

Resolv'd to make appointment sure,
A thousand bills, or maybe more,

Were handed through the town,
But not yet certain of success,

He treats his friends, now growing less,

To " Baccy " and Nut Brown.

YESTERDAY 311

He, having wetted these right well,
Thought his opponents now to quell

And from them all be freed :
So, thinking of no other plan,
He socn the " Squibbing " dodge began,

And Squibbing 'twas indeed.

For when an author has no wit,
Then what he writes can't have a bit,

And thus 'twas with our friend :
Address and Squib were both the same,
In point of style as poor and lame

As ever school-boy penn'd.

But passing on, to next relate

The sad, the hopeless, hapless fate —

Which raised a heavy sigh —
What disappointment must have been,
To find the Tender he sent in

Just Twenty Pounds too high !

How sorely now did he repent
The Beer and Baccy he had spent,

The Office to have won !
Quite undecided how to act
He asks his friend " the TIGER JACK,"

Who says, " My boy, you're done."

"And that I am," our friend replies,
" But what, old chap, would you advise

With luck,— so awful poor ?"
" I should ad vise you to withdraw,
For all your Irish* friends well know

That two and two make four.

" We'll tell them Twenty Pounds is nought
To have the work done as it ought,

We'll do the job just so I
1 say, old chap, we'll gull them all,"
" And if we don't— then to the wall "

Says Jack, " you surely go."

All words that I could add to these,
Would merely prove redundancies,

And so I'll finish up
With an old proverb, which is " that
There's many a slip will surely hap

Betwixt the lip and cup."

CONVERSATION' BETWEEN THE "WITCH JONES" AND HIS
TIGER "JACK" OVER THEIR CUPS.

W. I say, Jack, some of the Tivertonians put down that Squib, which

came out last night as my composition.
J. So I hear Some one suggested that it was like your Address,

deuced nonsensical and ungrammatical.

* A term applied colloquially to the residents in Westexe Ward.

312 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

W. What's that to do with me ? I don't and never did care a d for

Lindley Murray. But, old fellow, how do you think I stand
about the Vestry Clerk ?

J. Well, I guess 'twill be no go. What votes can you rely on ?

W. Only on the Irish, with any certainty, they know little, and care
less, about my blundering in parish cases ; and as to my statement
that they have a will of their own, that, of course, is all
gammon, for I can buy as many as I like for a pint of Swipes
and a penn'oth of Baccy a-piece. I stuck it into 'em the other
night at " Farmer's," and got jolly fuddled myself upon heavy
wet.

J. All right, old fellow, so far : but here, how about the Farmers and
Tradesmen ?

W. There's my weak point ; and the devil of it is, Jack, that it takes
half-a-dozen of my "independent" Irish constituents to weigh
down a farmer of any importance. Besides the latter, unfortunately
for me, know a little too much about a case or two, now and
then, not exactly " all serene."

J. So I was afraid ; and as to the gentry, they, of course, won't support
you. I s'pose, however, that as your tender is the lowest, they
are bound to accept it.

W. No, hang it, " WOODBUBY Pious " is below me ! If he had not
been, I should, of course, have stood to that text. But as he is,
I must now turn tail and insist that the lowest tender must not
be accepted.

J. Hem ! that's consistent, with a hook. However, I s'pose, like a
Roman Catholic, you think " that the end justifies the means.'

W. That's it, and a happy thought, too, Jack ; that's the best excuse I
ever had made for my " goings on. "

J. You don't care much, then, for Gentleman Dick ?

W. Not I I he carries some weight, but I hear he wants his bread and
butter treakled. I say, Jack, had he been under me, what a dig
I would have had at him. But I must be off now to my darling
Irishmen and keep them straight, for if they should spring a
leak it's all U-P with me.

•7. Couldn't you try a little Grog ?

W. That's too expensive, and don't go far enough. No, I must stick to
Beer and Baccy, and with a little management I may do after
all, but, if I should lose, I'll come out magnificent in the
Western Times, as I did once before when I was dead beat.

(Exit both) the WITCH JONES muttering something about sort or
description — kind — manner — form: — but what he was speaking about
we could not catch.

In June, 1853, was begun the ever-memorable restoration
of St. Peter's Church which occupied three whole years.
Evidently this was not a work of supererogation. The buttresses
which form a distinguishing feature of the tower, were so injured
by the effects of time and weather that the stones had crumbled
away to the face of the walls, in fact, no buttresses were left in
the upper stages. The gargoyles and figures on the set-offs, the
stringcourses and the stone-work of the windows were broken
aiid imperfect, the battlements and pinnacles were patched up

YESTERDAY 313

with cement and mortar, and the pointing had entirely disappeared
from the walls.

The whole exterior of the Church was in a ruinous condition.
The walls were considerably out of the perpendicular, and settle-
ments appeared in all directions. The north wall was entirely
supported by two enormous buttresses, erected at the close of the
previous century. Parapets and battlements were so shattered
that it was dangerous to walk under them in stormy weather. The
lower portion of the clerestory buttresses was worn away by the
rain water which flowed around them. The wall of the south
aisle was rent in many parts. The arches, mullions, and tracery
of the windows throughout the church were split and dislocated,
and the glass, where it remained, was of the cheapest and coarsest
description. The vestry thrust itself into the churchyard, a
square unmeaning erection of irregular and imperfect stone-work.
The chancel was even worse than the vestry.

If the exterior was bad the interior was in a still more disgrace-
ful condition. The roof timbers of the north aisle, south aisle,
nave, and chancel, though perseveringly scarfed, were so much
decayed that many cartloads of dust fell from them when they
were removed, and they had subsided to such an extent that the
lead had fallen with them, and the rain water stood in pools
many inches deep. These roofs were concealed by a kind of
plaster groining, varied towards the west of the two aisles by a
Doric ceiling likewise in plaster. The piers and pier-arches having
been examined by the County Surveyor of Somerset, were found
to have deflected about eleven inches, and the materials were so
rotten and imperfect that it was unsafe to rebuild the clerestory
upon them : the foundations consisted of merely a few stones
loosely thrown into a hole. The organ stood on a hideous gallery
blocking up the tower arch. Another gallery over part of
the chancel drowned the voice of the clergyman when
ministering at the altar. A third in the north and a fourth in
the south aisle completed the cardinal points of gallery worship.
The pews were about 4 feet 6 inches high. The pulpit was an
unsightly wooden encumbrance from which the preacher spoke
into a huge chandelier suspended from the roof. The pavement
of the avenue was broken and uneven. The east window of the
chancel was blocked up by wood-work and a picture. The worm-
eaten altar-table was covered with a velvet cloth, on the front of
which the names of two churchwardens were worked in yellow
thread.

With the exception of the Tower, Greenway's Porch and
Chapel.* a small portion of the south aisle, and the piers and
arches of the chancel, the Church was entirely re-built. The
buttresses of the tower were recased with Thorverton trap. The

* Greenway's Chapel and Porch had been restored in 1836.

314 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

sculptured figures on the set-offs, the gargoyles, windows,
doorway, niches, stringcourses, battlements and pinnacles, all of
Hamdon Hole stone, were renewed and the walls pointed
throughout. The north aisle was extended to double its former
width, and an organ chamber thrown out to correspond with
Greenway's Chapel in the south aisle. It was intended that the
organ, enlarged by Mr. Dicker, of Exeter, should have been
divided and erected at the east and west end of the chamber ;
but affection for the old case and perhaps lack of funds, prevented
this being carried into effect ; and it was placed in the centre of
the chamber, thus concealing the lower portion of the windows
and spoiling the effect of this part of the building. Adjoining the
organ-chamber is the vestry. The Norman doorway of the north
aisle was most carefully restored. The roofs of the nave, aisles,
and chancel were renewed, being all of English oak. They may be
considered deficient in the ornate character of the Perpendicular
style ; nevertheless, they are at once simple and effective. The
roof of the south aisle was copied from the artistic but decayed
portions of the original construction. A casing of deal was placed
obliquely above the oak boarding to prevent the lead being
affected by the acids contained in the oak. The roofs are
surrounded by battlements and parapets of Bath stone, which
though they are plain in their surfaces, give a dignified character
to the edifice. The new piers and arches of the nave with their
niches supported by angels, the corbel heads and sculptured
devices, both within and without the church, as well as the
pinnacles and other work in Farley Down and Caen stone, were
supplied by Mr. Parish, stonemason, of Tiverton, and do him the
utmost credit. The carving, which is extremely bold and good,
was executed by Mr. Jackman, of Teignmouth. The windows of
the north aisle, clerestory, that at the west of the south aisle, as
well as those of the chancel, are new, and are very justly admired.
The walls of the chancel were rebuilt and raised. The screen,
which it was found impossible to restore, was removed, with the
exception of the lower portion which was surmounted with a
cresting of scroll-work in brass, and formed a line of demarcation
between the chancel and nave.* A part of this screen is now, I
am informed, in Holcombe Bogus Church.

The parcldse was restored as far as was practicable. The
reredos and floor were formed of Minton's tiles : the Holy Table
was reconstructed, and a beautiful altar-cloth was presented by
P. N. Hoare, Esq., of Luscombe Park. Through the munificence
of the Eev. W. Jiayer, rector of Tidcombe Portion, a handsome

* The remains of the Screen were removed in 1886, and with them
the seats in the Chancel appropriated to the three Rectors and the
Curate of Prior's Portion. Before this change was made, a seat was
provided for a man-servant, in the case of each clergyman, immediately
behind that of his master.

YESTEBDAY 315

seat was prorided for the non-officiating clergy in the nave ; and
a pulpit of Caen stone was placed at the eastern pier on the north
side of the nave. (It has since been changed to the south). An
appropriate reading-desk was offered to the committee, but the
clergy and others objected to it on the ground that it faced north
and west ; and a meagre box facing the west was substituted for
it. This has since been removed, to make way for a handsome
brass lectern, presented by the Bev. Michael Thorne. -

All the galleries were removed, and the largest and most
dilapidated monuments were placed in the Tower. The windows,
except those of the Chancel and Tower, were filled with cathedral
and ground glass, in diamond quarries. In a brief notice of this
kii d it would be impossible to go over all the changes in detail.
Suffice it to say that the principle which guided the committee
was to abstain from unnecessary ornamentation and to render
the material fabric, with which alone they were concerned, in all
its parts solid and durable.

The Church was re-opened on the 26th of June, 1856. The
Bishop of Exeter had hoped to attend and preach on the occasion,
but was obliged to forego his intention by other important calls of
public duty. At sunrise the bells of the old tower spoke their
welcome to those who were preparing to take a part in the
services of the day. At 11 o'clock a large number of the clergy
of the diocese met the Mayor and Town Council of the Borough
in the Town Hall, and walked in procession with the Architect,
Contractors, Masons, Carpenters, and the Building Committee to
the west entrance of the Church, where they were received by the
Churchwardens of the Parish. The Church was filled in every
part, and it is supposed that nearly three thousand persons were
present. Morning prayer was said by the Bev. J. J. Manley,
Curate of Tidcombe Portion. The sermon was preached by the
Hon. and Bev. C. L. Courtenay, who also read the Communion
service, assisted by the Rev. W. Bayer, and his two curates. A
collection was made in aid of the Building Fund while the offertory
sentences were read, and nearly a hundred and sixty of the
congregation remained to take part in the sacrament. After the
service sacred music was performed on the organ by Mr. Reay,
the late, and Mr. Bice, the then organist, who also conducted the
musical parts of the service, ably assisted by a choir selected from
the Exeter and Tiverton Oratorio Societies.

At two o'clock a dinner was given to the workmen employed
on the Church and to the inmates of the various almshouses of
the town. At three o'clock there was a public luncheon in the
Athenaeum, at which Thomas Daniel, Esq., presided. At five
o'clock tea and cakes were provided for the children of the
National and Blue Coat Schools. The Evening Service, at half-
past six, was attended by a large congregation. After the sermon,
which was preached by the Bev. Dr. Wilkinson, Vicar of West

316 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

Lavington and late Master of Marlborough College, a collection
was made, which, with the sum contributed in the morning,
amounted to £95. The total cost of the restoration was
.£6,119 7s. 7d. of which £1.200 was raised by a Church
rate, £3,694 12s. 3d. by voluntary contributions, and the
remainder in various ways. King's College, Cambridge, gave
£566 13s. 4d. towards the repair of the chancel, and Lord
Harrowby, one of the patrons, £20. At the time of the
re-opening there was a deficit of £407 17s. 7d.

Strange as it may seem, all the stained-glass windows which now
cast " their dim religious light" on the Church, are of recent origin.
It is probable that there were painted windows in the building
previous to the Reformation, and it may be, until the days of the
Puritans. The soldiers who were engaged in the siege of the
Castle broke through the windows of St. Peter's in order to
obtain access to the interior, and it is likely that some of the
windows were injured by the cannon-shot. Remnants of stained
glass were still to be seen in the windows before the renovation
of 1853, but prejudice had existed in the minds of the parishioners
against this kind of ornamentation, as symbolical of the old
worship. By this time, however, the feeling had to a great
extent subsided, and the north and south windows of the chancel
were filled with simple, but well-designed patterns by Mr. Beer,
of Exeter.

A mortuary window was placed in the Tower to the memory
of John Barne, Esq., under whom, as Churchwarden, the
restoration of the Church was commenced. The subject chosen
was very appropriate — the Re-building of the Temple — and it was
treated by Mr. Wailes in the most masterly manner. There are
four lights. In the upper division are four principal figures :
David holding the ground plan of the first temple ; Solomon, with
a model of the completed work in his left hand ; Ezra, writing in
a book ; Nehemiah, supporting a scroll inscribed with the words.
" The God of Heaven, He will prosper us." Underneath the first
figure, King David is represented giving to Solomon the plan of
the Temple ; under the second, Solomon superintending the laying
of the foundation-stone ; under the next, Ezra receiving from
Artaxerxes the writing of permission to " beautify the house " ;
under the last, Nehemiah giving directions to the workmen as the
building progressed. The tracery is filled with appropriate scrolls
and devices. Mr. Wailes evidently spared no pains to render the
window perfect in all its parts ; the drawing is good and the
colours admirably balanced ; the treatment of the drapery is
severe and masculine ; altogether it is not unworthy of the best
times of glass painting.

The east window of the chancel was given by the Rev. W.
Rayer, Rector of Tidcombe Portion. It is a mortuary window.
There are five lights ; in the upper portion of the centre light,

TESTEEDAT 317

Our Lord is represented ascending in the cloud which received
Him out of the Apostles' sight ; beneath are two angels, who
announced to those who were gazing up into Heaven, that the
same Jesus Who was taken up into Heaven, should so come in like
manner as they had seen Him go into Heaven. In the other
lights are the Apostles in various attitudes of awe and veneration
and the Blessed Virgin and St. Mary Magdalene. Considerable
difficulty was felt in adapting an appropriate framework for the
group. The usual canopies would have been evidently out of place ;
and the artist has, with most delicate taste, arranged vine stems and
foliage in such a manner above the Apostles as to form a graceful
arch, and reaching upwards to twine in vesicas around an angel
bearing the emblems of the Crucifixion, and higher still, around
an emblem of one of the Evangelists in each of the side-lights.
The tracery is filled with the Heavenly Host— Michael and Gabriel,
angels and archangels, cherubim and seraphim, in adoration, and
watching Our Lord's ascent. The subject has been so managed
that although it forms but one picture, no single figure appears
in two openings. The colouring and arrangement are kept broad
and effective, and the window does infinite credit to the care and
talent of the artist, Mr. Wailes. A gentleman has related to
me a curious incident in connecton with the painting of it.
Through some inadvertence Our Lord was represented as ascend-
ing almost nude — with a cincture only. This was afterwards
altered and His figure is now arrayed in the more conventional
flowing robe.

The following windows have since been added : South aisle —
In Memory of George Welsh Owen — centre light, the Transfigur-
tion (?) ; sidelights, the four Evangelists, 1864; in Memory of
Mary Lewis, widow of the above— the four greater Prophets, 1867;
in Memory of W. R. Stone— Enoch, Moses, Balaam, Job, 1870;
in Memory of John Duntze Carew — Raising of the son of the
widow of Nain, 1880 ; in Memory of Thomas James Poole — the
Crucifixion, the Brazen Serpent, Moses Striking the Rock,
the Baptism of Christ by St. John, 1883 ; in Memory of Sarah
Thorne— the Scourging of our Lord, the Coronation with Thorns,
Christ bearing the Cross, the Crucifixion, the Deposition, the
Entombment 1875; North aisle, in Memory of John Spurway— the
Transfiguration, 1882; in Memory of Michael Thorne — incidents
in the life of the Magdalene, the Last Supper, 1 884 ; in Memory
of Joseph and Mary Thorne — St. Peter on the Lake of
Genesareth, the Impotent Man, Christus Pastor, St. Peter
receiving the Keys, St. Peter delivered from Prison. — The large
painting in the north aisle, representing the Visit of the Magi,
was the gift of the Rev. William Hole, and was presented to the
Church before the Restoration, it is copied from a work of
Rubens ; the original is, or was, at Antwerp.
In the winter of 1885 it was seen that ere long the tower would

318 THE CHRONICLES OF TW5TFORD

require some attention and the dangerous looseness of some of the
corner stones was alarmingly indicated by the fall of a huire
boulder within a foot or two of the caretaker of the church, the
stone striking and bending some iron railings. The matter having
come under the notice of Mr. R. F. Loosetnore, the churchwarden,
that gentleman consulted Mr. Hayward, architect, who happened
to be in the town, and a report from him on the defective state
of the tower was subsequently submitted to a parish meeting. A
committee was appointed and in due time procured tenders for the
renovation of the tower, that of Messrs. Grater, builders, Towns-
end, for £235 being accepted. An examination of the tower after
the erection of the scaffolding shewed the fabric to be in a
condition of decay that was not previously anticipated, and a
second contract had to be entered into (the first being confined to
the belfry stage) bringing up the Cfist of the renovation to upwards
of £500. A lightning conductor also was constructed at an
additional outlay of £70. The funds were raised partly by a
bazaar (which realized £360) and partly by subscriptions. In
1887 the chancel was restored, and other improvements made, at
a cost of about £550.

On the 27th October, 1853, twenty ratepayers (being more
than the requisite number) of the parish addressed a memorial
to the Churchwardens, stating their opinion that the existing
burial-grounds were insufficient and dangerous to health (as in
truth they were), and requesting them to convene a meeting
of the Vestry for the purpose of determining whether a burial
ground should be provided for the parish, under the powers and
provisions of the Act of 16 and 17 Viet. cap. 85, intituled " An
Act to amend the laws concerning the burial of the dead in the
Metropolis" and of another Act of 16 and 17 Viet. cap. 134,
intituled " An Act to amend the laws concerning the burial of
the dead beyond the limits of the Metropolis and to amend the
Act concerning the burial of the dead in the Metropolis." In
consequence of this appeal a meeting of the special vestry was
held on the 19th December, 1853, when it was decided to appoint
a Burial Board consisting of nine persons, the first members being
John Heathcoat, Esq., M.P.. Rev. John Spurway, and Messrs.
J. S. How, Francis Hole, F. O. Patch, Thomas Haydon, and
Robert Cook ; with the late Mr. R. Grant Tucker, solicitor,
as clerk. On the 2nd January in the following year, the
Burial Board held their first meeting and appointed a sub-
Committee who were to make enquiries as to a suitable site
for a burial-ground and report the result at the next meeting.
On the 4th February, 1854, the sub-Committee recommended, as
most eligible for a cemetery, a part of Godsbear tenement
belonging to Sir W. P. Carew and nearly opposite the Bonny's
Pitt turnpike-gate. Some difficulty was felt in adopting the
suggestion, as the proposed site was only 3 acres 1 rood and 5

YESTERDAY 319

perches in extent, instead of 4 acres, as originally intended ; and
Sir W. P. Carew, on being communicated with, replied that he
could not accept the offer of <£160 per acre, as the conversion of
the ground into a cemetery would injure the remainder of the
property. On the 15th March, however, it was resolved to fall
in wit,h the proposals of the sub-Committee and to pay Sir W.
P. Carew £200 per acre, at which somewhat high price, however,
it appears there were afterwards difficulties in obtaining sufficient
land. On the 3rd April, at the meeting of the Vestry, the fol-
lowing resolution was passed " That a sum not exceeding £2,500
be authorized to be expended in purchasing ground for the new
Cemetery and in building walls to enclose the same and erecting
gates and chapels, with the Sexton's lodge, and the Vestry
sanctions the same sum being borrowed by the Burial Board from
the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, unless the same
sum can be legally borrowed of a private individual at a less rate
of interest, the same to bear charge on the poor rates of this
parish and paid with interest as per 20th section of 15 and 16 Viet.
c 85." At a subsequent meeting it was decided to purchase from
Sir W. P. Carew, who had already expressed his willingness to
part with it, about an acre of land on the north of Godsbear, at
the same rate ; and land to the value of .£30 was acquired from
Mr. Frederick Haydon. On the 28th of November, it was
resolved to accept the plans for the Chapels, Board-Room, and
Sexton's Lodge sent by Messrs. Law and Edwards ; but in July,
1855, objections to them having been discovered, their designs were
rejected, and Mr. Boyce, architect, of Tiverton, was ordered to
draw up new specifications. On the 5th April, 1855, the tender
of Mr. Perkins had been accepted for preparing the site as a burial-
ground. About the same time the Commissioners of the Treasury
had agreed to advance the sum of .£2,500 required for carrying
out the operations ; and on the 16th April, these had progressed so
far that it was resolved that the Clerk should at once write to the
Bishop of Exeter asking for a license to bury in the part to be
consecrated.

The Cemetery was opened on the 2nd of June, 1855, about
which time the clergy of the Established Church obtained a
license from the Bishop to bury their dead in the portion of
ground set apart for them. On the 31st October, 1856, this
license was revoked, but as the document containing the
revocation was not served until the 5th of November, 1856, the
clergy continued up to that time to officiate at the burial
of the dead. There being no wall at the line of demar-
cation to separate the part intended for consecration from
the unconsecrated portion of the ground, eight gentlemen
caused a rule to be moved for in the Court of Queen's
Bench in Michaelmas Term, 1856, to show cause why a writ of
mandamus should not issue, directed to the Burial Board com-

320 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

manding them forthwith to "put a portion of the hurial ground
provided by the said Board, which had been set apart as ground
to be consecrated for the purpose of interment according to the
rites of the United Church of England and Ireland, into such a
state and condition as should render the same fit and proper to
be consecrated by the Bishop of the diocese for the purpose of
interment according to the said rites of the said United Church."
The rule was moved for by Sir Fitzroy ( afterwards Mr. Baron)
Kelly, with whom was Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Karslake, and was
granted on the 24th* of November, 1856. We may here remark that
a meeting of the inhabitants took place on the 4th October, 1856,
in order that the question might be freely ventilated, and after an
animated discussion, a resolution was moved by the Rev. H.
Madgin (Pastor of the Independent Chapel), and seconded by Mr.
Stephen Hewett, " That the Meeting having heard with much
regret the vexatious obstacles presented to the completion of the
public cemetery of this parish by the requirements of the Bishop
of Exeter, and regarding the separation of the two portions of
the ground as already more than sufficient, a wide path being in
their opinion all that is necessary, advises the Burial Board to
await the provisions of a Bill on the subject, which will be
brought before Parliament in the ensuing session, and in the
meantime to agree to no further division of the ground, and that
the Bishop be requested to continue his license until the question
is decided by the Imperial Legislature." A second meeting was
held on the 3rd of November, 1856, for the same purpose, and
was numerously attended. Some excellent speeches were made
on the occasion, and at the close it was moved by the Rev. H.
Madgin, " That the meeting not having heard anything to justify
alteration, still adhere to the resolution passed on the 4th of
October and advise the Burial Board to offer a certain portion of
the cemetery for consecration, on the plea that all the separation
of the two portions required by Acb of Parliament has been
effected, and in case of the Bishop's refusal, to wait for the
decision of the Legislature as proposed in the last session." It
was moved by the Rev. J, B. Hughes (Head-master of BlundelPs
School), and seconded by Dr. Paterson, " That the meeting request
the Burial Board to take such steps as will procure the immediate
consecration of a certain portion of the cemetery of the parish."
The resolution and amendment were both put to the meeting,
and the former was carried by a large majority. — We will now
resume our account of the law proceedings. The rule was
argued before a full court in Hilary Term, 1857, by Mr.
Sergeant (afterwards Justice) Byles. Mr. (subsequently Sir John)
Collier, and Mr. Kinofdon for the Burial Board, and Mr.
Karslake for the prosecutors. The Court ordered that a man-
damus should issue in the terms of the rule. The then Chairman of
the Board, Mr. Robert Were, was served with the original writ

YESTEEDAY 321

about the 15th of March. The return of the writ to which the
defendants pleaded and demurred, was filed in Easter Term.
In order that ray readers may understand this jargon, I may
observe that pleas raise disputes as to facts, whereas demurrers
are to settle questions of law. On the very lasb day in the
prosecutors' power they served notice of trial for the ensuing
assizes, whereupon the defendants conceiving that the question
could be sufficiently determined on the demurrer alone, went
before a judge to postpone the trial. In consequence, as the
prosecutors alleged, of the demurrer being insufficient to raise the
question, the trial took place at the Devon Summer Assizes
at Exeter in 1857, and ended in a special verdict for the
Burial Board. It may be remarked, in passing, that this trial
was a very costly affair, as the defendants found it necessary to
subpoena witnesses in support of their position. The special
verdict and demurrer were argued together in Trinity Term,
1858, and ended in every point being given in favour of the Board.

The Burial Board having caused such a separation of the
ground as was necessary, the Bishop consented to consecrate, and
we will now give an account of the ceremony. His lordship
arrived at Tiverton on the 6th October, 1858, and was accom-
panied by the Ven. Archdeacon Bartholomew and Mr. R. Barnes,
his lordship's secretary. The Bishop was conveyed to the cemetery
in a carriage belonging to Mr. T. Carew, and several of the clergy
were in attendance to receive him. His lordship having robed
proceeded to the chapel- He was preceded by the mace-bearer,
and the clergy and the Burial Board followed in procession, the
49th Psalm being read by his lordship and the clergy alternately.
On the party arriving at the chapel, the Chairman of the Burial
Board, Mr. E. Were, presented the petition for consecration.
He said, " My Lord, — On behalf of the Burial Board of the
parish of Tiverton I present this petition for consecration."
The Bishop replied— "I am ready to do as you desire and
beseech God to bless and prosper the good work we are going
about."

The Bishop and clergy entered the chapel, and the Ven.
Archdeacon Bartholomew read the deed of consecration,
which his lordship signed. His lordship read the form of
prayer for the consecration of a burial ground, leaving out,
however, the Lord's prayer, and he then delivered an
address. He said that it might be in the recollection
of some that when he was first petitioned to consecrate
the portion of the Tiverton Cemetery set apart for the use
of members of the Church of England, he considered it was
required by the law of the land that there should be a palpable,
marked line of demarcation, visible to the eye, between the conse-
crated and unconsecrated portions. Accordingly he declined to con-
secrate unless there was a wall or other fence of a reasonable height
I

322 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFORD

— he thought if his memory served him right, he named four feet
— between the ground to be consecrated and that set apart for
other purposes. A different view of the requirements of the
Legislature was taken by the Burial Board of the parish, and
consecration was deferred, but through the exertions of certain
gentlemen, who applied under legal advice to the Court of Queen's
Bench to obtain a judicial decision on the point, an Act of
Parliament had been obtained, which set the question finally at
rest. The Legislature, his lordship continued, had by this Act
practically confirmed his own views on the subject. That the
Bishop, the celebrated Dr. Philpotts, should talk in this strain,
was of course no more than might have been expected ; but the
truth seems to be that the doughty prelate in his contest with
the Tiverton Burial Board sustained a decidedly humiliating defeat.
The bone of contention was the four-feet wall, which was to
exclude allJews, Turks, heretics, and infidels from the consecrated
soil ; but that wall either was not erected or was built only to be
demolished. At present a gravel path and certain boundary
stones are all that separate the two portions of the cemetery.

On April 10th, 1854, was laid the foundation stone of St.
Paul's Church, Westexe, the site having been given by Mr. John
Heathcoat, M.P. This building consists of a nave, two
aisles, and a tower. The nave and chancel are 102 feet long by
22 feet wide, and the aisles 96| feet long by 18 feet wide.
The height of the tower, including the spire, is 130 feet. The
church is of the Decorated style of the fourteenth century, and
was built after a design by Messrs. Manners & Gill, of Bath.
Mr. Boyce, of Tiverton, superintended the erection, and the
builders were Messrs. G-ath & Williams, and Mr. Parish. The
durable red stone of which it is constructed was taken from an
adjoining quarry, and there are Bath stone dressings. The east
and west windows are filled with rich stained glass, foliated ;
and handsome stained glass windows have since been given by
Miss Dorothea Carew, for the north and south side of the chancel,
that on the south side being in memory of her sister, Miss
Charlotte Carew. The gas standards were given by Mrs Patch,
in memory of her husband, formerly Town Clerk of Tiverton.
Previous to the completion of the building there was a temporary
chapel in Melbourne-street, where the congregation was formed.
The church contains a thousand sittings, one-third of which are
free.

The Church was consecrated on Ascension Day (May 1st),
1856, by the Eight Rev. Henry Philpotts, Lord Bishop of
Exeter. The Rev A. Bligh Hill was the officiating minister,
and the sermon was preached by the Rev. Robert Haker Carew,
rector of Bickleigh, and one of the Bishop's chaplains, his text
being from Psalm v. 7. The Rev. John Dickinson relates the
following reminiscence of the service : — " An incident of a some-

YESTERDAY 323

what unusual character causes me to recollect more vividly the
sacred service than I otherwise might have done : Ascension Day
being one of the special days which are appointed by our Church
for the Athanasian Creed to be used, Mr. Hill, doubtless unin-
tentionally, forgot it, and commenced reading the Apostles'
Creed, upon which the Bishop, in a stentorian voice, exclaimed
' Whosoever.' The clergyman, discovering the mistake which he
had made, yielded to the episcopal pressure, and all went decently
and in order." After the service, the Bishop and clergy, church-
wardens, and many invited guests were entertained at luncheon
by Mr. John Heabhcoat, M.P., at Bolham-house.

The cost of the building was defrayed by Mr. Ambrose Brewin,
of Hensleigh (for many years a member of the firm of Heathcoat &
Co.), aided by H grant of three thousand pounds from Mary Peard's
trustees. Mr. Brewin also built a residence for the incumbent,
and during his life-time paid the stipend of the latter — a practice
which was afterwards kept up by his widow. St. Paul's-street
was built at the same time as the church ; and on the death of
Mrs. Brewin in 1877 certain houses in that street, part of
Church-square, and other property were handed over to Queen
Anne's Bounty Trustees as an endowment of the benefice. Con-
sequently St. Paul's is about the best living in Tiverton, because
the rents of these houses are constantly going up, while the other
livings decrease in value owing to their dependence on tithes. A
monument to the memory of Mr. Brewin is to be found in the
church.

The district assigned to St. Paul's was practically Westexe,
extending from the turnpike on the North Devon Road to
Bickleigh turnpike, and including a population computed at 3,500
souls. The parsonage, it may be added, was outside the district,
as at first defined. Until 1854 the only place of worship in
Westexe had been St. John's Roman Catholic Chapel, and this,
it appears, was the chief reason for the erection of St. Paul's
Church. During the next decade, sectarian feeling ran very high
in the town, and whole columns of the Tiverton Gazette were filled
with controversial letters, emanating from the Rev. H. Scott-
Moncrieff, the Incumbent of St. Paul's, on the one hand, and
from the Rev. Joseph Dunn, of St. John's, on the other.

The first churchwarden was Mr. Stephen Fisher, who held
office for many years. He practically managed all affairs relating
to the construction of the church for Mr. Brewin, and acted
as treasurer to the Committee. His colleague as churchwarden was
Mr. T. Aldred. During her life-time Mrs. Brewin had the right
of presentation, and on her death it passed to four trustees :
the late Lord Harrowby, Lord Shaftesbury, Mr. Villiers (Rector
of St. George's, Bloomsbury), and the present Lord Harrowby.
Only the last mentioned now survives, and his co-trustee is hii
brother, the Hon. Henry Dudley Ryder.

Y2

324 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYTOED

By the Act o£ Parliament of 1884, which divided the parish of
Tiverton into six independent portions, a large stretch of country,
extending, in fact, as far as Bickleigh, was added to the
district of St. Paul's, Westexe, in consideration of which the
incumbent receives £70 per annum out of the sum which was
formerly paid to the Curate of Prior's Portion. The Rev. A.
Bligh Hill was the first who held this living. He was appointed by
Mr. Brewin, and died in 1864. He was succeeded by Rev. W. Scott-
Moncrieff, who resigned in 1870, in which year the Rev. E. Baker
was presented to the living by Mrs. Brewin. Mr. Baker was
ordained in 1863 and licensed to a curacy with the Rev. H. A.
Gilbert, Rector of Clare Portion, so that he has passed all his
ministerial career at Tiverton.

Mr. Brewin, in connexion with the Church, built Sunday
School premises and a room for meetings. The adjoining house,
now occupied by Colonel Oldham, was intended for a curate, The
schools will accommodate more than 300 children, and there are
excellent rooms for adult-classes. The rent, £25, is paid to
Queen Anne's Bounty, from which part of the vicar's income is
derived. The tower contains a peal of five bells, but they are
not hung for ringing. The heaviest weighs 17 cwt. 2 qrs. 20 Ibs.,
and the others 7 cwt., 5 cwt., and 4 cwt. respectively. They
were placed in the tower in 1 864, and cost £264 14s. 4d.

A curious incident happened at Tiverton during the Crimean
War. On May 4th, 1854, at a rent audit held at Webb's Half
Moon Inn, two farmers had the temerity to drink the health of
the Emperor of Russia. The feelings which this conduct excited
in the breast of the average Briton may be gathered from the
following excerpt from the Globe of Thursday, May 18th, 1854.

Amongst all the Protean phases of the Russian Imperial character there
was one we were not prepared for. We were not prepared to see the
Emperor Nicholas welcomed in the lately vacant and disputed role of
the Farmer's Friend. We find his health, however, toasted in that
capacity at an agricultural dinner at Tiverton — " The Health of the
Emperor of Russia and may the war last for seven years /"

Now we call this good unmistakable Protectionism, with its appropriate
sympathies of antipathy. The friends of our friends are our friends ;
and by parity of reason, the enemies of our enemies are our friends.

Czar Nicholas and Farmers D and H (Castor and Pollux of a

future twin clodpole constellation) are equally at war with cheap corn,
and with extended commerce. For this quarter-of-a-century the Czar has

been silently promoting the most ardent aspirations of Messrs. D

and H by taking good care that a protective quarantine, and a

protective sand-bank should check the excessive exuberance of agricul-
tural exports at the mouths of the Danube. To make Messrs. D

and H quite happy, nothing more was required than — Sulina being

safely silted up — to clap an embargo on Odessa. The excellent Czar
has done tkat, too, for the Tiverton farmers, and his sagacious Osten

Sacken farther played into D and H ...'s hands by firing on aflag

of truce, and thereby providing an effective additional security against
exportation of the obnoxious produce, by attracting a handsome
bombardment to the Government stores containing it.

TESTEEDAY 325

It would be worth a trip to Tiverton to have actual autopsy of D

and H We figure them to ourselves a brace of agricultural

Nestors, with buckskins, hunting caps, yeomanry helmets, and all such
sporting and martial appurtenances " well-saved " from the first years
of the present century. We imagine the Irish Union their first bugbear
of intrusive pigs and butter. Then the Peace of Amiens might give
them a passing qualm, lest the First Consul should open shop too near
as an egg merchant and poulterer, and take to flow-- mil ling, instead of

the other milling line. D. ....... .and H may be supposed to have

been soon re-assured by the camp at Boulogne, and even now somewhat
wistfully to contemplate the projected camp in the same neighbour-
hood. Then came the Whig tentatives at negotiation in 1806, depreciated

doubtless by D and H and their abortive issue hailed by

them with similar acclamations to those which, we are told, burst forth
on the same occasion in certain commercial quarters. In the piping

times of peace History seems to lose sight of D and H and

we don't hear of their having entered audible protest against Lord

Palmerston's prophecy respecting the reflux of the Exe. But D

and H... bided their time. There was that in the cards, maugre

Peel and Palmerston, which neither Newdigate, nor biographised
Bentinck nor biographical Disraeli, saw looming in the future. But

D and H we cannot but believe it, did see it. Can we

suppose that the noble rage, the genial current of their souls, which
now bursts forth, had no previous existence ? But the hour was not
come, nor the Man. These great silent farmers, as Mr. Carlyle might
call them, remained uncomprehended amidst contemporary simulacra
and shams of Philanthrophy, Peace, Free Trade, and what not. There
needed the great Soul of Nicholas to warm out, as in sympathetic
characters, the great souls of D and H

Of all these great souls, however, the world seems unworthy. The
imperial " colossal man," as he has been termed by a female pen, has
indeed his votaries — her Majesty of Greece worships him, and her Majesty
of Prussia exchanges sentimental missives with her of Russia about the
double eagles of both countries having seen the light in the same cradle,
having been brought up in the same nest, and taking their flight
together. [Let the double eagles (malice might suggest) beware lest
their duplicity gets them both nailed up on the same barn door.]
Meanwhile Tiverton appears alien to the sympathies of Berlin and

Athens. D and H are alone in their glory. "As might have

been expected," writes the sordid reporter— "the toast was received
with indignation ; and its proposer has since been taunted by all with
whom he came in contact. Indeed, it was questionable whether he
would not have been mobbed by the women who assembled on the
following market-day."

During the third week in June, 1855, an agricultural show was
held at Tiverton, under the auspices of the Bath and West of
England Society. As the Society was only in its early stages, the
show was by no means so large or important as later exhibitions
have been. A great deal of enthusiasm, however, was manifested
and it was estimated (doubtless an exaggeration) that 80,000
people visited. the town in connection with the affair. The show-
yard was situated in what are usually called the Loughborough
Fields, near Prescott, but the events were not confined to an
exhibition of live stock. Several local attractions were pro vided,
prominent among them being a display at the Athenaeum — the

326 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

Tiverton and West of England Exhibition. This was under the
patronage of several gentlemen of the county and immediate
neighbourhood, including the members for the borough, the late
Lord Palmerston and Mr. Heathcoat. The exhibits were chiefly
oil paintings, antiquities, and scientific instruments, and judging
from the catalogues issued the exhibition must have been a very
fine one and appears to have been so regarded by the inhabitants
generally. Again, a grand bazaar was held on '' Shillands" and
between £600 and £700 was realised towards the re-seating of
St. Peter's Church.

" A preaching friar settles himself in every village, and builds
a pulpit, which he calls Newspaper." So wrote Thomas Carlyle ;
and the dictum became true in the town of Tiverton in 1 858.
On April 27th of that year appeared the first number of the
Tiverton Gazette and East Devon Herald, " printed and published
every Tuesday morning, by Robert Were, of Paul-street,
Tiverton." It was a small four-page sheet, local news and
advertisements being restricted to the first and last pages, and
the rest of the paper being filled with general intelligence, com-
piled and stereotyped in London. In the opening number the
Editor remarked that " the town itself, from the extent of its
population, and the amount of its trade, would alone justify the
attempt to establish some local organ of communication ; and, in
addition to this, the extensive district around evidently requires a
medium by which its claims may be advocated and its local
interests upheld." Despite the difficulties incidental to the
early stages of a public journal, the new enterprise held its own,
and in October, 1861, the first of several successive enlargements
took place. As an investment of capital, however, it was
not very remunerative ; and in October, 1863, it passed from the
possession of the original owner to that of Mr. George Rippon,
who, in an introductory " leader " referred to himself as "coming
with clean hands into the community, a stranger to all alike,
unbiassed by party and uninfluenced by partialities or prejudices."
Mr. Rippon retained the position of proprietor and editor for
rather less than four years ; and in July. 1867, the property was
transferred to new owners — Messrs. Tucker & Bird. Mr.
Rippon, I may add. removed to Oxford, where he became
associated with a newspaper which has since had a most prosperous
career — the Oxford Times. In October, 1877, Messrs. Tucker &
Bird left Tiverton, and Messrs. Gregory & Son became the
proprietors of the Tiverton Gazette, the editorial functions being
entrusted to Mr. Alfred Gregory, formerly of the Gloucester
Journal. The policy of the Gazette was enunciated by the new
Editor in the following terms : —

" Believing that no political party has a monopoly of genius or virtue
we intend to maintain that position of independence which has marked
the Gazette in the past ; and from this vantage-point we shall do our

YESTEEDAY 327

best to aid all who are fighting the battle of intelligence against
ignorance, moderation against intemperance, virtue against vice, and
right against wrong."

To this policy the Gazette has faithfully adhered ; and its steadily
increasing circulation is the best tribute to its success. It is now
a large-sized eight-page paper, with a mid-weekly edition called
the Western Observer, and affiliated issues for other towns.

On Wednesday, the 23rd of December, 1859, in pursuance of
a numerously signed requisition to the Mayor, a meeting was
held at the Guildhall for the purpose of establishing a rifle corps
in the town. The volunteer movement, as is well-known, was
occasioned by the fear of French invasion, the tone of the French
Press at this period being full of menace, and several incidents
having occurred —notably the Don Pacifico affair — in which the
relations betwee the two countries had been considerably
strained. The first resolution, proposed by Mr. Arnory, was to
the following effect : '; That for providing more effectual means
of national defence, and with the view of aiding therein, it is, in
the opinion of this meeting, desirable to form a volunteer rifle
corps for the town and neighbourhood of Tiverton." The second
resolution was moved by Admiral Tucker and ran thus : " That
in order to aid and encourage the formation of such a rifle corps,
subscriptions be entered into for the purpose of assisting in
equipping the men and for general expenses, and that the banks
in the town be requested to receive such subscriptions." Both
resolutions were carried unanimously, and a committee was
appointed for giving effect to them. Before the meeting broke
up subscriptions were announced to the amount of about £100,
and between twenty and thirty inhabitants gave in their names as
volunteers, who would provide their own uniform. Shortly
after Mr. Aniory forwarded to the secretary the names of
twenty men whom he intended equipping at his own cost.
The first " drill-hall" seems to have been Blundyll's School.
The original strength of the corps was about 60 or 70 (it
now exceeds 120). The uniforms of some twenty or thirty of the
men were supplied by public subscription, while the rest equipped
themselves. The officers appointed Were: Captain, Mr. J. H.
Amory ; Lieutenant, Mr. F. Dunsford ; Ensign, Mr. George
Mackenzie. Captain Amory was succeeded in the command of
the Company "by Captain C. M, Hole, and since his retirement
other captains have been Messrs. J. A. Travels, W. C. L. Unwin,
E. F. C. Clarke, and Arthur Fisher, who is at present in com-
mand, with 1st Lieutenant Braddon, and 2nd Lieutenant
Hankilor. There were formerly two cadet corps, one at Blundell's
School, the other belonging to the town. Each of the cadet
corps had a fife and drum band, while the regular company was
headed by a brass band The instruments of the latter were
purchased by subscriptions. The Company formed a portion of

328 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYPOED

the 1st Admistrative Battalion of the 14th Devon Rifle Volun-
teers ; but some years later became the E Company, 3rd V.B.
Devonshire Regiment.

About the year 1620 an unknown donor had given the proceeds
of Custom Wood, near Cove, to the poor of Tiverton. The wood,
however, had been of very little use to the real poor, as only
those persons who lived in the immediate neighbourhood, and
who were provided with a horse and cart, availed themselves of
the benefit. On the 4th of January, 1832, the first of a series
of attempts was made to convert this nominal benefaction into a
tangible form of assistance. A committee was appointed to
confer with Mr. Daniel, at Stoodleigh, who had vested interests
in the property, but, although all parties evinced the greatest
anxiety to arrive at an equitable settlement, it was felt that a
permanent and satisfactory arrangement could only be attained
by legislation In November, 1835, another committee was
appointed and directed to communicate with the Charity
Commissioners, but nothing was done towards solving the
difficulty.*

By 16 and 17 Victoria, cap. 137, sec. 24, (an Act for the
better Administration of Charitable Trusts), it was enacted
" that, upon application to the said Board by the Trustees or
Persons acting in the Administration of any Charity, representing
to the said Board, that, under the special circumstances of any
Land belonging to the Charity, a Sale or Exchange
of such Land can be effected on such terms as to increase
the income of the Charity, such Board may, if they think fit.
inquire into such circumstances, and, if after inquiry, they are
satisfied that the proposed Sale or Exchange will be advantageous
to the Charity, may authorize the Sale or Exchange, and give such

*A memorial drawn up apparently in 1835, and addressed to the
Honourable Commissioners of the Poor Laws, commences as follows :

" We the undersigned being deputed by the Inhabitants of Tiverton
in Vestry assembled Beg leave to Inform your Honourable Board, that
in this parish and about three miles from the Town, Is a large piece of
Coppice Called Bickley or Custom Wood Supposed to Contain from 100
to 150 Acres, where the Inhabitants of Tiverton have from time
immemorial been in the Habit of Cutting Fire Wood, etc., for their own
Use. . . . By Whom it was Given is uncertain, But by the Earliest
Account in History, It belonged to the tiarl of Devon, Then also Lord of
the Manor of Tiverton, And about the year 1520, appears to be given by
Isabella, then Countess of Devon and Lady of the Manor of Tiverton, to
the poor Inhabitants of Her Manor. . . . About 1612, After the
Great Fire in Tiverton the poor Inhabitants took Great Quantities of
Wood therefrom for Building and repairing their Houses, And have
Ever since continued to Cutt and take Fire Wood therefrom. The poor
of this parish have also been frequently sent there by the Churchwardens
and overseers to Cutt and take Wood for the Use of the Hospital, and
also to sell and distribute as relief among the poor Inhabitants of the
parish."

YESTERDAY 329

directions in relation thereto, and for securing the due investment
of the money arising from any such Sale, or by way of equality of
Exchange for the benefit of the Charity, as they may think fib."
On this section an arrangement was ultimately based, but previ-
ous to this there were several meetings, both of an orderly and
disorderly sort, in which the question was agitated. The first
was held on 14th of September, 1860, at the Gruildhall. The
place was crowded to excess, the great majority of those present
belonging to the working classes. Mr. Smale moved the follow-
ing resolution : " it having come to the knowledge of the
inhabitants of the parish that some encroachments have been
made on the poor's land, commonly known as Bickleigh or
Custom Wood, this meeting is of opinion that some decisive steps
should be taken to frustrate the same ; also that the afternoon of
Saturday next be appointed for the' purpose of giving the
inhabitants an opportunity of paying a visit to the aforesaid
property, and putting a stop to such encroachments, and to pro-
claim their right to the land now and for ever." The resolution
having been seconded, a letter was handed in from Mr. T. D.
Daniel, in which he disclaimed any hostility to the objects of the
meeting and stated that he understood the right of cutting in
Custom Wood belonged to the poor of Tiverton, and the soil
below to the Lord of the Manor — that the Fairby Estate was
purchased under these conditions. He went on to say that the
patches of cultivated ground in Custom Wood were not of recent
date and that personally he derived no benefit from them. After
some more speeches, in the course of which many persons became
exceedingly uproarious, Mr. McNeil proposed " that a committee
of fifteen be appointed from the present meeting to inspect the
encroachments and report thereon." Mr. Marshall having
seconded, both the resolution and amendment were put to the
meeting, and the former was carried by a large majority. A
second resolution was moved by Mr. Edwin Dunsford, viz. " That
this meeting, being convinced of the justice of their claim, call
upon the present Mayor and Town Councillors to make a record
of these proceedings in the borough books, and also to take steps
for the annual perambulation of the boundaries of the poor's
property, commonly known as Bickleigh or Custom Wood, iu
order to secure its future preservation for the general benefit and
welfare of these individuals for whom it is intended by the
donor's will." This was seconded by Mr. John Frost and carried
unanimously.

In accordance with the first resolution, a public meet-
ing of the inhabitants took place on the following Saturday
in the " Works." There was a large attendance. Previous to
their departure Mr. Smale harangued the assembly on the subject
of charities in general, and pointed out the necessity of the poor
uniting together to protect their own interests. The party then

330 THE CHKONICLES OP TWYFOKD

started en route for Custom Wood . On their arrival at Bolham
a halt was made and a deputation awaited on Mr. Were — a
delinquent. Thus challenged, Mr. Were made a full confession
of all that he had done in the wood, and said that he was quite
willing to compensate the proper authorities for the stones he
had taken from it. The march was then resumed. On gaining
the wood the first object which met their eye was an old woman
removing a bucket of potatoes. These she attempted to conceal,
but the optics of the juveniles were too quick for her, and a
general scramble ensued. They then proceeded to the spot
occupied by Isaac Quick, where the proclamation was read. Hence
they made their way to a tree which had been planted in the
wood for some unlawful purpose, and now, amidst tremendous
cheers, was felled by Mr. T. Brice, sawyer. The party
then visited a plot, of more than an acre in extent, which had
been filched from the wood and was then in the occupation of
a man named Eoberts. From this spot as also -from an adjoin-
ing one, the rent of which is said to have been " a pair of boots a
year," they removed all obstructions and they afterwards enjoyed
themselves round a big bonfire. Having in this way carried out
the duties imposed on them, they returned to Tiverton where
they were received with cheers by the poor inhabitants. A
" Working Men's Protection Society " was now formed for the
purpose of restoring to the poor whatever might be recoverable
and preventing abuses in the future. In November the Secretary
communicated with the Charity Commissioners, who replied
asking for particulars. Mr. Smale complied, but fears were enter-
tained that the want of documentary evidence would be fatal to
the success of the application, nor was it believed that an
exchange of any value could be effected through any other
instrumentality. The difficulty, however, appears to have been
surmounted. In the spring of 1861, trustees were appointed,
Mr. Daniel agreed to purchase Custom Wood, and the interest of
the money thus realised is distributed in the shape of coal tickets.
This happy solution was greatly assisted by an enquiry held in
February by Mr. W. Gr. Boase on behalf of the Charity Com-
missioners, when the subject of the Tiverton charities as a whole
and of Bickleigh or Custom Wood in particular, was fully
investigated.

The tailors' and shoemakers' " Nutting Days " used to be kept
by them in " Backswood " - a plantation extending from
Collipriest, the residence for two generations of the Carew's, to
Bickleigh — where large quantities of nuts may be gathered. In
the recesses of the wood, far from the haunts of men, stands a
humble cottage, formerly tenanted by an honest wood-cutter
named Williams. Disciples of Izaak Walton used frequently to
wend their way through the wood and after filling their baskets
with trout, obtain rest and refreshment at old Williams' cottage.

YESTEEDAY 331

Sometimes a visit to Williams' with rod and line was turned into
a bacchanalian revel. One such incident is still remembered. It
was on the evening of Quarter Sessions at Tiverton, when George
Turner, the celebrated Exeter Attorney, several other lawyers,
and two or three of their friends or clients agreed to have a
" spree " at old Williams'. Carrying with them an ample supply
of spirit, &c., they made a night of ,it. Five or six of those who
were then present have been dead for many years, and it is need-
less to mention their names, but with two exceptions the party
were all lawyers.

A curious incident took place about this period in con-
nexion with the Exe, and excited a good deal of interest. A
number of tradesmen , assembled as their custom was in the
smoking-room of the "Three Tuns," were discussing the subject
of the Eiver Exe and its depth at different places, when two of
the party offered for a wager to go in a boat from Tiverton
Bridge to Bickleigh Bridge without landing, or even leaving the
boat in those parts of the river where the water was too shallow
to float it. Many were the bets made on the event, and the
interest felt in the result induced a number of the sporting
fraternity to betake themselves in the early morning to Bickleigh,
where mine host, Roger Upton, of the JSTew Inn, had prepared a
substantial breakfasc. Meanwhile the adventurous voyagers
pursued their way on the river, ever and anon encountering a
" stickle,' i.e., a shallow part where the rocky bed had scarcely a
foot of water. With infinite toil they propelled their craft
by pressing against the rock, making up for lost time
when they again reached deeper water. As the time of their
anticipated arrival drew near, an excited crowd took up their
station on Bickleigh Bridge, eagerly gazing up the river, and
betting was more brisk than ever. At length, a little before nine
o'clock, a tremendous shout arose as the oarsmen, Mr. Bob Pring
and his companion, were discovered urging their craft gallantly
towards the landing-place, opposite the "NewJnn," in time to
win the bet and a few minutes to spare. After any amount of
handshaking and cheering the whole party sat down in mine
Host's great parlour, to partake of a substantial breakfast. The
boat wa? afterwards taken to Tiverton in a waggon, and thus
ended one of the strangest voyages ever undertaken by any
denizen of old Twyford.

A strange incident befel Mr. James Eossiter, the son of a
miller, who long ago carried on the mills now in the occupation
of Mrs. Wood, near the Factory. Mr. Eossiter was riding a young
colt only partially broken in, when on crossing Bickleigh Bridge
it took fright and leapt like that of Curtius of Eome, with its
rider on its back, over the parapet into the gulf below. The rider
escaped with a few bruises, but the horse, a very valuable one,
broke its neck by the fall.

332 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

On February 26th, 1861, died John Cross, historical painter.
The following biography of this eminent artist (by Gustave
Demoulin) is translated from Le Glaneur de Saint Quentin: —

" John Cross, born, 1 believe, in 1819, at Tiverton, in Devonshire,
came while yet a child to St. Quentin. After having attended
the preparatory classes in Mr. Caplain's school, he entered the
work-room of the English factory, of which his father was
foreman. It was at the machine (?) that his taste for the fine
arts was revealed ; the air of the workroom, however, began to
injure his health. He was admitted, in spite of his being a
foreigner, into the public school of drawing, founded by Delatour.
Those who attended the school at that time still remember how
this brave boy, who was called by no other name than ' the
English boy,' quickly gained the affections of all, and so much so
that his companions, as a mark of sympathy with his regret at
not being admitted as a foreigner into the number of com-
petitors, presented to him at the end of the last year but one of
his studies, an honorary medal, which he always prized more
highly than his highest rewards. The following year he was
allowed to take part in the competition. The success due not
only to his natural aptitude, but also to that perseverance of which
he had given so many proofs, decided his destiny. He set out for
Paris, entered at Mr. Picot's where, as in the school of St.
Quentin, he numbered as many friends as companions ; he was
even appointed to the office of mossier, that is, he became
treasurer and manager of the whole studio. His classical studies
completed, Cross began his public career.

"An historical picture was wanted for the walls of Westminster
Hall. This was open to com petition. Cross resolved to compete.
He was, however, badly furnished for such a work. He had no
studio ; he lived in a narrow garret in the street of the Three
Brothers, where he could hardly find room for his easel on which
he had already tried his first compositions, ' A Holy Family '
and ' The Departure of Coriolanus.' Was it on this account he
made so meagre a sketch that the smallness of the figures could
show neither the high character nor the fulness of his com-
position, instead of making a large life-like sketch which suited
his manner and his talent ; or rather might it not be because he
was incorrectly informed of the programme ? Whatever may be
the cause, he continued his work. His worthy professor, who
had a kindly affection for him, placed a second studio at his
disposal for the execution of his cartoon. He had chosen as his
subject the Assassination of Thomas a Becket, treated so many
times before and since, and those of our readers who saw the
sketch and the cartoon exhibited in the great hall of Terraques
will remember what promise that first trial gave. The conception
was very happy ; the composition large. The painter, better
inspired than most of his predecessors, had rendered the solemn

YESTEEDAY 333

moment which precedes the murder ; the spectacle is thrilling
without being horrible — death is imminent — -it is certain — but
the martyr is still at the altar, standing in a calm and noble
attitude, surrounded by his murderers, all ready to strike. One
of them has already laid hold of his garments. The effect was
grand. The contrast, which may be considered rather affected,
between the calm majesty of the Archbishop of Canterbury and
the wild aspect of the courtiers of Henry II., gave none the less
that relief of truth to the composition which art cannot abandon
in works of grand style. Cross, however, was destined not to
succeed. Two years after, a second competition was open in
London for the same purpose. This time Cross was more
resolved and better prepared. He conceived his E-ichard Coeur
de Lion at the siege of Chalus, forgiving the soldier who had
inflicted on him the mortal wound. He meditated seriously,
worked warily, made and re-made his sketch, consulted conscien-
tious and sincere artists, listened to every advice and chose that
which was best. At last, having made up his mind, he hired a
studio at Montmartre, and set to work on a twelve-feet canvas.
It was the first tableau peint that he had ever done. He
proceeded like an old and practised hand ; he did not hurry
himself, he had two years before him ; he produced and perfected
his work ; the result was beyond his hopes and the expectation of
his professor and companion. He had, however, to pay the
penalty of this excessive labour, and expiate beforehand the
triumph which was in store for him. The painting was just
finished when he fell very ill and typhus fiver threatened his life ;
his fellow artists watched by him day and night ; his father and
his sister hastened from St. Quentin, and by dint of care he was
saved in time to take his painting to England himself, where one
of those immense successes which the first trial so seldom meets
with, awaited him.

"The Exhibition opens in 1847. There is a great stir and
excitement around this painting. A concert of praises is elicited
from the various groups of spectators. The jury are of the same
opinion as the public. The ' Eichard at the Siege of Chalus ' is
crowned, and is purchased by the Government to be placed in the
hall of the palace of Westminster, where the Commission of Fine
Arts, under the presidency of Prince Albert, hold their sittings.
The name of John Cross is rapidly spread through London ;
artists small and great seek him out, fete him, and christen
him with the almost too grand and significant name of THE XEW
MAN. What is our good friend Cross doing all this time ? You
imagine, no doubt, that taking advantage of his good fortune (the
sale of his picture had brought him in nearly 25,000 francs), he
has gone to establish himself in a comfortable studio, such as all
London artists have. This was certainly the course naturally
pointed out ; it was, so to speak, a necessity imposed by the

334 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

custom, for there, if an artist means to succeed, he must make
an appearance and display to strengthen even a success ; he must
have an extensive studio, or rather a hall with ceiling enriched
with trophies, shelves and tiers of shelves of curiosities, marbles,
plasters, frames, sketches — in a word, all the knick-knacks of
amateur artists. An English artist who esteems himself and
respects the public must have a professional cut, a long loose coat,
a studying cap, and embroidered slippers. Of course, it is very
necessary that he should paint with talent, but in the meantime
he must paint in ruffles.

"Alas ! instead of acceding to the customs and habits of the
public, on whom his future depended, my simple-minded and
careless companion had fixed his domicile with a small tradesman
of the name of Smith, who kept a shop in the city. It was there
that he received the celebrities who enquired after the ' new
man ' — smoking his big pipe before a little fire, in the dark back
room of his merry companion Smith.

" They thought he was mad. But what was more natural for
Cross ! His ambition had never assumed the common form ; he
wished to acquire talent and glory, but he thought that his
garret in the street of the ' Three Brothers' and his studio at
Monttnartre could lodge talent and glory as well as the salons of
his London fellow-artists.

" He was blamed for not taking the tide of fortune at its ebb,
and immediately preparing a second triumph. But what will
men have ? He had absolute need of rest. He took advantage
of fortune's having treated him like a spoilt child to let his mind
and body enjoy repose. He lived simply and naturally, without
calculation, till some fresh order, till he had well ruminated over
his work as he had ruminated over his hopes. It was his
natural disposition and habit.

" Perhaps there was one way still left of saving himself from the
position in which his too 'shocking ' simplicity placed him. His
manner of life had impressed many of his compatriots with the
idea that he was a great original — a thing which many of them
would, in their case, have worked well to their advantage. But
Cross was not the man to take advantage of such a circumstance ;
he would no more have recourse to the quackery of eccentricity
than he had to the quackery of display.

"Nevertheless, the success of 'Eichard Coeur deLion' con-
tinued ; an intelligent public still found in it qualities of colour
and effect suitable to the English style, united with the -style and
character borrowed from the French school. The Commission of
Fine Arts in London popularised this painting by having it
engraved at their own expense.

•' Before he set himself again seriously to work, he made a
reduced copy of his ' Richard at the Siege of Chalus ' for Mr.
Heathcoat, the proprietor of the English manufactory at St.

YESTEEDAY 335

Quentin, in which his father was foreman, and in which he had
begun his apprenticeship in his childhood. The kind assistance of
Mr. Heathcoat did not stop there. He ordered of him a
companion piece to the above, an original painting representing
' Lucy Preston begging forgiveness of Queen Mary for her
father.' To judge from the photograph which alone we know,
the subject is well interpreted, perhaps after a simple and
theatrical manner, bub as amends there is found even there
emotion and expression. The talent of Cross, who was familiar
with the roughnesses of life, had grown supple and soft, tender
and delicate, before he could have painted that pathetic scene in
which there are scarcely any figures but young women.

" The first composition that Cross finished, after Eichard, is
known at St. Quentin ; it was the painting of 'Edward's Children,'
exhibited two years ago at Fervagues : it represents John Tyrrell
ordering the bodies of Edward and Eichard to be buried at the
Tower staircase. This painting had not an undisputed success in
London. It was, we are bold to confess, inferior to the first ; there
was not that high character in it — that serious and well-reflected
character which was marked in Eichard and even in Thomas-a-
Becket. The thought was too apparent ; the intention was too
marked ; the contrasts too glaring. But with this critical reserve,
we may say that it was painting, real painting, which left far
behind that false and illegitimate art which consists in dashing
historic water-paintings on large canvas.

" From the day that the painting of ' Edward's Children ' was
exhibited, a reaction set in against the new painter, strengthened
by his rivals who envied and hated him. In fact, there was an
organized coalition against him, which personally gave him much
pain. The shocks of such antagonism he felt on every side, but
especially with reference to an important order given by a rich
private gentleman for two paintings, which we know only by
hearsay, and which, according to the opinion of competent judges,
shewed great qualities : the first represented William of
Normandy making Harold swear on some relics that he would
renounce all pretension to the English throne, the second
represented Edward the Confessor pointing out Harold as his
successor.

" Cross then entered upon a period of bitterness, grief, and dis-
couragement, such as he had not till then known. His circum-
stances became limited ; his resources diminished as his family in-
creased; he had to give lessons in painting and paint likenesses for a
living. He had not, however, lost all courage ; besides this inglorious
toil he found time to paint his ' Assassination of the Archbishop
of Canterbury,' of which we spoke above. He painted it in that
serious style which suited the subject, but which reduced the
number of purchasers ; and the painting, exhibited in London and
in most of the large towns, was not sold. His last work was the

336 THE CHRONICLES OF TWXTOED

' Coronation of William the Conqueror.' William is in the atti-
tude of a king who has a crown to defend, for a riot has disturbed
the assembly; a herald has just announced that the riot is quelled.
Tho value of this original composition, the merit of the
execution, inspired great hopes. Cross, therefore, expected with
this painting the same success as with the first. He was not
altogether deceived. This work raised his reputation for a little
while even in the prejudiced opinions of other painters.
Unfortunately Government alone could buy this painting, and
the sale failed in that quarter. Cross was again thrown into
difficulties and discouragement. One might have feared that this
would have been his coup de grace. After the supreme sacrifice
made to produce this remarkable work he had no other resource
than to give lessons in a boarding-school.

" The strongest, will must have fallen before such rude and
repeated shocks. Still, in spite of the ravages of the disease which
had been wearing him out for more than two years he always
managed to rise above the discouragement into which every
mistake and every misfortune plunged him. The man suffered,
sometimes groaned ; the artist always recovered himself. A
fortnight before his death he meditated a new composition. He
wrote to one of his companions in Paris to desire him to go to
the Mazarin Library in Paris for information which he could
not get in London. He always had in his heart that strong faith
which a long martyrdom, after a short triumph, had raised
and ennobled. He might, perhaps, not always have had the
strength of a just ambition as an artist ; he always had the
courage of an artist and, if he died, without attaining the aim of
his life and his studies, his will at least cannot be blamed."

In order to assist the family of the dead artist, a meeting was
held on March 9th, 1861, at the residence of Mr. J. H. Foley,
E.A., when it was resolved to raise a fund by subscription for
the purchase of one or more of his unsold works, (viz. : " The
Burial of the Princes in the Tower," " The Death of Thomas a
Becket," and " The Coronation of William the Conqueror") for
presentation to some public institution. A committee was formed
including some names of great eminence in the world of art — e.g.
Sir Charles Lock Eastlake, P.E.A. ; Samuel Cousins, E.A. ; W. J.
Armitage, W. P. Frith, E.A.; P. Maclise, E.A. ; D. Gr. Eossetti,
J. E. Millais, A.E.A. ; John Tenniel, Gr. F. Watts, etc., etc. ; and
the Eev. J. B. Hughes, Head Master of Blundell's School,
consented to receive subscriptions in Devonshire.

The result of these efforts was the purchase of the painting
representing " The Death of Thomas a Becked," which was
presented by the Committee to Canterbury Cathedral on condition
of its being hung nuar the scene of the martyrdom. Another
picture " The Burial of the Two Princes in the Tower " was
presented by public subscription in 1868 to the Devon and Exeter

YESTERDAY 337

Albert Memorial Museum ; while <f The Clemency of Coeur de
Lion," which won the prize of the Royal Commissioners,
now hangs in a committee - room of the House of Lords.
The pictures painted for Mr. Heathcoat are in the possession of
Sir John Heathcoat Amory, Bart., at Bolham-house, Tiverton.
Two important works — " The Coronation of "William the
Conqueror " and " The Storm Scene from the Antiquary "
remain unsold, and hang in a private gallery built for their recep-
tion by his widow at Rock Close, Tiverton, where his son and
daughter still dwell.

There are hundreds of adults in Tiverton who well recol-
lect " Old Kibby," as he was always called ; and there are
doubtless scores of the rising generation who have heard their
parents mention him. John Kibby was an old soldier, who
seems to have retired on a pension and lived in Frog-street.
During the latter years of his life his mind at times wandered,
and he used to harangue the public in the streets. In front of
an old-fashioned house in Bampton-street, he would sometimes
stop and address himself to some quaint carved figures, sculptured
on the front. That house was then occupied by the late Col.
Robertson, who died at his own residence in St. Andrew-street in
1854 St. Peter's churchyard was also a usual place for Kibby to
take his stand in and hold forth. He was the terror of the school-
boys, who used to tease him. The boys had a story that he had
been shot with a silver bullet, and the bullet was still in his head
— which fully accounted for his eccentricities. Yet Kibby was
not without his good qualities, and many instances are known of
his kindliness of heart. He was much noticed by Mr. and Mrs.
Harston, formerly of Bampton-street. When Kibby went out for
one of his long rambles, sometimes extending over a week or more,
they would lend him a basket and knife or trowel, and on his
return he would bring back wild flowers, and splendid specimens
of cup-moss and lichen from the woods. In 1867, turning
over his late father's papers, the Rev. Edward Harston, Vicar of
Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, came upon a manuscript written by
Kibby. The fineness and beauty of the writing are most remark-
able ; and Kibby must have had more care paid to his education
than was generally suspected. This was the more remarkable, as
he lived in an age when education amongst his class was not so
common as it is now. There is an interesting account of his own
life ; and it may be remarked, in reference to the story aof the
silver bullet, that Kibby only mentions his having been wounded
once in battle, and that was in his leg. There are also some
beautifully written copies of verses, and extracts from the sacred
writers. Mr. Harston sent the MS. to Mr. Hutchinson, of
Sidmouth, son of the late Andrew Hutchinson, M.D., F.R.S.,
who sold his house at the top of St. Peter-street to the late Mr.
Heathcoat (who converted it into two), when he left Tiverton
and removed to Sidmouth. The following are extracts : —

338 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOKD

AUTOBIOGRAPHY.

Those Warlike Recollections or the Beauties of a Soldier, is most
humbly Dedicated To the Worshipful George Barne, Esquire, &c.
By His most humble, and Devoted Servant,

JOHN KIBBY.
RECOLLECTIONS.

Sir, —I became a Soldier in His Majesty's 40th Regiment of Foot
(commanded by General Sir George Osbourn) in Taunton, on the 18th
of July 1799. Immediately we received the Rout to March to Canter-
bury, in order to encamp on Durham Down with the Grand Army.
On the Ground, we was Reviewed by the Royal Dukes and Princes, &c.
And we entertained them with a sham fight. Instantly, we received
orders to embark at the Downs, on board the Men of War, and sailed for
Holland. We were commanded by the Duke of York (the Soldiers
Dearling), the Prince William of Gloucester, and General Abercrombie.
Admiral Mitchell had the command of the Fleet. We set sail and
landed at the Helder. We had four Actions there : two of them were
General engagements, and indeed the fourth and the last that we
fought there on a Sunday, was almost a general one. I don't mean to
say anything about killing one another, but I saw some very droll
customs, and very, very comical manners amongst the fair ones

When we came to our destination, I was entertained with many
beautyful sights on the passage, such as the Peak of Tenerif, the
Sword Fish, the Grampuses, the flying fish, the Dolphins, the White
Squalls, &c. But under, and near the equinoctial line, there was such
dreadf ull Thunderings, Lightnings, and Rains, but it soon passed, much
like a Soldiers troubles. Then we was obliged to put into Riogenario
the capital of Braziels, in order to get our riggen mended, and to
water the Fleet. I think this is the finest Harbour that I ever saw,
but it is dreadfull hot here, and very unhealthfull. Then we sail'd for
Monte Video in the River of Plate. We made our landing good on the
16th of January, 1807. After we had our great Guns on Shore we
advans'd, and drove the enemy into the city in the action, we took two
or three Indians, and they were very conducive in getting Horses for
our Light Dragoons, for the voyage was so far, that we could not take
any Horses there. On the morning of the 20th the enemy sallied out,
and gave us Battle But we gave them a sweet brushing, and drove them
into the Town again. We threw up Batteries against them, both for
great Guns, and Morters to throw Bombshells with. On a Sunday,
about two o'clock in the afternoon just as the people were going to
Mass, our shiping was drawn up so nigh to the Town as possible, We
opened a tremendous fire on them, and the sun did shine on us most
gloriously. We Bombarded them both Day and Night, untill the
morning of the third of February. Then we stormed them, and
took their city from them and made them all Prisoners of
War. But when it was light enough, to see one thing from
another, the Ladies came out to look for their Sweethearts,
their Husbands, their Fathers, and their Brothers •' it was very
. . . . Indeed, the sun was up a long time, before the enemy would
give up the Castle. At last they let down their Flag. And one of their
Peace officers, brought some Bread, and Wine on a white Plate, and
presented it to their Governor, and to our Commander ; and they eat,
drank, in each other's presence. Then all hands a hoy, to bury our
dead, to liberate the slaves, and to march the prisoners on board. We
had strict orders not to drink too much. But we could not help
disobaing the orders, because the Ladies, even on thi day we took the
city, did give to us to eat and drink. And indeed, for all the time that
we were thare, thare was not one Murder committed, neither by them

YESTERDAY 339

nor us. Indeed they are a people I dearly love. The Ladies do dress
very neat, very so in the morning-, they are all in black silk, they have
no caps, nor hats, nor Bonnets, but their hair is dressed in a most
delightfull manner, they have no parasols, only a fan. And the combs
on their lovely heads, is very rich, being embossed with precious gems.
I saw something very singular in this city, that was a very black
woman, wit a bright red hair

I was in good quarters in the City of Seville. Lord Holland the
Embassador was with us. This place was put in a good state of defence.
Then we marched to the City of Sherry The Nobility and gentry, did
kindly entertain us, both the officers, and men. The ladies solicited th3
favour of seeing the English exercise. We fell in. in the afternoon to
Parade, and the Gentry was highly pleased with us. We could not stop
long in this dear City. Then our Rout was for Fort St. Mary. Here I
had the pleasure to see the Holy Virgins, or what we call the Nuns.
They walked through the streets of the city on a Sunday afternoon, the
oldest of the sweet Ladies went before, bearing a Flag, and the youngest
behind. But we was shocking disappointed, for when we was even very
nigh them, we could not see their Beauty, for their Faces was covered
with a black veil. But was our English Women to see the Manners of

the women in general, in Spain, and Portugal, We

then embark'd at Cadiz, and set sail for Lisbon, landed and marched for
the City of Placentia, and at Talavera we got up with the enemy, that
was commanded by General Massena, on the line of march we formed
junction with General Cuesta, that commanded the Spanish Army. On
the 27th of July, 1809, at it we went hammer and tongs, but we had the
honour to be their Masters. It was the pleasure, and the goodly wisdom
of our commander in Chief, to call a counsil of war. Then we took a
fresh rout, and came to Badajos. Here we lay in cantoonments some
time. Sir Arthur Wellesley went home to England, leaving the com-
mand of the army to General Sherbrook. And both Wellesley's, and
Sherbrook's valor, met King George the Third's approbation. But
General Cuesta the commander in chief of the Spaniards was put to
death. Our bold commander joined us again in this city, and our dear
old King George the Third planted a star on our commander's Breast,
and called him Lord Wellington. Then we march'd through Portugal,
and took up our winter quarters in a city called Guard o, and here was a
place, and a very large place too, full of those holy virgins. Whilst we
lay at this place, the French advans'd, and took the City of Almeida,
V/e was obliged to set at liberty all those sweet Ladies, or else the French
would have had them

I was sent to London, and there I passed the Board. And General Sir
David Dundas, said to me, " Kibby, you are wanted no more." I then
went to Lynns Office, had my instructions, and off I started for
Tiverton. And here I am at present.

Sir, your most gratefull Servant

JOHN XIBBY.

Frog-street, Tiverton.

N.B. This is not the Hundredth part of the recollections of what I
experienced in the different expeditions in the last wars.

I wish that I had not wrote in such haste, and so very briefly. But,
should it be your good pleasure, I will write the Recollections beautifully ,
and more at large.

Once on a time, when witches and wizards used to exercise
their powers of evil, to the great discomfort and loss of good
Christian folk, there lived in a lonely cottage by the road side,
between Tiverton and Oakford, an old man who was known far

340 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYTOED

and wide as a conjuror, or as he would have been called in earlier
times, a " White Witch." He lived alone, as far as the society
of his fellow creatures was concerned ; but he had, nevertheless,
certain companions in his solitude, consisting of an owl, a raven,
and an enormous black Tom cat, who were regarded by visitors
and neighbours with superstitious awe.

The old man, with his pets, had retired to their rest one moon-
light night, when a loud knocking at the gate aroused him from
his sleep, and he learnt that he was required to repair instantly
to the hill near the old Church to lay the devil, who had appeared
to the rustics in a very strange form, and was at that moment
lying in the road making a strange noise, which they had con-
cluded to be curses or maledictions. Though unwilling to be
deprived of rest, the hope of reward and the dread of being
supposed to be in league with Satan, induced him to dress himself
and go with them. A crowd of peasants and others, armed with
pitchforks and staves, were gazing at a respectful distance, at
something that certainly had never been seen before in that
neighbourhood, viz., a large turnip watch, face upwards, with
a gold chain and a great seal at the end. Loud and sonorous was
the watch-tick, and many were the expressions of pious horror, at
the new and wonderful shape which they supposed the foul fiend
for his own wicked purpose, had now assumed.

The wise man, on being appealed to, uttered some words in
an unknown tongue, and then after approaching within a foot
or two of the spot, declared it to be, not the devil, but a very
dangerous animal called a " Clickmantoad " in proof of which he
seized a pick, and thrusting it through its tail — i.e. through the
links of the chain, held it aloft, to the horror of the clowns, who
were about to take to their heels, but at a call from one of their
number, held a consultation of what should be done. The result
was, that as the mysterious creature was either the devil himself
or one of his familiar spirits, and as the old conjuror or wizard
was evidently in league with him, the best thing would be to
hang the latter at once, and thus break the spell, as it were. No
sooner said than done ; the trembling old wizard was securely
bound, and led to a convenient spot down the hill where, next
morning, passers-by found him hanging to a tree by the road-side.
It was discovered afterwards that a gentleman from the far-off
metropolis had accidentally dropped his watch in the road, and
as such a thing had never been heard of in this benighted locality,
the ignorant natives got hold of the notion that cost the poor
conjuror his life. The spot where the occurence took place has
ever since been known as " Hangman's Hill."

When this work was first projected, it was proposed to include
in it a whole chapter exclusively devoted to electoral matters.
Owing, however, to the great mass of materials which have had
to be dealt with, it has been found impossible to carry out thia

YESTERDAY 341

design, and the information which had been collected for this
present volume, with notable additions, will be given to the public
in a future work. A brief narrative of the chief political events since
the passing of the Eeform Bill of 1832 is all we can offer now*
The hero of the first elections held under the new Act was a Mr
Kennedy, a barrister by profession and an advanced politician,
who succeeded, in a most extraordinary degree, in winning the
confidence of the electors. His first visit to the town took place
in 1826, when the members of the Old Corporation were still
masters of the situation. Although he had no standing what-
ever in the court, he sought to interfere in the election of
representatives as the mouthpiece of the unenfranchised and only
withdrew from the Town Hall on a threat of ejectment. In
1832 on the passing of the Reform Bill, Mr. Kennedy returned
to Tiverton to claim the reward of his self-denying efforts. He
received an ovation from the grateful burgesses, and after a
spirited contest, in which no less than six candidates went to the
poll, was elected member for the borough, with Mr. Heathcoat
as his colleague. One of his opponents was Mr. Benjamin Wood
who, instead of taking his defeat patiently, demurred to Mr.
Kennedy's qualifications. A committee of the House of Com-
mons was appointed to consider the case, and decided that Mr.
Wood's petition was not " vexatious " while Mr. Kennedy's
election was. Accordingly a writ was issued for another election
which took place in 1 833. In the meantime Mr. Kennedy had
either acquired the necessary property qualification or hadobtained
evidence of the validity of his claim ; and he was again returned. In
1835, however, he came to the conclusion that his patriotism had not
been properly appreciated, as he had not up to that time been given
any place of profit under the Crown. On that ground he resigned
his seat. Thereupon a requisition was sent to Broadlands desiring
Lord Palmerston to undertake the representation of the borough.
The noble Lord, who was just then in want of a seat, closed with
the offer, and poor Mr. Kennedy, whose retirement had made
the arrangement feasible, was appointed a Commissioner in the
Bahamas. Among the candidates for Parliamentary honours in
1832 and '35 was Colonel Chichester, of Calverleigh Court, who
came forward in the Catholic interest. His views were Liberal,
and as a neighbour also, he was supposed to be entitled to some
consideration. The overwhelming influence of Mr. Heathcoat,
however, and the eloquence of Radical Mr, Kennedy proved
too strong for these modest pretensions ; and Colonel Chichester,
with all his amiability and high and chivalrous character, found
himself out in the cold. On the disappearance of the popular
tribune in 1835, the gallant Colonel thought it possible that he
might, in a third attempt, secure the favour of the electors, but
on being told of the invitation to Lord Palmerston, he gracefully
retired, went to Spain to fight the Carlists, and died a soldier's

342 THE CHRONICLES OP TWYFORD

death. Lord Palmerston was returned unopposed. Two years
later, "Pam," as he was called, had to do battle with Mr.
Benjamin Bowden Dickinson, of Knightshayes (who subsequently
assumed the name of Walrond). Mr. Dickinson stood in the
Conservative interest, and was a strong opponent of the new
Poor Laws. The result of the contest in 1837 was the election of
Mr. Heathcoat and Lord Palmerston by substantial majorities.

After this there were no more electoral conflicts till the year
1865. A noted Chartist of the day, Mr. Julian Harney stood in
1847, but he received no votes. There was, however, a
remarkable scene at the hustings. The Chartist hero came
down to Tiverton and impeached Lord Palmerston's foreign
policy. The great statesman treated his opponent with every
respect, and replied to his arguments seriatim. Mr. Harney was
" run," to use a current vulgarism, by Mr. William Rowcliffe, a
Tiverton butcher, who shared his political convictions, and who,
I fancy, made his debut at this time. On subsequent occasions Mr.
Rowcliffe in person discharged the functions of a "grand inquisi-
tor " of Lord Palmerston who, on the conclusion of his addresses,
was invariably taken in hand by Mr. Rowcliffe and subjected
either to caustic criticism or bo a severe " heckling." Lord
Palmerston always received these attacks in the best of tempers,
and gave the worthy butcher as good as he brought. It is
recorded that on one occasion Lord Palmerston said — " 1 am
always happy to meet my friend Rowcliffe at these hustings, for
I can tell you frankly that an election in Tiverton, without my
friend putting in an appearance, would not seem to me to be an
election at all. But there is one thing I have to complain of,
and that is that in the varying changes of administration of her
Majesty's Government my friend Rowcliffe is always prepared to
take personal exception to its composition. Indeed. I have long
ago been forced to the conclusion that the only form of Govern-
ment that would please my friend Rowcliffe, would be a Rowcliffe
Ministry." To this the veteran butcher replied " Your lordship
would join any Ministry that suited your own purposes." "Any
but a Rowcliffe Ministry" said his lordship. Many such incidents
will be remembered by those who were accustomed to listen
to the speeches delivered on the hustings in the days of Lord
Palmerston. The pluck of this Chartist tradesman in " standing
up " to a debater of Lord Palmerston's prowess was universally
recognized. He was bracketed with the Prime Minister in
Punch, and on Rowcliffe's death, in 1 874, nearly all the London
papers contained articles descriptive of his career. I hope to do
justice to Mr. Rowcliffe elsewhere. A monument in the Tiverton
cemetery states : — " He was for many years a prominent
member of the Liberal party in the borough of Tiverton, and,
actuated by a sincere wish for the advancement of the masses of
his fellow-citzens, devoted himself to the cause, now won, of free-

TESTEEDAT 343

dom of voting and extended political rights. ' An honest man's
the noblest work of God.' " It may be added that the designation
of " William Eowcliffe, butcher" has been borne in Tiverton
by at least three generations of the family; and in accordance
with a process of development not uncommon, the son and grand-
son of the famous Radical tradesman have proved staunch Conser-
vatives.

In 1859, Mr. Heathcoat, who had sat continuously for the
borough since 1832, retired from the representation on account
of advancing years, and the Hon. George Denman succeeded to
his place. In 1865 there was a contest, and Mr, Denman was
ousted in favour of Mr. J. W. Walrond (son of Mr. B. B.
Dickinson Walrond) who was elected by a majority of three. On
the death of Lord Palmerston in 1865, Mr. Denman again pre-
sented himself to the constituency, his Conservative opponent
being Sir John Dalrymple Hay, This contest, which was fought
with unusual keenness, ended in a victory for Mr. Denman, by
232 votes as against 186. In 1868 Mr. Walrond forsook
Tiverton, and attempted to secure a seat as member for North
Devon. Mr. J. Heathcoat Amory (grandson of Mr. Heath-
coat, whose daughter married Mr. Samuel Amory, of Port-
land-place, London), now became member for the borough,
a position which he continued to occupy until 1885, when
Tiverton ceased to exist as an independent constituency. On
the promotion of Mr. Denman to the judicial bench in 1872, Mr.
Walrond returned to his old love, and had as his rival the Eight
Hon. W. N". Massey, who proved the successful candidate. Again
in 1874 Mr. Walrond sought the suffrages of the Tivertonians,
but without avail, Mr. Amory heading the poll, while Mr. Massey
came next with a majority of nineteen. Undaunted, Mr. Walrond
came forward for the fourth and last time in 1880. He was
then badly beaten ; Sir J. H. Heathcoat-Amory received 743 votes,
Mr. Massey 699 ; while the brave, but unfortunate Mr. Walrond
obtained only 590. On the decease of Mr. Massey in 1881 there
was another fight. For a long time no Conservative politician
could make up his mind to essay the perilous breach, but at the
last moment Mr. E. F. Loosemore led a forlorn hope against the
Liberal fortress. Viscount Ebrington championed the Liberal
cause, and won by 705 as against 453 votes recorded for his
opponent. This was the last election under the old system.
When next we have occasion to refer to the subject, it will be
found that the old Liberal supremacy in Parliamentary matters
passed away when Tiverton borough lost its privilege of return-
ing two members and became merged in a division of the county
of Devon.

Two baronetcies in the title-roll of the United Kingdom are
associated in their origin with the electoral history of Tiverton.
In 1874, by the advice of Mr. Gladston e, who was then Premier

344 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

Mr. J. Heathcoat Amory, M.P., was made a baronet in recogni-
tion of his public services; and two years later, during the
regime of Lord Beaconsfield, a baronetcy was conferred upon
Mr. J. W. Watoond, of Bradfield Court.

APPENDIX.

The following is a record of the Tiverton borough elections
from 1832 to 1881 :-

Dec. 1832— Heathcoat, 376 j Kennedy, 265 ; Benjamin Wood, 55 ;
Chichester, 40.

(Mr. Kennedy unseated on petition.)

May, 1833— Kennedy, 214 ; Benjamin Wood, 95.

Jan. 1835— Heathcoat, 363 ; Kennedy, 184 ; Chichester, 134 ; Langmead,62
(Kennedy accepted the Chiltern Hundreds.)

June 1835 — Viscount Palmerston, unopposed.

August, 1837— Heathcoat, 323 ; Palmerston, 246 ; Dickinson, 130.

June, 1841— Heathcoat and Palmerston, unopposed.

1846 — Palmerston , being appointed Foreign Secretary, re-elected
without opposition.

August, 1847 — Heathcoat, 148 ; Palmerston, 127 ; Julian Harney, 0.
July, 1852 — Heathcoat and Palmerston, unopposed.

Dec., 1852 — Palmerston, being appointed Home Secretary, re-elected
unopposed.

Feb., 1855— Palmerston, being appointed First Lord of the Treasury,
re-elected unopposed.

March, 1857— Heathcoat and Palmerston, unopposed.
April, 1859 — Palmerston and Denman, unopposed.

June, 1859 — Palmerston appointed First Lord of the Treasury, re-
elected unopposed.

March, 1861 — Palmerston appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Porti,
re-elected unopposed.

July, 1865— Palmerston, 261 ; Walrond, 220 ; Denman, 217.
(Palmerston died in October, 1865. )

Feb., 1866— Denman, 232 ; Hay, 186.

Nov., 1868— Denman and Amory, unopposed.

(Hon. George Denman appointed a Judge.)

Nov., 1872— Massey, 577 ; Walrond, 547.

Feb., 1874— Amory, 677 ; Massey, 624 ; Walrond, 605.

April, 1880— Amory, 743 ; Massey, 699 ; Walrond, 590.

(Right Hon. W. N. Massey died October 25th, 1881.;

Nov., 1881 — Ebrington, 705 ; Loosemore, 453.

TO-DAY

To-DAY

KHE present-day chronicles of T wyf ord may fittingly commence
\2 with the opening, in 1864, of a new Town-hall. The build-
ing which had previously served that purpose, was not large
enough to accommodate all the public offices under one roof, and
in other respects also it was inadequate to the requirements of
the Borough. Accordingly in 1862 the Town Council advertised
for plans for a new Town Hall, to be erected partly on the site of
the old building, partly on the approach to St. Andrew-street,
and partly on land bought by the Corporation from Mr.
Cannon, proprietor of the Angel -hotel. Sixty-two designs
having been sent in, the first prize was awarded to Mr.
Lloyd, of Bristol, the architect under whose superintendence
the work was carried out. Many difficulties presented themselves
owing to the nature of the ground. These, however, were
successfully overcome by the architect, who was able not only to
provide for the requirements of the Council, but also to produce
a building which for originality of design and architectural skill
may be pronounced one of the most striking edifices in the West
of England. It only requires (as do so many other fine public
buildings) a larger open space before it, in order to display its
admirable proportions to full advantage. The style adopted was
Venetiano-Italian. and the principal feature in the design is an
octagon tower which rises to a height of nearly a hundred feet.
The roof terminates in a square surmounted with cast-iron
galvanized cresting, from which springs a handsome weather-vane.
In the centre of the octagon tower is a semi-circular pediment, in
which provision was made for an illuminated clock. On four sides
of the octagon roof are circular louvres. The roof is covered
with cut slates of different colours. On each side of the octagon
tower are massive chimney stacks in freestone, with moulded caps

348 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOED

and bases, and at each angle of the first and second compartments
of the tower are detached columns of red Devonshire marble, with
richly carved, foliated, Corinthian capitals in freestone, together
with appropriate entablature and consoled cornice, also in
free -stone. The main entrance to the building is at the
base of the octagon tower facing Fore-street and opening
into a large hall or vestibule. There are also two entrances
in St. Andrew-street ; and towards that thoroughfare the
building terminates in a square tower, in which is a stone
staircase leading into the hall and communicating with the
passages to the cells, so that prisoners can be taken to and from
the court without interfering with the public. The principal
fronts of the building in the direction of Fore-street, St. Andrew-
street, and Angel-hill are faced with grey pennant ashlar, with
freestone quoins and arches to the windows and doors. The base
is appropriated to the Magistrates' offices, County-court offices,
Borough Accountant's and Borough Surveyor's offices, Committee-
room, Muniment-room, Town Clerk's office, police office and lock-up
cells. The hall is on the second floor, where are also a mayoralty
room, grand-jury room, ante-room and other offices. Over the
grand-jury room at the north end of the hall is a large
gallery, between which and the dock tiers of seats were
erected in 1892. The hall itself is spacious and lofty.
It is fifty feet long, thirty-two feet wide and twenty-seven
feet high. A handsome stained-glass window just behind
the Mayor's chair was presented by Mr. Alderman Lane
in 1887. The walls are adorned with several portrait paint-
ings. The most prominent are those of his Majesty George
the Third in his robes, and Viscount Palmerston. The former is
the work of Sir Joshua Reynolds and is supposed to have been
presented to the town by Lord Harrowby. The portrait of Lord
Palmerston was executed by Mr. Roden — one of the two pictures
exhibited by him in the International Exhibition of 1862. It is
considered an excellent likeness of his lordship. Its only fault is
that it represents him with rather too careworn an expression.
In the central compartment of the side of the hall hangs a
portrait of Mr. Heathcoat — an admirable likeness, presented to the
Mayor and Corporation by the inhabitants. Another portrait is
that of Mr. Frank Hole, J.P., who filled the office of Mayor on
many occasions : this picture was the gift of Lord Palmerston.
In 1865 a bust of Lord Palmerston. executed by Mr. Morton
Edwards, of London, was presented to the Hall by Mr. VV. North
Row, the then Mayor : and in 1867 a Mayoralty Chair was sub-
scribed for by the Mayor and Magistrates of the Borough. In
the grand-jury room 'hangs a portrait of Mr. G. W. Cockram,
which was presented to him by the Magistrates and Corporation
at the close of his term of office as Mayor (1875, '76, 77)
and given by him to the Town Hall. About the same time

TO-DA.Y 349

the Right Hon. W. N. Massey, M.P., gave to the town a
presentation portrait of himself (by Charles Mercier), and it
hangs in the hall. There is in the ante-room a curious old
print of Tiverton Castle as it appeared in 1734, and in the
grand-jury room is a painting of the Royal Arms dated
1661. The other and smaller pictures consist chiefly of
presentations which were made during the time of the old
Corporation. The Mayoralty-room is forty-six feet long,
twenty-eight feet wide, and sixteen feet high. Over it is a
large octagon room, forming the upper compartment of the
octagon, in which are the works of the clock, and also a valuable
collection of geological specimens, antique books, &c., presented
to the borough in 1890 by Miss Crocker, of Newton Abbot.
In the basement are capacious cellars for stores and coals, and
apparatus for heating. The cost of the building was about
£8,000.

The Town Hall was opened on the 19th May, 1864, by the
Hon. George Denman, M.P., accompanied by Lord Fortescue,
who acted as deputy for Lord Palmerston. The day was observed
as a general holiday. The church bells rang, and the band
of the Rifle Volunteers poured forth melodious strains. The
houses in the principal streets were decked with flags and
evergreens, and large contingents arrived from the neigh-
bouring towns and villages to manifest their good-will and
share in the festivities. About rnid-day a procession was formed
in the following order : — The Superintendent and three officers
of the police force, the band, the town crier and his staff, two
policemen, carrying the maces, and all the members of the Town
Council. The party proceeded to the Three Tuns Hotel to escort
the Hon. Mr. Denman and Lord Fortescue to the new building,
whither the Mayor had already gone to receive them. Then
followed the inaugural ceremony. This was of the simplest
possible character. The Mayor advancing to the window intro-
duced Mr. Denman to the waiting multitude below, and Mr.
Denman declared the building open. After this there were
speeches in glorification of the town of Tiverton and its illustrious
member, Lord Palmerston. At three o'clock there was a banquet
in the hall of the new edifice, at which about two hundred and
sixty gentlemen sat down. More speeches were delivered full
of sympathetic allusions to the veteran statesman who was then
seriously indisposed and approaching, it was feared, his latter end.
In the evening there was a ball in the Athenreura ; and dinners
were provided for the workmen who had been employed on the
building. Out-door amusements took place in the evening in
Fore-street, and among the milder diversions was a temperance
" gala " in an orchard adjoining Mr. Gard's Hotel, a tea-meeting
in Hampton-street and another at St. Paul's, all of which are said
to have been well attended.

350 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFORD

It has been stated that in the design of the Town Hall
provision was made for an illuminated clock. The clock itself
was a thing of later birbh, being supplied in 1869 through the
generosity of Mr. John Lane, the then Mayor of Tiverton. It is
an excellent piece of mechanism. Its chief merit is, in technological
language, its " gravity escapement." As the meaning of this
expression may not be self-evident, I quote, for the benefit of my
readers, an admirably clear and doubtless faultlessly accurate
statement from the Cambridge Philosophical Transactions : " For
many years past the great problem of clock-making has been the
invention of a simple gravity escapement, which will give a
constant impulse to the pendulum, and without any friction
capable of sensibly affecting the arc of vibration, for if that can
be done it is evident that all mechanical cause of disturbance of
the time of vibration will also be removed ; and if the escapement
can also be made so that its effect on the pendulum will still
remain the same, notwithstanding any small variation of arc
which may arise from changes in the density of the air, or any
accidental causes, then the pendulum (so far as it depends on the
escapement) must remain isochronous so long as it is kept going
at all." The spectacle of this rare clock, new and resplendent,
inspired a modest bard (signing himself " F.T.") to pen the
following lines :

THE CLOCK IN THE NEW TOWN HALL

DEDICATED TO

THE WORSHIPFUL DONOR.

Ah ! blind indeed the man who'd stroll an hour

Through Tiverton and not admire the taste
Which raised, as if by talismanic power,

So fair a pile on that unsightly waste ;
At first sight pleasing ; then on drawing nigh

There's a light elegance, an airy grace-
Nought mars the outline or offends the eye,

A grand achievement on so small a space.
******

And now to make the whole complete, behold

The useful and the beautiful combined—
A aioble clock, its beauties manifold

The graceful offering of a thoughtful mind.
A boon indeed, for now in darkest night

All can behold its pleasant radiant face,
Beaming with useful information. Bright

As a young planet wandered down from space,
And may its truthfulness this lesson teach —

Use well the moments, dearest friends must sever,
Accept Time's blessings while within thy reach,

For ev'ry moment past is past for ever.

In 1865, St. Peter's Churchyard was levelled. Previous to this
alteration the ground presented a very irregular and undulatory
appearance. Complaints were made at the time that the change

TO-DAY 351

was carried out without proper regard for the dead, the church-
yard being very full, and that skulls and other bones were thrown
with the soil into the " Chorl." This, however, was officially
denied.

In the autumn of 1866 the town suffered from a visitation of
cholera. The first cases were attributed to the eating of too
many mussels, but the multiplication of victims soon forced
people to recognize the presence of the dreaded scourge.
Exaggerated reports were current in the neighbouring towns and
villages as to the extent of the misfortune. It was alleged that
people were dying here at the rate of 10 or 20 a day. The total
number of deaths as shown by the register was twenty. During
the prevalence of the epidemic an Exeter clergyman, the Kev. H.
Gr. Tomkins, caused a pamphlet to be printed for private circulation,
entitled " The fear of burying the living in times of cholera and
its remedy." In this pamphlet occurred the following paragraph
relating to Tiverton :

" Mrs. Ellicombe, of Higher Polsloe Farm, near Exeter, states to the
writer, that at Tiverton, ' at a former visitation of cholera, a little boy,
Isaac Hunt, was taken ill. The illness was pronounced cholera. After
being put in his coffin, he was to be buried that night. The parents
watched with the coffin — the lid lightly put on. They put off the
funeral till the morning, and in the night each of them heard a thump-
ing. The mother said, ' It is little Isaac.' They lifted the coffin-lid
and he raised both his hands in the air. They took him out and he was
restored; and was living as a grown-up man five or six years ago at
Tiverton. His father was ostler at The Three Tuns ; his name was Isaac
Hunt (as well as the son's). Mrs. Ellicombe, of Higher Polsloe Farm,
knows the truth of these particulars of her own personal knowledge ;
the father served his apprenticeship with her father.'

Oct. 6th, 1866. (Signed) S. ELLICOMBE."

Will it be believed that the whole of this circumstantial account
was fictitious ? Very careful researches were made, as the state-
ments were calculated to alarm the public mind, and the result
showed that, however plausible, the story was a pure invention.

At Olive Cottage, Cowleymoor — quite a little journey from
the town— about this time lived a certain brick-maker. At a late
• hour on Tuesday night, 25th July, 1865, or rather on the Wednes-
day morning, (for he gave the time as between one and two), the
brick-maker was homeward bound. There was nothing to distin-
guish the occasion in the way of external manifestations. True,
the hour was late, and there was no moon, but though

The sky was dull, and low, and gray,
And a light wind swept moaning by,
One might have answered with a sigh,

still there were around him the old familiar objects — the outline
of the road, the houses, few and sparse, dimly visible in the
summer night, but otherwise just as he had known them for
many a year. Nothing was farther from his thoughts than the

352 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFORD

supernatural, when suddenly as he entered Cowleymoor-lane, he
became conscious he was not alone, and lo ! at his side he
discerned an object which chilled the very marrow in his bones.
A black horse was stalking by him in the darkness, bearing on its
back the ghastly form of a headless rider. The spectral steed
had a short tail and a white fat eye rolled in its head. Its rider
was clothed in white drapery finished with a frill round the head-
less neck, the garment was tight at the wrists, and the ghostly
hands were furnished with long and rounded finger nails. The
poor man's 'cute observation proved that the ghost was a modern
one, as it wore boots with patent tops. The affrighted man
walked rapidly on, his unwelcome companion keeping close by his
side to the very entrance of the brick-yard. There, speechless
and horror-stricken, he bolted into his house and went to bed,
forgetting in his terror to shut the front door. When questioned
he unhesitatingly affirmed that he could hear distinctly the trot
of the horse and the creak of the saddle, (from which it would
appear that the headless ghost was of some substance and not
" light as air"), and that when near Montserrat, the spectre was
not more than two inches from him. That the narrator himself
believed this story most firmly and implicitly, there is not the
shadow of doubt. He declared that he would rather go miles
round than pass the same place at so late an hour, and he also
protested vigorously that he was not intoxicated !

The following is taken from Notes and Queries, of about this
period : — "Jt may perhaps be worth chronicling that in some parts
of Devon the apocryphal correspondence between Our Lord and
Abgarus, King of Edessa, is looked upon as a preservative against
fever. In a cottage at Bolham, a small village near Tiverton,
hanging over a fireplace in an old wooden frame, I found these
letters, printed in large type. They were surmounted by a rough
wood-cut of Our Lord's head, purporting to be a reproduction of
the likeness imprinted on the handkerchief at Veronica, under
which was a detailed description of Our Lord's person : middle
height, blue eyes, fair curls, &c. I begged to be allowed to take
the whole thing home to copy, but, to my surprise, I found the
owner looked upon the idea as sacriligious. She bid me read what
was printed below the letters, which had "escaped me before.
This proved to be a declaration (puc into Our Lord's mouth), that
in whatsoever house those letters hung fever should never come.
The old woman did not know where the charm came from, or
anything about it, except that her husband's grandfather had said
that it was brought to the house when newly built, and, she added,
had always kept fever away. She utterly refused to hear a word
against it."

In 1868, chiefly through the exertions of Col. Troyte, of Hunts-
ham Court, St. Peter's Society of Change Ringers was founded,
and the entire management of the bells of St. Peter's Church,

TO-DAY 353

Tiverton, was committed to them. The condition of the belfry
was then anything but creditable to the parish, and a few
months before, the seventh bell had become cracked, thus render-
ing the whole peal useless. The Society undertook the re-casting
of this bell, and the thorough repair of the belfry at a cost of
.£200. The tower contains eight bells, bearing the following
inscriptions : 1st, Glory to God in the highest ; 2nd, And on
Earth Peace ; 3rd, Good will toward Men ; 4th, Prosperity to
all our Benefactors ; 5th, Wm. Evans of Chepstow cast us
all ; 6th, (re-cast in 1791 by T. Belbie, Cullompton), Mr.
Bartholomew Davey and Mr. James Cross, Churchwardens ;
7th, Mr. Clement Govett and Mr. Thomas Anstey, Wardens* ;
8th, George Osmond, Esq., Mayor, 1736. In the Churchwar-
dens' Accounts are frequent entries respecting the bells, which
seem to have given a great deal of trouble formerly and often
required to be re-cast. In 1736, the six old bells were cast into
eight by William Evans, of Chapstow (hence the inscription
on No. 5). It -vould appear from an entry in the parish
register (April, 1727) to the effect that Thomas Boyne was
killed by a fall of the chimes, that there were chimes in the
tower at that date, but nothing more seems to be known about
them. In 1875 Mr. Charles Herbert Mackenzie presented a
set of chimes to the tower, but they are not used now as they
are understood to injure the bells. In the year 1883, a valuable
clock, costing .£211, with mechanism for striking and chiming
changes, was presented to St. Peter's Church by Mr. Henry
Septimus Gill, J.P., and placed in the Tower. The outside dial
could not be fixed until Occober, 1884, it being necessary to
obtain a faculty from the Bishop for the purpose.

Considering its importance as the centre of a rich agricultural
district, Tiverton fully deserved the honour of a visit from the
Devon Agricultural Association in May, 1876. The Show was held
on the identical site occupied by the exhibition of the Bath and
West of England Society twenty-one years before ; and a
Flower Show, organized by a local committee, was held on
Shillands. Elaborate preparations had been made for this event.
Triumphal arches weraerected in the main streets ; while Venetian
masts, decorated with flags and emblazoned with shields, were
planted on each side of the thoroughfares leading to the show-
yard. On the whole perhaps the town was never so well decor-
ated as on this occasion. It was transformed from its every-
day self to a kind of Vanity Fair. Nearly all the shops were
decked with laurel, and the tradesmen vied with each other
in the extent and ingenuity of their displays. Flags, ever-
greens, porches composed of laurel, ornamental tubs in which

* Also the following : Recast by St. Peter's Society of Change Ringers.
C. A. W. Troyte, President, 1868.
AA

354 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFOED

were small fir-trees, flowers— these were the chief features, but
one or two of the decorators were especially enterprising. Mr.
Boyne had a unique contrivance in the shape of a " cuckoo,"
which was perched in a fir-tree, and by the aid of machinery was
made to imitate the notes of the original ; while over the shop-
window of Mr, Burgess was the model of a Wellington boot, with
an inscription in very legible characters wherein the hope was
expressed that all the world would tread under their feet the
manufacture with which Mr. Burgess is identified. — The total
number of persons admitted to the show during the three days
was 20,898, and the total receipts, (including £71 35s. for
privilege tickets), were £1,124 9s. Id.

THE BAPTIST CHUECH.

A noteworthy addition to the places of religious worship in
Tiverton was made in 1877, when a new Baptist Chapel, erected
at a cost of more than £4,000. was opened. As indicated in a
previous section (page 164) the Baptist community in Tiverton
dates back to the times of the Stuarts, the Church having been
founded in 1607, and the first meeting-house built about 1687.
A chapel followed on the same site in 1730 ; and this was
enlarged in 1854, but proved inadequate to the needs of a
growing congregation. Stimulated by a munificent offer of
£1,000 from Mr. John Lane, J.P., a retired draper of the town,
Tiverton Baptists resolved on a new, commodious, and handsome
edifice. A site adjoining the old chapel was purchased for £237 ;
Mr. G. S. Bridgman, architect, of Torquay, prepared plans and
specifications ; and the contract for the building was entrusted to
Messrs. Barrens & Son, of Tiverton. The edifice is in the
Classic style of architecture, boldly and freely treated ; and the
internal arrangements are marked by the greatest regard for the
comfort both of speakers and hearers. The Chapel forms a large
parallelogram, 81 feet long by 45 feet wide, with spacious
galleries, sitting accommodation being provided for about 900
persons. The stone-laying ceremony took place on Monday,
April 17th, 1876. The proceedings of the day commenced with
a devotional service in the old chapel, conducted by the Kev. J. P.
Tetley, of Taunton. Luncheon was served at the Half Moon
Hotel at one o'clock ; and in the afternoon at three o'clock, in the
presence of a thousand spectators, Mr. J. Lane laid the memorial-
stone with a silver trowel, presented to him for the occasion.
Tea followed, at which about 400 persons were present ; and in
the evening there was a crowded and enthusiastic meeting in the
Wesleyan Chapel. Sir Morton Peto, Bart., presided, and con-
gratulatory speeches were made by the Eev. J. P. Carey (pastor),
Rev. G. W. Humphreys, Mr. D. Powell, and others.

Twelve months later — on Thursday, April 19th, 1877 — the
opening ceremony took place. In the morning there was a

TO-DAI 355

dedicatory service, conducted by the Rev. J. P. Chown, of
Bloomsbury, and attended by the Mayor and Corporation in state
— this being the first visit ever paid to a Nonconformist Chapel
by the Tiverton Corporation in its civic capacity. At the
luncheon which followed, the Mayor (Mr. Gr. W. Cockram, J.P.)
made an allusion to the event, which is thus reported in the
current number of the Tiverton Gazette : —

" His worship humorously remarked that he had sometimes thought
of writing a History of Tiverton, and if Mr. Lane would give him £500
to begin with, he would undertake to write a full, true, and impartial
History of Tiverton, which they must remember they had never yet had.
He should certainly put down as a red-letter day in Tiverton, the day
when the Corporation of the Borough, the Mayor robed, with the mace
before him and the man carrying the pole, went to the opening of the
Baptist Chapel, and there were some people there who had never been
in a Chapel before."

Later in the day there was a tea in the Heathcoat-hall, to which
550 sat down ; and in the evening Mr. Lane presided over an
enthusiastic meeting in the new chapel, at which (thanks to Mr.
Lane's generous offer to give half the amount of the remaining
debt, if the rest could be made up by others), the whole of the
money required to open the edifice without encumbrance, was
practically provided. A. few months later a fine organ, built at a
. cost of £450, was added ; and other improvements have since been
effected, in addition to which, in 1891, a village chapel was built
at Ash Thomas, Halberton, chiefly through the liberality of
Tiverton Baptists.

An endowment for the maintenance of the Tiverton Baptist
Chapel in good repair was bequeathed by Mr. Lane at his death,
which occurred in 1887 at the advanced age of 87. A brass in
the sacred edifice thus perpetuates his good deeds :

" Thrice Mayor and many years an Alderman, he was an earnest
worker in the civic life of Tiverton ; nevertheless his deepest interest
centred in the life of the Baptist Church, and nowhere was his
generosity so nobly displayed as in the place where this memorial is
raised to his memory."

Another name honourably associated with the history of the
Baptist Church is that of Mr. Daniel Powell, for many years a
trusted and confidential employee at the head of the counting-
house in Messrs. Heathcoat & Co.'s lace factory. Mr. Powell's
death in April, 1890, at the age of 57, evoked expressions of
regret throughout the whole town ; and his funeral assumed the
dimensions of a public demonstration. A brass memorial"plate in
the Baptist Chapel states that

" For upwards of 47 years he devoted the untiring energies of a more
than ordinarily well-endowed nature to the furtherance of Christ's
Kingdom in this place. As a teacher and superintendent of the
Sunday School, choirmaster, deacon, secretary and treasurer of the
Church, he sought to serve man and honour God. Winsome in manner ,
large-hearted, unselfish, his life illumined by the triple light of faith,

356 THE CHRONICLES OF TW5TFORD

hope, and charity, he was beloved by all who knew him. As a friend of
little children, a leader of young men, and a generous helper of the aged,
he exercised an unrivalled power over the hearts of all who came
within the range of his magnetic influence."

Mr. J. N. Singleton, for many years headmaster of the
Heathcoat School, also deserves mention in the list of benefactors
of the Baptist Church. On his death in 1883 he bequeathed for
the use of members of the Church and Sunday School an excellent
library, comprising upwards of a thousand volumes of standard
works, with an endowment. It may be noted in conclusion that
many of the pastors associated with this Church have stayed
longer than is usual in Nonconformist bodies. During the
whole of the 18th century there were but five pastors in
all; and between 1849 and 1892 there have been only three —
the Eev. E. Webb, the Rev. J. P. Carey, and the present pastor
the Rev. J. Frank Toone, B.A..

PUBLIC HALLS.

In addition to the Town-hall, Tiverton boasts of two other
buildings suitable for purposes of public assembly. One of
these, the Heathcoat Memorial Hall, situated close to the lace
factory, was opened on May, 23rd, 1876. It is a commodious
building, of blue ashlar stone, with Ham-stone dressings, and
comprises a spacious hall, sixty feet long by forty feet wide, with
billiard-room, reading-room, and smoking-room, expressly for the
benefit of the factory employees, whose institute prior to this
date had been in a large upper room extending over a row of
cottages in Quick's Court. Of late years the scene of most of
the public gatherings connected with the social and political life
of the town, has been the Volunteer Drill and Public Hall, erected
in 1883 by a limited liability company, consisting chiefly of local
shareholders. It was instituted chiefly to supply a need, urgently
felt, of suitable premises as head-quarters for the local Company
of Volunteers ; the chief promoters of the scheme being the then
officers, Captain Travers and Lieutenants Unwin and Clarke,
assisted by members of the Company, prominent among whom
was Sergeant Beck, the winner of the Queen's prize at Wimbledon
in 1881. The shares were taken up by the Volunteers and a few
honorary members, the registered capital being £2,000, an
amount which has since been increased. The premises comprise
a large hall, 90 feet long by 50 feet wide, and with sitting
accommodation for about 1,000 persons; a small-hall, seating about
180 ; armoury, store-rooms, and caretaker's residence. Accommo-
dation was also provided over the entrance lobby for club-rooms,
leased to a flourishing gentlemen's private club. From time to time
sundry additions and alterations in the premises have been
effected, with the view of providing increased comfort for the
general public.

TO-DAY 357

FLOODS, STOBMS &c~

Disaster from floods has often been the experience of Tiverton.
The Exe, as the larger stream, is capable of doing more mischief,
but the Lowman has caused, perhaps, quite as much inconveni-
ence, owing to the frequency of its inundations. The Lowman is
a sluggish stream, and when swollen with heavy rains, the water
does not flow away as quickly as might be desired. Moreover,
the bed of the river has a tendency to silt up, and there are
sundry weirs constructed for business purposes, which impede the
free passage of the water just beyond Lowman Bridge, at the
east entrance to Tiverfcon town. Thus it comes to pass that
Lowman -green and the roadway near Old Blundell's have been
repeatedly under water, much to the vexation of all concerned.
One such flood occurred on October 19th, 1875, when the water
rose to a height of five feet in Lowman Green ; the front wall of
a flour mill in Chapel-street was thrown down ; and in the
adjacent hamlet of Lurley (where a stream crosses the highway at
the bottom of a valley), a labourer named Sweet, returning home
on horseback, was washed from his seat and drowned. This may
be pronounced the most lamentable flood for which the Lowman
is responsible. Early in the year 1890 (just after three successive
inundations within the short period of eight months), the Town
Council, by the advice of their Surveyor (Mr. John Siddalls)
effected sundry improvements in the bed of the Lowman, thanks
to which that stream has since been restrained within its proper
channel. It is true that in 1890 there was a great flood on Whit-
Sunday (May 24th), but for that disaster neither the Exe nor the
Lowman was responsible. At two o'clock in the afternoon of a
sultry day a tornado of tropical violence suddenly swept over the
town. Thunder, lightning, and falling hailstones of immense
size were followed by a deluge of rain so overwhelming that the
surface water from the neighbouring hills ran into the town in
torrents, and ere long the main thoroughfares were three feet
deep in muddy water, which flowed through them like a mill-
stream. In Westexe the obnoxious fluid forced its way into the
houses, and the inhabitants had to escape for their lives into the
upper storeys. The damage to the highways of the Borough was
estimated at fully £1,000, to say nothing of the loss to private
property. — On Tuesday, January 18th, 1881, Tiverton was visited
by a snow-storm more prolonged in its duration and more
disastrous in its effects than any similar occurrence since the
year 1814. It commenced early on Tuesday morning, and lasted
without intermission till Wednesday afternoon, with other falls
more or less heavy, on Thursday and Friday. No newspapers or
letters could be bought into the town for three days, the branch
line from Tiverton Junction being blocked and the road to that
place, about five miles in length, being almost impassable.

358

Nearly all the shops were closed and on "Wednesday shortly after
nine o'clock the employees of the Factory ceased work, the water-
wheel and machinery having been stopped, in spite of all
precautions, by the snow, which floated down the river in large
quantities. — A " blizzard " of almost equal severity happened on
March 9 and 10, 1891 : for some three days railway communica-
tion on the Tiverton branch lines was at a standstill, and on the
Great Western main line the " Flying Dutchman " and other
express trains were " snowed up."

The river Exe at Tiverton was the scene of a distressing
accident on the evening of Tuesday, May 15th, 1877. Five
young men in an hired boat, went for a row on the river. In
the endeavour to regain an oar which fell into the water, the
boat was upset ; and two of the occupants — Joseph T. Collard
and William Taylor, the sons of local tradesmen — were drowned.
The others— J. C. Williams, Ernest Wright, and Arthur Collard
— reached the shore in safety. At the inquest Mr. Williams was
warmly commended for his action in helping to save his
companions.

MUNICIPAL PBOGBESS.

That the Town Council of Tiverton have not been indifferent
to the well-being of the residents, is shewn by great improve-
ments effected of late years in matters relating to public health.
In the year 1876, Mr. A. W. Estridge, C.E., drew up a valuable
and exhaustive report on the water supply and sewerasre of the
town. The Town Council, after full consideration and discussion,
instructed Mr. Gr. Bridgman, of Torquay, to prepare a scheme ;
and in 1880. water- works were constructed, according to Mr.
Bridgman's plans, at a point on the course of the Town-leat,
half-a-mile to the north of Allers' farin. A filtering chamber was
constructed ; and the water taken from the Town-leat was passed
through a series of straining pits of broken stone and charcoal,
the filtered water passing into a chamber connected with eight-
inch iron mains leading to the town ; smaller mains of various
sizes, with the necessary valves and hydrants, being laid down in
every street of the town. The total cost of the work was £4000.
In a short time, however, the filtering arrangement was found to
be unsatisfactory ; and in 1886, further works for improving the
water were designed and carried out by Mr. E. Ellis, who was
then in charge of the works as water-bailiff. The additions
comprised two large settling tanks and three filtering beds, the
filtering media consisting of a layer of sand three feet thick
resting on a bed of broken gravel, through which the water
percolates into a perforated brick bottom, which communicates by
means of pipes and valves with the receiving-chamber for the
filtered water. The cost of these additional works was £1600.

TO-DAY 359

The greatly improved quality of the water and the additional
facilities of supply were found to be much appreciated by the in-
habitants, so that by the end of 1889 the largest portion of the
properties in the town had been connected with the public water
supply. But while the quality of the water had been improved,
the volume of the stream at the intake, although ample for most
of the year, was inadequate for the supply of the town during a
dry summer ; and as the water became more extensively used, it
was frequently found necessary in times of drought to adopt an
intermittent system of supply. Experimental works were then com-
menced at Warnicombe, and the trial borings proving satisfactory,
an adit was driven 220 yards into the side of the hill, the result
of which was the provision of a high level supply of water of
great value, which, in the dry summer of 1892, proved amply
sufficient for the wants of the eastern side of the town, com-
prising the Lodge Estate and St. Aubyn's. The Waniicornbe
water is of excellent quality, and, not appearing on the surface,
does not need to be filtered. During this same dry summer of 1892
an additional supply of water was obtained from springs rising on
Mr. Haydon's farm at Chettiscombe, the works for which purpose,
together with those at Warnicombe, being carried out under the
.instructions of the Borough Surveyor, Mr. J. Siddalls, C.E.

It may be mentioned that, prior to boring for water at Warni-
combe, the Town Council in April, 1888, engaged the services of a
Mr. Lawrence, who conducted a series of experiments with a
" divining-rod " in the form of a piece of spring steel bent in the
shape of a horse-shoe. Mr Lawrence, holding this instrument in
his hands, and with his elbows close to his sides, walked over the
field ; and when the steel became violently agitated he intimated
that water would be found by boring below. A London newspaper
{Truth} commented on this incident as follows : —

" The fact deserves to be recorded for the edification of future genera-
tions that in this present year of grace 1888 the Corporation of Tiverton,
being anxious to procure a new water supply for the borough, engaged
a respectable soothsayer from a neighbouring town to discover by
means of his divining-rod the most likely spot. This performance was
actually gone through a mile or two from Tiverton. The sorcerer, or
medium, or whatever he is to be called, was a Mr. Lawrence. He was
accompanied in his search by a party of aldermen and town councillors.
The divining-rod became duly agitated in a number of places — so much
so, that (says the reporter) it ' occasionally almost prostrated the
manipulator with exhaustion.' The result is accepted by the foremost
intellects in Tiverton without demur. Two wells are to be sunk at
once, and the contract is already placed. Good heavens !"

Fairness compels me to add that Mr. Lawrence's " water-
finding" experiments in Tiverton for private landowners, as well
as for the Town Council, proved successful ; and that during one
of his visits he correctly traced the underground course of a
stream (known locally as " the Nile,' ) which suddenly disappears
and emerges again at some distance further on.

360 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOED

The appointment of Mr. J. Siddalls, C.E., as borough surveyor
of Tiverton, in the year 1888, secured for the Town Council the
services of a thoroughly efficient and energetic officer, under whose
direction many works of public benefit have been accomplished,
including great improvements in the sewerage. The result has
been a steady and progressive decline in the death-rate of the
borough, which in 1887 stood at 20*2 per 1000, whereas in 1891,
it was only 17-2 per 1000.

BLUNDBLL'S SCHOOL.

In the previous section the history of Blundell's School was
traced to the year 1865. We propose to complete our account
of this ancient and famous institution by relating the occurrences
which led to the transference of the school to a new site, and by
detailing the alterations and improvements which it has subse-
quently undergone. In 1864 a Royal Commission was appointed
for the object of enquiring into the government, management,
and studies of endowed schools, and in agreement with their
recommendations an Act was passed " to amend the Law relating
to Endowed Schools and other Educational Endowments in
England, and otherwise to provide for the Advancement of
Education." This Act, which received the Eoyal Assent on the
2nd August, 1869, contemplated the establishment, throughout
the kingdom, of schools of three different grades ; and as Tiverton,
by reason of its rich educational endowments, was deeply interested
in its effects, on the 10th November, 1870, a number of the
inhabitants signed a requisition to the Mayor, Mr. J. Wills,
urging him to convene a public meeting in the Town Hall " with a
view to discuss the provisions of the said Act." In compliance
with this request the Mayor summoned a meeting of the towns-
people for the 3rd December, when a resolution was passed
pledging those present to use their best efforts to secure for
Tiverton a school of the first grade as well as schools of the second
and third grade. The meeting also signified its approval of a
pamphlet which had been lately printed, and in which the
Endowed Schools Act, in its relation to Tiverton, was ably dis-
cussed. Before the close of the meeting, a committee was
appointed for guarding the interests of the town in the edu-
cational changes then pending ; and soon after a sub-committee
was constituted " to enquire and report to the Committee on the
question of the best available sites in the town and immediate
neighbourhood (including the present site of Blundell's School)
for a school of the first grade, &c." The Committee chose as their
honorary secretary Mr. William Partridge, solicitor, and a very
efficient secretary he proved. It is due in a large measure to his
indefatigable efforts and energetic representations to the Com-
missioners that Tiverton is so well situated with respect to
education as it is to-day. This meeting of the inhabitants on the

TO-DAY 361

3rd December, 1870, may be taken as the inaugural event, to
which all later developments are to be referred. Very great
importance also attaches to the pamphlet which was put forward
as an expression of the local feeling and served as a text-book both
for the Commissioners and the inhabitants. I do not know who
was the author of the pamphlet, but I should not be surprised to
learn that it was Mr. Partridge. The work was addressed to the
inhabitants of Tiverton and endorsed by the following names :
J. H. Amory, F. Dunsford, W. E. Noble, members of the Devon
County Committee ; R. Duckworth, F. Mackenzie, W. Partridge,
F. O. Patch.

It will be obvious from what has been already said that a great
change had come over the minds of the townspeople on the
subject of the educational institutions of Tiverton. There was
no longer the slightest desire to limit the advantages of BlundelPs
School to the natives, but there was a very strong sentiment that,
in any re-arrangement which might be proposed, Tiverton should
not be the loser by any portion of the funds being diverted to
institutions or objects unconnected with the town. There was a
reasonable fear that, unless great vigilance were exercised, some-
thing of the sort would happen. The Commissioners, feeling
that the present needs of the country were of infinitely more
importance than local traditions and usages, dealt with the whole
subject in a thoroughly impartial and practical spirit, and Tiverton
was regarded not as an isolated unit, but, in accordance with their
general scheme, as an integral part of the county of Devon.
Supposing, therefore, that it had been decided to have a second-
grade school here, and not a first-grade school, it is almost certain
that some of the educational endowments of the town would have
been applied to the support of a first-grade school in some
other part of the county. The main object of the Committee
during the next six years, was to secure that the entire income of
the charities should be apportioned among a number of local
schools, which would tend, both from an educational and commercial
point of view, to benefit the town. It was proposed, in fact, to
institute five new schools, viz., a first-grade school, two second-
grade schools (for boys and girls', and two third-grade schools
(also for boys and girls). The Commissioners replied to this
suggestion by pointing out that five schools for a town of
10,000 inhabitants greatly exceeded the requirements, and they
advised, as an alternative, that there should be one first-grade
school, and two third-grade schools, with an advanced class for
pupils who desired to continue their education till the age of
sixteen. The inhabitants were very unwilling to accept this
arrangement. It was believed that there were ample funds for
the establishment of all five schools, and that if only three were
founded, the surplus would be given to other towns financially
worse off. Moreover, it was contended that the refusal of a

362 THE CHKO1STCLES OF TWYFORD

second-grade school would be exceedingly unfair to Tiverton, as
the inhabitants would be compelled to send their children, as
boarders, to Exeter or Crediton Schools, it' they wished them to
receive the benefit of a second-grade education.

Perhaps it will be useful, before going further, to explain the
meaning of these terms, first-grade, second-grade, etc. Theoretically
the term " first-grade " is used of those schools in which the sons of
persons of considerable wealth and good social position, together
with boys of marked ability coming from other classes, are prepared
directly for the Universities. In second-grade schools provision
is made for boys intended for a mercantile or professional career ;
while third-grade schools represent but a slight advance on the
public elementary schools. In practice it is found that the main
distinction between first-grade and second-grade schools is one of
boys being allowed to remain at first-grade schools until the
age iof 19, while in second-grade schools they leave, as a rule,
at or before 16. The curriculum of a first-grade school which
receives day-boys (as does Blundell's) necessarily includes a
modern as well as a classical side.

It was argued that a first-grade school would be recruited from
the wealthier gentry of Devonshire — indeed, Blundell's had
already been designated by the Devon County Committee as the
classical boarding school of the county — and would fail to offer
the sort of education necessary to fit boys for business ; while a
third-grade school, even with a class for advanced students, would
be useless for boys of the upper-middle classes on account of the
inadequate teaching, as well as for other reasons intimately
associated with human nature. Some of these fears were totally
unnecessary, as experience has since proved ; but as the question
of the co-existence of a first and second-grade school in the town
formed the subject of a rather voluminous correspondence between
the Commissioners and the Town Committee, and seemed at the
time to be fraught with important issues, 1 have thought it right
to deal with it at some length.

The question of a second-grade school for Tiverton was
closely connected with another matter, namely, the use of the
existing school premises. it was suggested that the Blundell
buildings, unsuited for a first-grade school, which would mainly
consist of boarders, would be admirably adapted for a second-
grade school. The Commissioners, opposed to a second-grade
school on principle, did not set much store by this argument and
appear to have thought that the premises might be transformed
so as to fit them for the reception of boys of the upper classes,
or that a new edifice might be erected on the same site. The
Committee, on the other hand, were fully persuaded that a first-
grade school near the Lowman could not possibly be a success.
The medical men of the town signed a declaration setting forth
the unhealthiness of the spot ; and in 1872, the Committee

TO-DAY 363

engaged the services of Messrs. Dymond & Sons, of Exeter,
surveyors, who also reported unfavourably on the site. The entire
soil, they stated, was saturated by the Lowman ; there was always
water in the " Usher's " cellar, while in times of flood the ground
was completely swamped. It was admitted that improved drainage
might, in some degree, remedy the mischief ; bub, taking into con-
sideration the contracted area, only five acres, bisected by the
school buildings, without any possibility of expansion, and
with a projected railway severing it from the only sites
available for boarding-houses, it was desirable on all accounts
to select a different spot. The sub-committee had already
thought of the Horsdon Estate as being the most eligible
site in the neighbourhood, and Messrs. Dymond & Sons con-
curred with them in believing that it would be better to
remove the School thither. In the end the Commissioners
resolved to leave the matter to the decision of the new Governing
body. The Committee were not quite satisfied with this deter-
mination, as the Trustees, it was understood, had already expressed
themselves adversely to the removal of the School from its existing
site. As the Trustees would be in a majority on the new board,
the case, it was alleged, was prejudged. However, the decision
of the Commissioners remained unaltered.

Another subject which occupied the attention of the Committee
was the constitution of the new Board of Governors, it had been
proposed, in the first instance, that this board should consist of
eighteen members, five of whom were to represent the local
interests, and to be called the Tiverton governors. In the draft
scheme of 1873, it was proposed to reduce the total number of
governors to sixteen, four to be local governors. Of this number,
however, only three could be looked upon as bond fide representa-
tives of Tiverton, as one was to be chosen by the Masters, whose
interests were not always identical with those of the town. The
proportion, therefore, which the local governors had originally
borne to the total number, was not maintained. Representations
were made to this effect, and in the final scheme of 1876, five
seats were assigned to the town, while the governing body, as a
whole, was to consist of eighteen members. One, the Lord-
Lieutenant of the County (who might, if he choSe, appoint a
delegate), was to be an ex-officio governor ; the rest were to be
either representative or co-optative governors. The ten repre-
sentative governors were to be appointed by the following elective
bodies :

Two, by the Justices of the Peace for the County of Devon.

Two, by the Members of Parliament for the several County and
Borough constituencies within the County of Devon.

One, by the Members of Parliament for the Borough of Tiverton.
(The appointment now rests with the member for the Tiverton division
of Devonshire).

Two, by the Governors of the Tiverton Middle Schools.

One, by the Head Master uud Assistant Masters of -Blundoll'a School.

364 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOUD

The co-optative governors were to be the Right Kev. Frederick
Temple, Lord Bishop of Exeter (subsequently appointed Bishop
of London), and six other persons to be appointed by the
governing body " as soon as conveniently may be after the date of
this scheme."

Lastly, there remained the question of fees. The natives, as we
saw in the previous section, were accustomed to be educated free.
It was at first proposed as a modus vivendi that boys whose parents
had resided in Tiverton for at least three years, should be per-
mitted to attend the school on payment of two-thirds of the
ordinary fees, but that in case a second-grade school was estab-
lished, the right of Tiverton boys to be admitted to Blundell's
School at a reduced fee, should cease. The local Committee took
exception to this arrangement, and in the scheme of 1876,
nothing was said as to what should ensue in the event of a second-
grade school being established. By the same scheme, it was
arranged that the sum of <£100 per annum should be laid out in
open scholarships, tenable at the School, and, if the funds allowed,
an additional £50 for the benefit exclusively of Tiverton boys.

After the publication of the scheme embodying the final
decisions of the Commissioners, the local committee, having no
further scope for its labours, dissolved.* As we have seen, the
Commissioners left several important questions — notably that of
the school site — for the Governors to adjudicate on. In
November, 1877, the new board (in spite of the presence of some
of the old trustees, about whose attitude in the matter hasty and
inaccurate conclusions had been formed), determined to remove
the school to Horsdon. In arriving at this decision they were
influenced very materially by the strongly-expressed opinion of
the Head-master, Mr. A. L. Francis, who was convinced that a
successful first-grade school could not be established on the
old site. As soon as the resolution of the Governors became
known, the project was strenuously opposed both by a large
section of the inhabitants of Tiverton and the London Press,
more especially by two or three technical journals, who appear to
have assumed that in the plan of erecting a new building was
included the demolition of the old. The intentions of the Gover-
nors in this regard were at first not very clearly expressed ; and
Mr. William Morris, the secretary of the Society for the Protec-
tion of Ancient Buildings, felt it his duty to address a note of
remonstrance to the Governors, in which he pointed out that
the buildings erected in the early part of the seventeenth century
" existed at the present day apparently untouched, with all their
old fittings." They were, he said, neither small nor unimportant,
but were beautiful examples of that temperate and peculiar

* Before separating the Committee passed a special resolution,
thanking Mr. Partridge for his zealous services.

TO-DAY 365

domestic style of architecture which had heen a glory to English
art. Another writer observed that the building in question was
one of the finest examples of the Jacobean style in the country,
and was a most interesting and beautiful specimen of English
scholastic architecture. Even without these reminders, however,
men like Bishop Temple, Earl Devon, Sir Thomas Acland,
Earl Fortescue, Sir Stafford Northcote (afterwards the first
Lord Iddesleigh), and other distinguished Devonians, were
not like to fail in their duty as custodians of an historic trust ;
and at a meeting held on the 10th of August, 1878, it was
resolved that " upon the sale or otherwise of the old buildings it
should be expressly stipulated that they should never be altered,
but that they should be kept in their present form." It was
decided also that the names of the boys cut in the walls of the
school should be copied on a brass plate and inserted in the walls
of the new building.

Meanwhile the local opposition to the change had gathered
strength and it was decided at a meeting attended by 300 of the
inhabitants to memorialize the Governors and the Charity
Commissioners in favour of the existing site. Apart from the
inexplicable desire which at all times and in all places possesses
the human animal to thwart and embarrass any design upon
which others of the species are known to have set their hearts,
the reasons which influenced the petitioners were mainly two.
First, the distance of the proposed site from the town, which would
render it inaccessible to residents ; and, secondly, that the distinc-
tive character of the school, the genius loci, was bound up with
the retention of the old site and the old buildings. It was urged
that the masters' houses could be erected on Dayman's-hill,
whereby the whole of the existing premises would be rendered
available as school-rooms, while the gardens could be thrown into
the playground. The danger to health, which in any case would
have primarily affected the boarders, would thus be reduced to a
minimum; and at least one of the medical men, who had signed the
declaration of 1872, now turned his back on that document and
affirmed that during forty years' practice in the town, he could
remember only two deaths as having occurred at Blundell's
School. The Governors, however, convinced of the superiority of
their plan, showed no disposition to allow themselves to be schooled
or assisted in their duties by any critics or mentors other than full-
blooded Charity Commissioners ; and advertised for plans for
a new building. Their opponents retorted by presenting
a memorial, extensively signed, to the Commissioners ; which
had the effect of bringing down Mr. G-oode, an Assistant-Com-
missioner, on the 13th November, 1878, to receive evidence on
the vexed question of sites. He warned the memorialists that
they must not be too confident of the issue, as the Commissioners
had already in a great measure committed themselves by sanction-

366 THE CHEONICLE8 OF TWYFOED

ing the Horsdon site. In point of fact, nothing was gained by
this agitation. On 7th February, 1879, a communication was
received by two gentlemen of the town, who had been active
opponents of the scheme, which made it hopeless to engage in
any further proceedings. The Charity Commissioners had finally
approved the change.

On Saturday, June 26, 1880, the foundation stone of Blundell's
new buildings was laid at Horsdon, about a mile from the
centre of the town. The service in connection with the
ceremony commenced with Psalms cxxi. and cxxv., the verses
being read alternately by the Eural Dean (the Eev. H. Venn) and
the assembled people. Then followed a short prayer and
a hymn beginning : — " O God our help in ages past."
Lord Devon then laid the stone. His first proceeding was to
place a glass bottle in such a position that it would fit into a
cavity in the stone. The following is a copy of the inscription
on vellum enclosed in the bottle :

BLUNDELL'S SCHOOL, TIVERTON.

This School was first established and endowed under the will of Peter
Blundell, of this town, merchant, in the year of our Lord 1604, and
was erected and still stands on the left bank of the river Lowman, at
the entering of the Town from the south and east.

The corner stone of the new School Buildings, erected on the same
foundation, but on another site, was laid, by the Right Honourable Sir
William Reginald Courtenay, 12th Earl of Devon, on the 26th day of
June, 1880.

GOVERNORS :

The Earl of Devon, (Chairman) ; The Earl Fortescue,
The Lord Bishop of Exeter : Lord Coleridge,

Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart. M.P.,
Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, Bart., M.P., (Vice- Chairman,')

Right Hon. Sir Stafford Northcote, Bart.. M.P.,

Rev. Charles S. Bere, M.A. ; Thomas Carew, Esq.,

Richard Hall Clarke, Esq. ; George W. Cockram, Esq..

Rev. Edward Dayman, M.A. ; Francis Dunsford, Esq., (Vice- Chairman),

William Partridge. Esq.; Fred. A. Payne, Esq.,
William Rayer, Esq. ; William N. Row, Esq ; Frederick Snell, Esq.
HEAD MASTER: A. L Francis, Esq., M.A.
CLERK AND TREASURER : Arthur Cruwys Sharland, Esq.
ARCHITECTS: John and Pearson B. Hay ward, Exeter.
CONTRACTORS : Langdon and Poole, Alinehead.

Mr. Hayward, on the part of the architects, presented Lord
Devon with a handsome trowel having an ivory handle and a
silver blade ; and his Lordship, having spread the mortar beneath
the stone, it was lowered, fixed in position, tested with a square
and found true. A representative of the contractors then
handed his Lordship an oak mallet, with which he struck the
stone at each corner, saying : — " In the faith of Jesus Christ arid
in memory of Peter Blundell, we fix this stone with the prayer
that within these walls hereon to be raised, the true faith and
fear of God, together with brotherly love and sound learni ng

TO-DAY 367

may for ever flourish and abound. Amen." To this his Lordship
added the expression of the hope that all employed in erecting
the building might be preserved from accident and harm. The
Bishop then offered prayer, after which followed the hymn
" All people that on earth do dwell," and the service closed with
the Benediction.

The cost of this enterprise was £ 1 5,000 : £4,000 for the land ;
£8,000 for the School buildings ; and £3,000 for the Head
Master's house.

The site extends over twenty acres of high and open ground,
with a slope to the south and west, the soil being gravel.
The buildings, which cover an area of 30,000 square feet,
are of Halberton stone, their warm depth of colour being
relieved by Doulting stone facings and mullioned windows.
The edifice lies north and south, the main elevation being
towards the town of Tiverton, on the west. The southern
part consists of the head- master's house, with accommodation
for about forty boarders ; the northern portion, devoted to
scholastic purposes, comprises a wing running parallel with
the Halberton -road. At the north west corner is a bold
semi-Norman tower, over the entrance arch of which has
been placed an ancient brass plate taken from the old porch
and recording the foundation of the school by Peter Blundell in
1604. Above this plate is a niche for a statue of the Founder —
a tribute of respect which it is to be hoped some Old Boy in his
overflowing gratitude will speedily present. Passing through the
entrance hall the visitor finds himself at the junction of two
broad passages w hich branch off at right angles ; the one to the
east leads through the northern wing of the building (in which
are a suite of rooms devoted to the study of natural science), and
the exit at the further end opens into the play-ground, which is
twelve acres in extent. Entering the passage towards the south,
we find a sitting-room for assistant masters, a room for day-boys,
a library, and a spacious dining-room, communicating at the back
with the head-master's premises. A massive stone staircase leads to
the first-floor, on which are a number of class-rooms besides the big
Schoolroom. The latter is a very handsome hall, sixty-six feet
long and thirty-seven feet wide, with an open roof of red deal
supported on carved brackets, and the height is thirty-seven feet.
Added to this room is a gallery, extending over the staircase, with
sitting accommodation for about seventy persons. This fine
room, which possesses excellent acoustic properties, is used for
various purposes, such as Speech-day celebrations, concerts, and
the like. The School removed to its new quarters on May 9th, 1882.

On June 29, 1883, chiefly through the exertions of the
Eev. T. TJ. Cross, M.A., one of the assistant-masters, himself
an Old Blundellian, an important addition was made to the
school by the building of a Chapel, which cost about £2,500. Of

368 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYTOED

this sum the greater part was raised by voluntary subscriptions.
The original dimensions of the Chapel were 85 feet by 25 feet,
but in 1887, owing to the increase of scholars, the building was
enlarged by a new wing. The credence table was given by the
architect, Mr. John Hay ward, and the altar-cloth and cushions
by the Head Master and Mrs. Francis. The screen was
formed partly of Blundell's oak taken from the old build-
ings, and partly of wood from Powderham, the seat of Lord
Devon, chairman of the board of Governors. An " Old Boy,"
who preferred to remain unknown, contributed the service-books,
and Mr. G. H. Norman, one of the Assistant-Masters, has
recently supplemented this gift by presenting to the chapel
250 Bibles, in memory of his late wife. In 1885, the Balliol
Scholars responded to an invitation of the Eev. Stephen Wade,
and subscribed for a stained-glass window ; and a similar appeal,
addressed to the Sydney Sussex Exhibitioners, was also successful.
A third stained- glass window was provided by a number of Old
Boys, through the efforts of the Rev. J. B. Hughes, a former
Head-master, and Mr. Lewis Mackenzie, who acted for many
years as one of the secretaries of the annual celebration ; while a
fourth was erected in memory of the Eev. John Eussell. On
the walls are several memorial tablets in honour of Old Boys,
former Masters, and Governors In 1891, the internal arrange-
ments were perfected by the addition of an organ (costing £340)
and dressing-room for the choir.

In 1885 a gymnasium, workshop, fives' court, and asphalte
tennis court were acquired, the expenses being met partly by the
Masters, partly by the Governors, and partly by the voluntary
subscriptions from the friends of the school; and in 1886 a
swimming bath was added, at a cost of £584. Further exten-
sions comprise a pavilion and dressing-room, a forge-room, and
" tuck-shop " ; besides additions to the Head-Master's house
and the class-room accommodation. The funds for the work-
shop were presented by Mr. Charles Billyard, an Old Boy.
Meanwhile boarding-houses were built by the Assistant Masters
— " Old House" by the Eev. T. TJ. Cross, " Westlake" by Mr.
E. P. Eooper, "North Close" by Mr. G. H. Spring and
" Petergate " by Mr. G. H. Norman. The tower-clock was given
by Mr. Frank Morrison, of London, and the gates, in 1891, by
Sir J. Heathcoat Amory.

The present condition of the school is one on which all who
are interested in its welfare have good reason to congratulate
themselves. When the School was removed, the number of boys
(both boarders and day-scholars) was only about 75. There are
now upwards of 280, of whom eighty are day-boys. At least
two Foundation Scholarships and two or three Entrance Scholar-
ships of £20 each, tenable during stay at School, are awarded
annually in the summer, the limit of age being 15 years. One

TO-DAT 369

Pinckard Entrance Scholarship of £40 for two years, tenable at
the School, is given every other year. Attached to the School
are Scholarships and Exhibitions at the Universities to the
value of £640 ; via :

Five Scholarships of £60 per annum at Balliol College, Oxford,
tenable for five years.

Three Exhibitions of £60 per annum at Sidney Sussex College, Cam-
bridge, tenable for three years.

One Newte Exhibition of £42 per annum at Balliol College, Oxford,
tenable for five years.

One Ham Exhibition of £30 per annum, tenable for three years at
Oxford or Cambridge.

One Gilberd Exhibition of £30 per annum, tenable for three years at
Oxford or Cambridge.

One Down Exhibition of £21 per annum, tenable for three years at
Oxford or Cambridge.

Candidates for the Balliol Scholarships must have been at the
School for three yiars before election ; for any other Scholarship
or Exhibition, two years. The Sidney Sussex Exhibitions are
tenable, and are often held, with open Scholarships at the College,
which are worth from .£40 to £80 per annum. Besides the
above close Scholarships and Exhibitions, the boys educated at
Blundell's are privileged to compete for the following :

Four Huish Exhibitions of £50 for four years, limited to Taunton,
Exeter, Sherborne, and Blundell's School. These were founded in the
year 1875. They have been won by Blundell's School in 1877, 1878,
1880, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1887, 1888, 1891, and 1892. They can be held
with any other Scholarships.

Ten Stapledon Scholarships of £60 for five years at Exeter College,
Oxford, limited to persons born or educated in the old diocese of Exeter.

Four Dyke Scholarships of £60 for four years at any College or Hall in
Oxford, limited to persons born or educated in Somerset, Devon, or
Cornwall.

To the list of Governors of the School (as given on page 363)
must be added two representatives appointed by the Tiverton
Town Council. The endowments of the School consist principally
of agricultural property in South Devon ; and the income there-
from in 1891 was £662.

The old School premises on Lowman Green were sold by the
Governors by private treaty to Mr. Thomas Ford, a member of
the Tiverton Town Council and head of a firm of well-known
brewers, who converted them into five dwelling-houses, leaving
the front elevation almost untouched

EDUCATION.

The Tiverton Middle Schools, in which about 150 boys and
girls receive an excellent education, came into existence as the
result of a scheme formulated by the Charity Commiseioners
in 1376 " for the Administration of the Foundation or
Foundations known as the Tiverton Charity Schools, otherwise
BB

370 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFOED

known as the Bluecoat School, in the parish of Tiverton, in the
County of Devon, including the several Endowments of Henry
Blagdon, Peter Newte, John Tristram, Mary Peard, and Benjamin
Gilberd, and Trowbridge's Gift, and all other Endowments, if any,
of the said School." The income provided by these endowments
amounts to about £265 a year. The object of this scheme was to
create an intermediate institution bet ween the elementary schools of
the town and Blundell's School. Chilcott's School bad been intended
to serve as a sort of tributary to Blundell's, and it seems rather
strange that the Commissioners did not appropriate the funds of
that institution for the purpose of founding Middle Schools,
leaving the property of the Charity Schools available for the
establishment of a Technical School. Perhaps the explanation
is that no definite scheme for technical education was then
before the country ; and that by the Endowed Schools Amend-
ment Act of 1873 Chilcott's institution was excluded from
the operations of the Commissioners, by the fact that its
educational endowment was under £100 per annum. In the
Middle Schools scheme, provision is made for scholarships
to be competed for by pupils who have attended the public
elementary schools of the parish for three years immediately
preceding. The Middle Schools consist of two departments — one
for girls, commenced in 1878, and the other for boys, started in
1881. The boys occupy the buildings formerly used by the
Bluecoat School in Castle-street, and the girls are taught in new
premises further up the street. The management of both schools
is in the hands of a governing body, consisting of one member
elected by the Justices acting in or for the Borough of Tiverton ;
two members elected by the Town Council ; one member
elected by the clergy of the parish ; and six co-optative governors.
Boarders are received both by the Head Master (the Rev. W.
French) and by the Head Mistress (Miss Drew).

Of the foundation of Chilcott's School in 1611 an account is
given on pages 97-98. The premises in St. Peter-street are an
interesting example of Elizabethan architecture. Mr. R. M.
Perkins, who resigned in 1 885, had been the master for 45 years :
the present master is Mr. G. M. Cowell, who is allowed by the
trustees to charge a fee of 7s. 6d. per boy each quarter, the number
on the books being about 30. The salary of £20 payable from
the endowment is increased by the interest on Gilberd's bequest
(about .£10 yearly), and by an annual grant of £3 for keeping the
accounts of the charity. The Town Committee appointed in
1870 to consider the educational interests of the town, before
dissolving in 1876. passed a resolution conveying to the Trustees
of Chilcott's School "their strong impression that the earliest
steps practicable should be taken to render the endowment of
that School of greater utility to the educational requirements of
Tiverton." This suggestion, however, seems to have had no effect.

TO-DAT 371

TITBETON TECHNICAL SCHOOL.

The Tiverton Technical School, now one of the most flourishing
institutions of its kind in the West of England, is of compara-
tively recent growth. Its origin must be traced to an Art class,
established in the year 1875 at the suggestion of Mr. James
Grason, J.P., the first Chairman of the Committee being
Mr. G. W. Cockram, J.P., the then Mayor, and the teacher Mr.
G. Fare. Accommodation for the class was provided at the
Wilderness House School, and subsequently at the Middle
Schools. In 1882 (by which time the Eev. George Hadow had
become Chairman of the Committee, and science classes had been
added), an important advance was made. Large central
premises, known as the " Athaeneum." were rented, the Art class
was raised to the rank of an Art School, and Mr. Emil Scales
Ferkin, of the South Kensington Art School (National Silver
Medallist and Queen's Prizeman), was appointed Head Master.
The effect of Mr. Perkin's energy and ability was soon apparent.
The number of students rapidly rose ; and in 1884 the premises
were purchased for the sum of £1,200 from Sir John Heathcoat
Amory, Bart., and extensive alterations were effected to meet the
growing requirements of the School. The necessary funds were
raised partly by Government grant (£5 12), partly by a Bazaar
(£400), and partly by subscriptions, among the donors being Sir
J. H. Amory, £100 ; Mr. John Coles, £100 ; and the Rev. G.
Hadow, £100. An important impetus to the work of the
institution was given in 1891, when (owing to the allocation by
Government of certain funds for the encouragement of technical
instruction), a grant of £150 was made to the School by the
Devon County Council, and a further grant of £75 by the
Tiverton Town Council, which amounts were increased in 1892 to
£250 and £100 respectively. The title of the institution, which
had previously been the " Tiverton Art and Science Schools," was
modified by the introduction of the word " Technical " ; an
assistant art-master and a duly-qualified science-master were
appointed ; the curriculum of the institution was enlarged, to
include manual and commercial subjects ; the Committee became
responsible for the teaching of technical subjects at the Middle
Schools (boys and girls) ; and Mr. E. S. Perkin was constituted
Director of the entire scheme. The present prosperous condition
of the institution must be attributed partly to the energy of the
Director (Mr. Perkin) ; partly to the untiring labours of Mr.
Grason, who has been the honorary secretary almost from the
start ; partly to the generous aid of the Rev. George Hadow, and
his successor in the chair, the Kev. T. U. Cross ; and partly to the
co-operation of a large and influential Committee, among whom it
would be invidious to mention names.

BB2

372 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYTOED

ELEMENTA.BY EDUCATION.

Elementary Education in Tiverton is provided by three agencies
— the Heathcoat School, the National Schools, and the Board
Schools. The Heathcoat School, situated close to the lace factory,
owes its institution to the liberality of Mr. Heathcoat, and dates
from 1841. There are upwards of 800 children on the books, and
the school takes rank as one of the most efficient of its kind.
The premises, viewed from without, are an ornament to the
town, the facade, with entrances in a covered arcade, being
extremely elegant. Within, the arrangements are carefully
adapted to promote the health and comfort both of teachers and
taught, the latest addition to the establishment being a spacious
hall, in which the scholars learn drawing and the Swedish system
of manual training known as " Slojd." The boys' department
was for 36 years under the care of Mr. J. N. Singleton as head-
master ; he was succeeded by one of his pupils, Mr. Bidgood ; and
the present head-master (Mr. Bale) was also trained in the School.
The mistress of the girls' school is Miss Wilson ; and of the Infants'
department Miss Ellis. The religious teaching of the schools is
unsectarian ; and the cost of maintenance is defrayed by Messrs.
Heathcoat & Co.

The National Schools of Tiverton date from 1820. For some
time they were located on a site in St. Andrew-street, now
occupied by the Bible Christian chapel ; but in 1842 they were
removed to their present commodious premises on the opposite
side of the same thoroughfare. The Schools are under the
management of a Committee, of which Sir J. H. Heathcoat
Amory is president, and the local clergy vice-presidents. Definite
religious teaching is given in accordance with the principles of
the Church of England. The scholars number about 280. Mr.
E. H. Veale is the master of the boys' school ; Miss Pennymore
the mistress of the girl's school ; and Mrs. Veale, of the infants'.
Collections are made in the churches, and subscriptions received,
towards the expenses of the schools. The income includes a sum
of about £15 per year from " Pitman's charity " — being one fourth
part of the dividends on a sum of £2,140 invested in Consols, to
be expended by the Hectors of Tiverton " according to their dis-
cretion in the education of children in sound Church principles." A
further sum of about £8 yearly is received from an endowment
fund of £300, left by the Eev. James How, of Colyton, in 1816,
" towards the establishment and support of a Sunday School at
the old Church, Tiverton," the Eectors, churchwardens, and over-
seers being Trustees.

In 1874 the Tiverton School Board came into being, the first
members being Mr. Stephen Fisher (chairman), Eev. Gr. Hadow,
Eev. J. P. Carey, Messrs. F. A. Payne, F. Snell, J. Carpenter, H.
Haydon, J. W. Anstey, and J. Davys. Their work was much
facilitated by the munificence of Mrs. Brewin, who handed over

TO-DAY 373

the Board excellent Schools built by her in Bampton-street and
Elmore, together with a valuable endowment in the form of
cottage property, producing an income of about .£150 a year. In
the country parts of the Borough increased school accommodation
was found requisite ; and this was in due course provided at
Withleigh, Cove, Bolham, and Chevithorne. School Board
elections have taken place in 1877, 1880, 1883, 1886, 1889, and
1892. 'L'he Chairmen, since Mr. Fisher's decease, have been the
Eev. G-eorge Hadow, Mr. James Barnes, and Mr. G-eorge Hall.
The annual expenditure of the Board is about £1,400, of which
about one-half is drawn from the rates.

At all the elementary schools of the Borough education was
made entirely free on September 1st, 1891.

A MELANCHOLY EPISODE.

A. melancholy incident, which led to an alteration in the statute-
law of England, occurred in Tiverton in the closing days of 1881.
James Holmes, a factory operative, 28 years of age, committed
suicide one Thursday afternoon by cutting his throat. He was a
man of irreproachable character, and for some months previously
had suffered much from weakness, complaining of pressure on the
head, and being at times light-headed. On the day after his
death an inquest was held, at which the jury returned a verdict of
Felo de se, adding a rider to the effect that in their opinion " the
act was committed whilst the deceased was under great mental
depression." It being necessary, in order to comply with the
requirements of the law, that the interment should take place
between the hours of nine p.m. and midnight, aad also within
twenty-four hours of the issuing of the Coroner's warrant (which
in this case was issued about eight o'clock on Friday evening), the
Superintendent of Police was obliged to arrange for the funeral
the same night. Some delay was caused through the absence of
the Cemetery-keeper from home ; but about ten p.m. two
excavators commenced digging the grave, in a remote corner
of the cemetery ; and the interment took place a few minutes
before midnight. There were no religious rites, but after
the interment the Eev. J. P. Carey, pastor of the Baptist
Church (with which Holmes was associated) offered an extempore
prayer. The proceedings were watched with deep interest
by hundreds of spectators ; and the incident caused an intense
feeling of indignation throughout the town. Early in the
following year (1882) a Bill "to amend the law relating to the
interment of any person found felo de se" was introduced into the
House of Commons by Viscount Ebrington and Sir John Amory
(the members for Tiverton). The effect of this measure was to
repeal the enactments requiring a hurried burial without religious
rites, and to sanction the interment " in any of the ways prescribed
or authorised by the Burial Laws Amendment Act, 1880."

374 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYPOED

ECCLESIASTICAL EEFOBM.

The credit of re-constituting the ecclesiastical arrangements of
Tiverton parish, on a new and improved basis, must be given to
the Eight Eev. Dr. Temple, the present Bishop of London. In
1884, when Dr. Temple was Bishop of Exeter, he succeeded in
passing through both Houses of Parliament a Bill entitled " The
Benefices (Tiverton) Consolidation Amendment Act," enabling
him, with the consent of the patrons of the livings, to prepare
a scheme for the division of the parish whereby the ancient
" portions " should be abolished. After some delay, caused, it is
believed, by the difficulty of obtaining united action on the part
of the patrons, the Bishop drafted a scheme, an outline of
which he submitted to cei-tain of the persons concerned. As
explaining the need of some alteration, his Lordship described
the actual working of the parish as follows :

The Parish of Tiverton which contains a good-sized town with a large
area of country round it, has four Rectors, one of them being King's
College, Cambridge, always represented by a Curate, who has in relation
to the Parish and the other Rectors the rights of a Rector. Each
Rector has legal charge of the whole parish for a week injburn, and legal
charge of St. Peter's, the Parish Church, on the Sunday beginning that
week, and of St. George's, the Chapel of Ease, on the Sunday at the end
of that week. The Parish is divided into five portions — Pitt, Tidcombe,
Clare, Prior's, and All Fours. Each Rector takes his title and derives
most of his income from one of the four first-mentioned portions. The
town is situated in the fifth. Besides these five portions there is also a
district enclosed within them constituting an entirely independent
Parish called Westexe. It was formerly a part of All Fours. The
income of the Rectory of Pitt is about £940 and a house ; that of Tid-
combe about £970 and a house ; that of Clare £690 with no house, but
with a reversion of £50 in addition. The Rectory of Prior's belongs to
King's College. There is a country Church called Cove in Pitt Portion ;
another called Chevithorne in Tidcombe portion ; another called With-
leigh in Clare portion. Chevithorne has an endowment of £50 a year,
and Withleigh an endowment of £8. The Rector of each of these
portions is responsible for the country church in his portion ; and by
long established custom each of the four Rectors visits the sick in his
own portion. But for the whole parochial work (including the visiting
of the sick), in All Fours, that is, in the town, no Rector is permanently
responsible, but only each during his week of office. In the District of
All Fours which contains the great bulk of the population, no one is
permanently responsible for bringing children to baptism, for instruct-
ing the children and preparing them for Confirmation, for visiting the
" whole and sick " according to the promise in the ordination service, or
indeed for any other parochial work of any kind. I have in past days
known instances of children presented for Confirmation by one Rector
who had been rejected as unfit by another. There is nothing of this
sort now, but it might at any time return. The system works ill in
spite of every desire to work it well. And particularly the rotation in
the charge of the Parish Church and of the services in it, is a cause of
perpetual friction. Neither Clergy nor people are satisfied with the
arrangement nor is it likely that they ever could be. It is sometimes
called a Collegiate management of the Parish. But the four Rectors
are not a College. Not only they do not live together, but the majority
have no power to bind the minority so as to produce common action ;

TO-DAY 375

nor could the decision of three of them free the fourth from the respon-
sibility of any action that he took in consequence. There is, in fact,
no means whatever of procuring1 that unity in action which is essential
to the successful management of a parish. The only effectual remedy
for such a state of things is to sub-divide the Parish. The following is
the outline of a scheme for the purpose, which I submit for consider-
ation : —

The scheme consists of two parts, one to take effect on the avoidance
of the Rectory of Clare, the other on the avoidance of either Pitt or
Clare. The Rector of Clare has announced his intention of resigning so
that the first part of the scheme would take effect at once. The Curacy
of Priors is vacant already.

PABT I.

(a) Consolidate the Kectory (not, that is, the endowments, but the
rights and duties), of Clare with that of Pitt ; and similarly the Rectory
of Priors with that of Tidcombe. This would at once change the
present rotation of four into a rotation of two.

King's College as Rector of Prior's should be freed from all respon-
sibility on making a payment of £120 a year.

(J) Assign a, District to Withleigh Church so as to make it an inde-
pendent Parish. The Tithe Rent Charge of Clare amounts to £565 per
annum ; out of this £500 would be a sufficient endowment for With-
leigh. The new Parish of Withleigh should include the largest part of
Clare and a small part of Priors.

(G) Attach the rest of Clare and Priors to Westexe and add to the
endowment of Westexe the remaining £65 from the Tithe Rent Charge
of Clare, and, if necessary, part of the £120 paid by King's College.

(d) Assign to Cove Church a District taken from Pitt. Give to this
District the remaining endowments of Clare amounting to about £125
in possession . and £51) in reversion, and add also the rest of the £120
paid by the College. This would make up an income of about £250.

PART II.

On the avoidance either of the Rectory of Tidcombe Priors or of the
Rectory of Pitt-Clare

(a) Assign a District to Chevithorne mainly out of Tidcombe, partly
out of Pitt. Make up its present income of £50 a year to £300 out of
the revenues of the vacant Rectory.

(b) Assign a District to St. George's Chapel, and give this District
the name of the Rectoty or Vicarage of St. George's, Tiverton. This
District or Parish should take the southern part of the Town, and a
considerable part of Tidcombe portion in the country. To this Rectory
assign the remainder of the revenue of the vacant Rectory.

(c) Give the surviving Rector the title of Rector of St. Peter's,
Tiverton, and let him keep St. Peter's Church and the revenues of his
Rectory untouched.

Provide that whenever the Rectory House of Tidcombe shall be next
vacant that house shall be sold and a Rectory House bought or built in
or near the town Tidcombe House is too far from the work and is a
heavy burden on the Living.

The Rectory of St. Peter's would have the largest population and
ought to have the largest income.

These recommendations (with some few exceptions, such as the
sale of Tidcombe Bectory), were accepted by the Ecclesiastical
Commissioners, who prepared a scheme with reference to the
parish of Tiverton, which received the sanction of the Queen,
and was published in the London Gazette of the sixteenth of

376 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFORD

March, 1886. It is to be observed, however, that the incomes
assigned to the various livings, as fixed by the Commissioners, vary
considerably from those originally proposed by Bishop Temple,
and owing to the depreciation of tithes and other circumstances
the value of most of these benefices is considerably less than it was
even five years ago.

The carrying out of the first part of the scheme was rendered
feasible by the resignation of the Rev. Henry Venn, Rector of
Clare Portion, following shortly after the death of the Rev.
Michael Thome, by which an avoidance had previously been
caused in Prior's Portion ; and, finally, on the decease of
the Rev. William Knight, the Rector of Pitt- Clare, which
took place in 1889, the last of the transitions projected by
the Bishop was completed. The first Rector of Tiverton, there-
fore, was the Rev. George Hadow, formerly of Tidcombe and
then of Tidcombe-Prior's, who survived all his colleagues. As he
was already advanced in years, he did not hold the position long,
resigning, in fact, in 1890. Mr. Hadow, who will always be
remembered for his great liberality, died in March, 1892. His
successor is the Rev. J. R. Eyre, M.A., Honorary Canon of
Liverpool, who had previously had charge of the parish of St.
Helen's, Lancashire, and whose zeal as a pastor and power as a
preacher are recognized and esteemed alike by the congregation
of St. Peter's and the townspeople generally. The first Vicar of
St. George's was the Rev. Walter John Edmonds, B.D., formerly
Rector of Highbray, Southmolton. Mr. Edmonds was not
allowed to remain long in Tiverton. For some years he had been
a Prebendary of Exeter Cathedral, and in 1891 he was appointed
Canon Residentiary, and thus the living of St. George's, Tiverton,
was rendered vacant. Canon Edmonds was succeeded by the Rev.
P. R. Scott, M.A., formerly Vicar of St. George's, East Stone-
house, Plymouth. Mr. Scott, who is also a Prebendary of Exeter
Cathedral, speedily acquired a great influence for good in Tiverton.

PAELIAMENTAEY RBPEESENTATION.

Under the clause of the Redistribution Bill of 1 884, which dis-
franchised all boroughs with less than 15,000 inhabitants, Tiverton
ceased to enjoy separate Parliamentary representation and lost
both its members The borough was merged in a division of the
county comprising "the petty sessional division of Cullompton,
the borough of Tiverton, and the petty sessional division of
Wonford outside the parliamentary borough of Exeter." The
division thus formed was of a curious shape, extending from
'Morebath, on the North, to Dawlish (but not including Dawlish),
on the south. It contains seventy parishes with a population of
58,033, and 8,972 electors. The acreage is 210,073 and the
length from north to south 26 miles. The people of Tiverton
were not quite satisfied with this arrangement. It was certainly

TO-DAY 377

extremely artificial and calculated to take all of the interest out
of future elections by the destruction of the local feeling, the
voters in the northern and southern portions of the division on
all ordinary occasions being completely out of touch with each
other. The official name of the constituency is the " Tiverton, or
North Eastern Division of Devon." The first election was in
November, 1885. Colonel William Hood Walrond (the present
Baronet), who had previously sat for East Devon from 1880
to 1885, came forward in the Conservative interest;' while Mr.
Sydney Stern (the present member for the Stowmarket division
of Suffolk) championed the Liberal cause. The result of the
polling was Colonel Walrond's return by 4,563 votes, as against
3,460 for Mr. Stern — majority 1,103. Another general election
followed in July, 1886, when Colonel Walrond enjoyed a *' walk-
over," as he did again a few weeks later when appointed a Junior
Lord of the Treasury (or " whip ") under Lord Salisbury's admin-
istration. At the general election of July, 1892, Sir W, H.
Walrond had as his opponent Sir John Budd Phear, Kt., a retired
Jndian Judge, resident at Exmouth. Sir W. H. Walrond was
again victorious, polling 4,432 votes, while Sir John Phear's sup-
porters numbered only 3,100, the Conservative majority thus
being 1,332.

It may be of interest to add that Sir W. H. Walrond, whose
residence is at Bradfield Court, Devon, is the eldest son of the
late Sir John Walrond (who died in April, 1889), by the Hon.
Frances Caroline Hood, daughter of Lord Bridport. He was
born in 1849, educated at Eton, and served for a time in the
Grenadier Guards. He has been lieutenant-colonel of the 1st
Devon Eifle Volunteers since 1877, and hon. colonel from 1889.
He married in 1871 Elizabeth Katherine, daughter and heiress of
the late Mr. James Pitman, of Dunchideock-house, Devon. In
the autumn of 1892 Sir W. H Walrond became a partner in the
firm of Sanders & Co., Exeter Bank. He is a J.P. and D.L. for
Devon.

THE JUBILEE.

During the week commencing June 20th, 1887, Tiverton in
common with every town and village in the United Kingdom
celebrated her Majesty's Jubilee. The proceedings began with a
popular concert at the Drill Hall by the Musical Society on
Monday evening. Tuesday morning was ushered in by the
Town Band parading at one o'clock and playing the, National
Anthem at various points of the town. At dawn St. Peter's
Society of Change-ringers began a Jubilee " touch " consisting of
50 treble leads or 750 changes grandsire trebles, specially com-
posed for the occasion by Miss E. Cruwys Sharland. Other
touches were rung later in the day. At the invitation of the
officers the members of the Tiverton Company of Volunteers

378 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFORD

dined in the evening at the Drill Hall. The men paraded at the
Town Hall, and marched via Bampton-street to the Drill Hall,
at the same time escorting the Deputy Mayor and Corporation to
a united service of Nonconformists at the Baptist Chapel. About
ten o'clock immense bonfires were lighted on three heights near
the town — at Seven Crosses, Vanpost, and Exeter Hill. At each
of these places about a thousand faggots of wood and other
materials were used, having been kindly given by farmers living
in the neighbourhood. The great day, however, was Wednesday.
The inhabitants were treated to a reveille by the band marching
round the town at seven o'clock, and the pealing of the church
bells, which was resumed at intervals till a late hour. At half-
past ten a large and representative procession of townsmen
assembled by invitation at the Town Hall to accompany the
Mayor and Corporation to church in the following order : —

The Volunteers ; The Superintendent of Police ; The Borough Police ;
The Mace-bearers; The Town Crier (wearing his robe of office and
carrying his staff) ; The Mayor ; The Corporation ; The Town Clerk and
Magistrates' Clerk ; The Borough Coroner ; The Borough Magistrates ;
Clergy and Ministers ; The School Board ; The Churchwardens of St.
Paul's ; The Overseers of the Poor, Borough Auditor, Rate Collector, and
Water Bailiff; Masters of Blundell's School; and others; St. Peter's
Lodge of Freemasons ; Ancient Order of Foresters (Court Exe Vale) ;
Ancient Order of Oddfellows, in regalia.

The procession marched to the Parish Church by way of St.
Peter-street, and was met at the church doors by the wardens.
Before the service Mr. Eusse played the "Coronation March"
(Handel), the grand old organ pealing forth with'fine effect. The
service was brief, lasting less than an hour. There was no
sermon. The principal feature in the ceremony was the musical
portion, which was admirably rendered by the surpliced cboir.
The anthem was taken from Psalm cxxxiv. 6, " Behold, 0 God,
our defender." After the service the procession was re-formed
and returned to the Town Hall through Newport-street and
Bampton-street. At half-past twelve the members of the various
committees were entertained by the Mayor at luncheon in the
Town Hall ; and about the same time a thousand persons, chiefly
of middle age, sat down to a feast of cold joints and hot plum
pudding in the Market. At two o'clock the children assembled at
their respective schools before going to the park to have tea.
Under the care of their teachers they marched to the Factory-
yard, where a procession was formed of the whole body of day-
children. The Crediton Volunteer Band led the procession from
the yard. Sunday School children (under fifteen years of age and
not attending day-schools) had been marshalled at the Heathcoat
Hall ; and as the procession from the Factory-yard filed past, they
joined the ranks, the rear being brought up by waggon-loads of
children from the country schools. The streets were densely
lined with spectators, especially near the Town Hall, where a

TO-DAY 379

procession of public bodies (similar to that of the morning)
awaited the arrival of the children. The Tiverton Volunteer
Band followed in the wake of the juveniles. The procession of
adults, closing its ranks, set out en route for the Park. The
number of children present exceeded two thousand. In the
Park a temporary platform had been erected, and, on the arrival
of the procession, it was at once occupied by the Mayor and the
principal inhabitants of the town. His Worship (Mr. T. Ford, jun.),
having delivered a loyal and patriotic harangue, proposed that the
following address should be forwarded to the Queen :
To the Queen's most excellent Majesty.

May it please your Majesty, we, the inhabitants of Tiverton, assembled
for the purpose of celebrating1 and commemorating the completion of
the fiftieth year of your Majesty's reign, which has, by God's blessing,
been so happy and prosperous, desire to assure your Majesty of our
unfailing loyalty and attachment to your throne and person. We fully
recognise with deep thankfulness of heart the many blessings and
privileges which your people have enjoyed since your Majesty ascended
the throne of these realms, and we feel that these are Jargely due to
the wisdom of your Majesty's influence in the counsels of the State.
We trust that your Majesty's life and health may be spared for many
years, and that the nation and empire over which you reign may continue
to have the advantage of your Majesty's experience and counsel in the
direction of its affairs, and that we may ever be a loyal, united, and
happy people."

The adoption of this address was seconded by the Rev. George
Hadow, and carried with enthusiastic cheering. After dark
the streets of Tiverton presented an appearance which was
unique in the memory of the oldest inhabitant. At all
points were illuminations, chiefly gas devices, which showed to
great advantage the display of bunting with which the house
fronts generally were graced. The brilliance of so many installa-
tions and the attractions of the carnival drew sightseers to the
streets in their thousands. Particularly was this the case between
the hours of ten o'clock and midnight, when Fore-street and
Gold-street were besieged with crowds, all good-humoured and in
the best of spirits. A torch-light procession, which was under
the management of the Festivities Committee, was timed to start
from the old railway-station at half-past nine. An imposing
spectacle was organized, composed mainly of trade representations
and tableaux. Subsequently there was an excellent display of
fireworks near the railway-station, witnessed by large masses of
people, and concluding shortly before mid-night. The cost of the
celebrations — about .£230 — was defrayed by subscriptions.

THE PEOPLE'S PAKE.

As a commemoration of the Queen's Jubilee Tiverton, was
fortunate in securing a People's Park. The need of a Park had
often been ventilated in the columns of the local Press, but the
project did not assume a tangible form until, in January, 1887,

380 THE CHEONICLES OP TWYFORD

the following letter from Mr. John Coles, of London, was received
by the then Mayor of Tiverton (Mr. T. Ford, jun.) : —

4, Kensington Park Gardens, W., January 3rd, 1887.
MY DEAB SIR — You are, I think, aware that for many years past I have
taken much interest in the promotion of any object calculated to benefit
all classes in Tiverton. This interest is now increased by the fact that
we are entering on the Jubilee year of our gracious Queen. Some time
since I asked our friend, Mr. G. E. Cockram, if he could on equitable
terms secure for the permanent use of the public a suitable site as a
park or recreation ground. He has accordingly entered upon negotia-
tions for the purchase of a piece of land, the cost of which will
probably be about £1,000, and this sum I am ready to provide. L am
glad to make this offer during your Mayoralty, and wishing you a happy
new year, I am. Yours faithfully, JNO. COLES.

This letter was read at a meeting of the Tiverton Town
Council, who heartily thanked Mr. Coles for his munificent offer ;
and subsequently, in the latter part of February, it was brought
under the notice of a meeting of the inhabitants. With unbounded
enthusiasm Mr. Coles' proposal was accepted, public opinion
being almost unanimous in favour of a park as Tiverton's Jubilee
memorial. Negotiations for other sites proving ineffectual, Mr.
Coles bought for £1,000 a piece of land, about 3| acres in extent,
known as Govett's-field, than which no site more suitable for
recreative purposes could have been chosen, inasmuch as, while
within easy distance of the centre of the town, it was delightfully
located on the gentle slope of a hill overlooking the valley of the
Exe, and commanding extensive views of sylvan scenery. In
extent, however, Govett's-field was thought inadequate ; and steps
were therefore taken to acquire a part of the adjoining meadow,
which was already known as " The Park," being part of the
domains of the ancient Castle. Through the kind consideration
of the owners (the Misses Carew,' of Haccombe, and their
Trustees, Lord Haldon and Mr. W. C. Rayer), about 3| acres of
this much-desired spot were acquired at a cost of another £1,000;
and the whole seven acres were ultimately vested in Messrs. Thos.
Ford, jun., Ian Murray Heathcoat Amory, Q-eorge Edward
Cockram, John Coles, John Francis Ellerton, William Rudall
Haydon, and Josiah Sydney Smith, the Trustees nominated by the
subscribers for the purpose. The work of raising funds to pay
for the extra land, and to cover the cost of laying out the Park,
was entered upon with great zeal ; and thanks to the liberality of
many friends, and the energy of Mr. G. E. Cockram (who acted
as hon. sec. to the committee from the start), the movement was
attended with complete success. Mr. John Coles added to his
further benefaction the gift of £200 ; his relative, Mr. G. H.
Pinckard, J.P., of Combe-court, Godalming, gave several donations
amounting in all to £315 : and other donations were : Mr. G. E.
Cockram, £142 ; Sir J. H. Heathcoat-Amory, £113; Mr. T. Ford,
jun., £110 ; Mr. Thomas Ford, £100 ; Mr. J. B. Hole, of
JStanderwick-court, Frome, £100 ; Mr. W. Spurway, of the Manor-

TO-DAY 381

house, Oakford, £100 ; and many others. To give a complete list
of the 1,500 donors is impossible ; but as evidence of the
popularity of the scheme, it may be mentioned that Tivertonians
in the city of Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A., united in sending a
handsome contribution, and that about 1,000 of the employees at
the Lace factory also helped to swell the list. The total cost,
including the sum paid by Mr. Coles for Govett's-field (but not
including the band-stand, fountains, seats, and shrubs), was £3,741.
Early in October, 1877, the members of the executive com-
mittee met on the site to consider plans prepared by their surveyor
(Mr. McDonald, M.I.C.E.), for the laying out of the ground.
It was agreed that three main entrances should be provided — one
opposite Villa Franca, another near the late " Toll House " (now
the Park-keeper's pretty residence), and the third to communicate
directly with the old Park, at a point nearest to the Castle. Four
acres of the fields were laid out as a promenade and children's
play-ground, and two-and-a-half reserved for a boys' recreation
ground. The handsome entrance gates, which are of hammered
iron, costing, with pillars of pennant stone, upwards of £150,
were presented by Mr. John Coles. The county landowners
were appealed to. and in response most willingly sent gifts of
trees and shrubs. Alderman Lane, J.P., presented a handsome
band-stand; the Eev. George Hadow and Mr. Lewis Mackenzie
gave drinking-fountains ; and Miss Voysey a number of seats.

The Park was opened on Thursday, July 5th, 1888, the day
being observed as a general holiday. At noon there was an
elaborate ceremonial in the Park, at which the various gifts were
formally made over to the town by the donors or their executors.
This was followed by a public luncheon in the Drill Hall; in
the afternoon there was a flower-show and horse-jumping com-
petitions; and in the evening a concert. To provide for the
wages of the Park-keeper and the maintenance of the grounds in
proper condition, the Town Council voted an annual grant of
£75 ; but this was found insufficient, and in 1890 it was increased
to £100. As some slight acknowledgment of the services of Mr.
G. E. Cockram in undertaking the secretarial duties in connection
with the entire scheme, and in promoting the success of the
undertaking in many other ways, a silver inkstand was presented
to him by the Committee, trustees, and a few friends.

In addition to his munificent gifts to the Park, Mr. Coles has
proved himself a generous benefactor to almost every philanthropic
and charitable enterprise in Tiverton for many years past. Hence
a brief notice of his career may not be out of place in these
annals. Born about 1834, in the rural parish of Washfield, within
sound of the Tiverton church bells, Mr. Coles went in early life to
the great metropolis, and there entered the insurance profession,
with which he was connected until in 1862 he transferred his
energies to the Stock Exchange. Meanwhile he passed the

382 THE CHRONICLES OF TWYFOBD

examinations, and became a Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries ;
and subsequently he was elected a Fellow of the Statistical Society.
The practical turn of his mind as a scientific financier was mani-
fested in a paper read by him before the Institute of Actuaries on
the subject of " -Railway Debenture Stock considered as a security
for the funds of a Life Insurance Society." Shortly after 1802
Mr. Coles joined the firm of J. & J. Whitehead (formerly Sir R.
Garden & Whitehead), of which he is now the head. In his
profession he has worked with untiring zeal and assiduity, and the
position he has achieved in the great city of London is the best
evidence of his success. As a director of the Hudson's Bay
Company, of the Clerical, Medical, and General Life Assurance
Company, and other undertakings of high repute, he ranks
among the leading financial authorities in the world.

AN UNDISCOVERED CEIME.

A dark stain on the fair fame of Tiverton was caused by a brutal
murder in the early hours of Saturday, July 30th, 1887. The
victim was Archibald Reed, a man of fine physique, about 35
years of age, employed as a river-watcher by the Tiverton Fishing
Association. On the night preceding his death he went on duty
on the banks of the Exe between Tiverton and Bickleigh, having
previously told his wife that he expected " to have a man, as
poachers were going to net a pit of the river that night." Next
morning, about a quarter to six o'clock, a game-keeper named
George Davey, returning home from night duty in the Collipriest
woods, saw Reed's body lying in a part of the river known as
" the Bag," a few hundred yards below the spot where the
stream of the Westexe-mill joins the Exe. Davey summoned help ;
and two constables having arrived on the scene, the corpse was
brought to land. It was cold and stiff, and presented a ghastly
appearance. There was a gash across the throat, almost severing
the head from the body, and both hands were lacerated, the
thumbs being cut to the bone. In a meadow bordering on the
river were evidences of a fearful struggle, apparently commencing
under an elm tree a little distance from the stream. It is
supposed that Reed had come upon a gang of poachers, disturbing
their operations, and that he was murdered with his own knife.
His stick, broken, splintered, and stained with blood, was found
on the ground, indicating that he had defended himself from his
assailants with great spirit. The knife — a large clasped knife —
had evidently been wrested from him, by being drawn through
his hand : it was subsequently discovered under the tree covered
with blood and hair. A pocket-handkerchief (not Heed's) was
also found close by ; and if the owner of that handkerchief could
have been identified, no doubt the murderers would soon have
been arrested. The Town Council offered a reward of .£100 for
evidence which would lead to a conviction, and the Fishing

TO-DAY 383

Association promised £25 more, besides subscribing £60 for the
benefit of the widow. At the inquest the unusual course was
adopted of calling on several suspected persons to give evidence,
and they were questioned in open Court as to their movements on
the fatal night ; but nothing was elicited to justify an apprehen-
sion. Police-Superintendent Crabb suggested that a free pardon
should be offered to any accomplice who would turn " Queen's
evidence " ; but the Home Office declined to adopt this course ;
and to this day the mystery is unsolved.

" THE EGBERT BUBNS OP DEYONSHIEE."

To the list of Tiverton authors must be added the name of
Edward Capern, who has been termed " the Robert Burns of
Devonshire." He was born in Tiverton on January 21st, 1819, in
one of three cottages, called " the Ham," on the east bank of the
Exe. He was of Huguenot descent, his ancestors having been
among the refugees who settled in Devonshire after the Revo-
cation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The original name
of the family was Capron. The poet's mother was a Miss Wood
— a relative of Sir Matthew Wood, the Lord Mayor of London,
who gave shelter to Queen Caroline and retained Henry
Brougham for her defence : the present Sir Evelyn Wood is a
grandson of Sir Matthew, and ex-Lord Chancellor Hatherly is of
the same family. Edward Capern was the eldest of eight children
and was forced at an early age to become one of the bread-
winners for the household. Some idea of the grinding nature of
child-labour at that period may be formed from the fact that
young Capern was often employed twenty hours out of the
twenty-four. During enforced periods of rest, caused by weak
eyesight, the boy occupied himself in writing verses, some of
which were sent to the Editor of the North Devon Journal, who
declined to publish them, because, in his opinion, young Capern had
copied them from some previously-published work. In 1847 the poet
received the appointment of rural postman at Bideford, a post which
for sixteen years he found thoroughly congenial, not only because
open-air exercise benefited his health, but also because it gave
abundant opportunity of intercourse with JVature. Meanwhile he
contributed freely to local newspapers ; and in 1848 Eliza Cook,
noticing some of his productions, pronounced him a true poet.
Thanks to the assistance of Mr. W. F. Rock, of London (a
generous benefactor of Barnstaple, his native town), a selection of
Capern's poems were published in book form, and met with a
warm welcome, gaining for the author the friendship of many
literary celebrities. One of his most successful poems, " The
Lion Flag of England," published during the Crimean War, was
circulated by the thousand at the request of the Coramander-in-
chief among the troops in the Crimea. Lord Palmerston sent for
the author and said : " You have given me heart and hope at the

384 THE CHKONICLES OF TWTFOED

time of my greatest anxiety, in the day of England's trial " ; and
the next list of pensions from the Civil Fund included a provision
for the poet's remaining days. In 1S65, the pension being
increased, Capern retired from the Post-office, and gave himself
entirely to literature and lecturing. His son having obtained an
appointment in Birmingham, Edward Capern settled at Harborne,
a village near that city, where he remained for about eighteen
years. In February, 1884, Mr. Capern and his wife visited
Tiverton with the intention of settling in his native town for the
remainder of his days ; but unfortunately he failed to obtain a
suitable house. At Braunton, near Barnstaple, however, he
found a residence to his taste ; and in that pleasant Devonshire
village the poet and his wife still continue to reside. His
published works include : " Ballads and Songs," " The Devonshire
Melodist," " Wayside Warbles," and " Sungleams and Shadows."
That he has never ceased to remember with affection the place of
his birth is evident from frequent references to Tiverton in his
poems. Let the following extracts suffice :

" What do I think of Devon now ?

I would, my friend, that I could tell,
For joy beats wild within my brow,

And speech is holden with a spell.

" From Twyford-town to Tamar-tide,

And Berry-head to Barum-pool,
I love its dear old country side,

In rustic phrase, both " mor and inool " ; *

And cheery words of welcome heard,

In racy tones from rich and poor,
Which made my soul sing like a bird,

And leave a blessing at each door.

Thanks, Memory, nurse o' my fancy and hope,

I feel I am now where the combes are aslope,

While innocent lovers are telling their tale,

At Barricane beach and in Collipriest vale,

Where my Exe from the moorland weds Lowman's fair river : —

Sweet laud of my love ! I shall love thee for ever.

THE CHARITIES OF TIVEBTON.

The Charities of Tiverton, as at present administered, amount
in the aggregate to a very large sum. As was intimated in a
previous chapter, certain of these gifts (now called the " Borough
Charities") were formerly dispensed by the old Corporation ; but
on the demise of that assembly, the " Borough Charities " were
vested in a Hoard of Trustees, nominated in the first instance by
the Town Council, and approved by the Court of Chancery

* Root and mould.

TO-DAT

385

Their successors were appointed by co-optation, and every
appointment must be ratified by the Charity Commissioners. The
following is an official list of the " Borough Charities," shewing
from what source the funds are derived : —

Charity.

Endowment.

Read's

Berry of Kentisbeer's
Berry of Tiverton's

Cudmore's and Hartnoll's

The Borough Charity
(Spurway Patey's)

Thomas Leigh's
Richard Down's
Sir John Acland's
Alston's
Richard Spurway 's

The Elmore Lands

A rentcharge or yearly sum of 11. 16s.
charged upon and issuing out of the site
of the Town Hall of Tiverton, formerly the
Mayoralty Room and the Bank of Barne,
Dickinson, & Co.

A rentcharge or yearly sum of 10Z. charged
upon and issuing out of a tenement at
West Chevithorne, now in the possession
of Sir John H. Heathcoat-Amory, Bart.

2801. 7s. 6d. Two and three-quarters per
cent. Consolidated Stock, standing in
the name of "The Official Trustee of
Charitable Funds."

704:1. 9s. 3d. Two and three-quarters per cent.
Consolidated Stock standing in the name of
"The Official Trustee."

5851. 2s. Id. Two and three-quarters per cent.
Consolidated Stock standing in the name
of "The Official Trustee."

One-eighth part or share of the tolls of the
market' and corn market of Tiverton,
amounting to about 31 1. 5s. & 21. 10s. yearly.

500Z. Two and three-quarters per cent.
Consolidated Stock standing in the name of
" The Official Trustee."

A yearly sum of 21. 12s. payable in respect
of lands and tithes belonging to the Church
of Churchstoweand Chapel of Kingsbridge.

691. 4s. lOd. Two and three-quarters per
cent. Consolidated Stock standing in the
name of " The Official Trustee."

A rentcharge or yearly sum of 10Z. 8s.
charged upon and issuing out of two
meadows at Tiverton, known as Lowman
and Alsabrook Meadows, and now in the
possession of Mr. Thomas Ford.

2G21. 10s. Two and three-quarters per cent.
Consolidated Stock standing in the name
of " The Official Trustee."

As to the purposes of the " pious founders," the following
particulars may be of interest : —

" Read's Gift " (1621) was designed to provide three shillings worth of
bread weekly for twelve old people for a year, and for another year
twelve others.

" Berry, of Kentisbeer " (1618^ stipulated that his donation should be
for the benefit of two labourers in husbandry, one weaver, and one
fuller, " being of the honester sort, and aged, decayed, and disabled in
their bodies." There were at one time belonging to this Charity four

cc

386 THE CHEONICLES OF TWTFOED

cottages known as "the Fuller's," in Birchin-lane, Westexe-south ; but
they were sold in 1862, and the proceeds (£65) invested in Consols. The
rent-charge of £10 yearly arising from Berry's bequest is dispensed
annually in the form of four gifts, each of the value of fifty shillings,
two to agricultural labourers, one to a weaver, and one to a decayed
artizan. No representative of the fulling trade has survived to claim
benefit from Berry's generosity, and the weavers are almost extinct,
only one being left at this date (1892) ; and he a very old man.

"Berry, of Tiverton " (1623) directed that his qift should be used in
providing a lecture in Divinity in Tiverton, "if the same might be
permibted " ; if not, it was to go to, charitable purposes within the town
and parish. Apparently the Divinity lecture was deemed unnecessary ;
anyway the gift has for many years been distributed in charity.

" Cudmore's and Hartnoll's " (1637 and 1662) bequest formerly con-
sisted of two fields, known as " Higher and Lower Westlake's," about four
acres in extent, near Horsdon ; but these were sold in 1890 to Mr. G.
H. Norman, for £740, and the proceeds invested in Consols, the income
thus derived being more than was the rent of the land. In accordance
with the wishes of the donors the revenue from this endowment is
distributed every Good Friday by the Mayor and the Rector of Tiverton
(formerly the Rector of Tidcombe portion), for the benefit of sixteen
poor people and five pcor husbandmen of the town.

The " Spurway-Patey " endowment was a field containing about two
acres, known as "Shillands" or " Upcott's Close," but this was sold
in 1862 for £550 to the late Mr. F. 0. Patch and the proceeds
invested in Consols. The income of this endowment (as likewise the
income of " Alston's Charity," 1696), is divided amongst " the poor and
indigent inhabitants of the town and parish."

Thomas Leigh's bequest (1663) was designed for " indigent and needy
persons born and residing in thg town of Tiverton."

Eichard Down, who was a wealthy London banker, declared in 1808
that the income from his gift waa to be equally divided between " the
officiating ministers of St. Peter's Church and St. George's Chapel, to be
by them distributed among poor persons of sober lives and conversations
regularly receiving the Sacrament " ; and this stipulation is
still observed. To this benefactor is due the " Down exhibition " at
Blundell's School, which donor directed should be given to " a native of
Tiverton educated at Blundell's School for three years, not exceed ng 18
years of age, who should begin to receive the income of the endowment
(£700) upon admission to some College of Oxford or Cambridge, and
receive the same for seven years unless he should cease to be a member,
or being 23, should refuse to take holy orders, or accept a benefice of the
annual value of £150."

Sir John Acland's gift (1619) was bequeathed to the Mayor of Tiverton
for providing weekly "thirteen penny loaves of wheaten bread of the
common sort, called cheap bread," to be distributed " every Sabbath day
immediately after morning prayer to thirteen of the poorest sort of
people of the Borough as the Mayor and four of the most ancient
Masters of the said Borough should think fit." The donor, it may be
added, was an ancestor of the present Sir 'Jhomas Dyke Acland, Bart.,
whose family were for many years closely connected with Tiverton, and
•who still own land in the neighbourhood.

Richard Spurway's bequest (1630) was for the provision of fourpenny
loaves for " fourteen poor people of Tiverton, to be distributed every
Sunday." The donor was an ancestor of the late much respected
Rector of Pitt portion, the Rev. John Spurway.

With respect to .the bequest called the "Elmore lands," it appears
that, in addition to the endowment now funded in Consols, there were
originally some fields belonging to the charity, known as " The Elmore

TO-DAY 387

Lands " ; but these were sold by the Commissioners of Woods and
Forests in 1836 ; and although application was subsequently made for
the money, it was never forthcoming. It is difficult to understand why
this perversion of the charity was permitted.

With the exception of the " Good Friday gifts " and the bene-
factions dispensed by the incumbents of St. Peter's and St.
George's, the entire revenue of the above endowments (less a
small yearly payment for administration), is distributed by the
Trustees annually on St. John's Day— two days after Christmas.
The bread doles, about twenty in number, are given in the form
of orders to local bakers to supply one four-lb. loaf weekly to
each recipient. The other gifts are in money in sums of 50s.,
10s., and 5s. each. The trustees, in meeting assembled, select the
four recipients of the 50s. gifts ; the other gifts are divided
among them, to be distributed on their individual responsibility.
One gift of 10s , and from ten to twenty gifts of 5s. each, usually
fall to the patronage of each Trustee. The total sum disbursed
in 1836 was £69 11s. 8d. ; in 1891 it was £100 7s. 2d. The
amount at the disposal of the Trustees has sometimes been
swollen by grants from the Market Trustees : but inasmuch as
the Market Trustees are heavily in debt to their " deed poll-
holders," they were warned in 1890 by legal process not to
dispense any more of their funds in charity.

In addition to the " Borough Charities " the following
benefactions continue to be administered : —

The Exe-bridge and Market Trustees are the custodians of valuable
benefactions given or bequeathed by Walter Tyrrell in 1563, John West
in 1628, William Spurway in 1650, and Sir John Trelawney in 1654.
The Trust estate comprises a number of houses in Westexe and
Bampton-street. The first charge on the income of the estate is the
maintenance of Exe-bridge ; and in this way about £150 was spent in
1891. The surplus is distributed in bread gifts (of which in 1892 there .
were nearly 200 recipients, each receiving a loaf weekly), and there are
several gifts of £1 each.

The Trustees of Chilcott's charity (see page 98) distribute yearly
fifteen gifts of 18s. each in cash ; 15 gifts of clothing to the value of
18s. each ; and 15 bread gifts in the form of a sixpenny loaf weekly.
The recipients must be natives of Tiverton and residents within the
borough ; and persons who have received parish relief (except in the
form of medical attendance) within the year are disqualified, as are
also those who earn more than 15s. per week. No applicant is allowed
to receive a gift oftener than once in three years. The income of the
Trustees consists of £76 Is. yearly, known as the "Duke of Leeds'
annuity" ; and dividends on Consols, £12 16s. 3d.

The Trustees of Lane's Charity (dating from 1777) have the distribu-
tion of what may be termed " old-age pensions," eight in number, each
of the amount of ninepence per week for twelve months, the recipients
being "poor honest sober people of good conversation," six from
Tiverton and two from Cullompton. At the end of the year a parcel of
clothing and boots is given to each recipient.

A sum amounting to about £27 yearly, arising out of the endowment
of " Srnale's charity " is distributed by the Mayor and Aldermen, in the
form of five-shilling gifts.

388 THE CHRONICLES OF TWTFOKD

A reference to the origin and history of the " Custom Wood Fuel
Charity" will be found on pages 328—330. In the year 1862, with the
consent of the Charity Commissioners, the right of the poor of Tiverton
to cut firewood in " Custom Wood " (a coppice about four miles from
the town) was sold, and the proceeds (about £1100) were invested in
Consols, the income from which is distributed in coal amongst the poor
at Christmas by a body of trustees appointed by the Charity Com-
missioners, with the Mayor and Churchwardens for the time being.

Rice's Charity was founded by Mary Rice, who, by her will in 1697,
gave to Trustees a messuage near Exebridge in Tiverton, and other
property in trust, to purchase an estate of the yearly value of £60, and
out of the rents thereof, to pay certain annuities to her poorest and
nearest relations of the names of Morrish, Lane, and Farmer ; and in
default of such relations unto such "godly and religions poor people of
the town of Tiverton as the Trustees should think fit." A tenement
known as "Rix," now in the occupation of Mr. T. B. Haydon. was
purchased by the Trustees, but this was afterwards exchanged with Mr.
John Heathcoat for a farm at Ash Thomas, which is now held by the
Trustees. The messuage in Westexe was burnt down in 1794, and the
present house, known as the " White Ball Inn," was afterwards erected
on the site. Some proceedings in the Court of Chancery arose in the
early part of the century by persons claiming as relations of the
Testatrix, the result being a decree by the Lord Chancellor of the day
declaring that the Trust Fund should be divided into two equal parts,
one of which should be distributed amongst the relations of the
Testatrix, Mary Rice, and her late husband, or either of them in such
proportions as the Trustees should think fit ; and the other half should
be divided between such poor people of the town of Tiverton as should
not be receiving parochial relief. The net income of the charity now
averages about £120 per annum, out of which 60 recipients receive 15s.
each in April and a similar sum in October ; the former annuity of £2
having some five years since been reduced to 30s. a year in consequence
of large expenditure on the buildings of the trust, abatements in rent,
and other matters. As these payments are made to " poor and deserving
persons " who. are not in the receipt of parochial relief, they are in
effect " Old Age Pensions," and it may some day be possible to further
extend this principle (which appears to be in accordance with 19th century
ideas) so as to include other charities in the town.

The total income derived from the Charities for the relief of the
Tiverton poor (including the endowments of the almshouses)
exceeds £1100 a year. The educational endowments of the
borough produce about £1000 annually ; and other endowments
for philanthrophic purposes realize a total of about £200 or £250
more.

THE ALMSHOUSES.

Of the foundation of the Tiverton almshouses an account has
been given on pages 41 and 42. The present administration is
as follows : —

Greenrvay's. — These Almshouses in Gold-street accommodate 17 men
(with their wives) and 16 widows. The Charity Commissioners in 1857
directed " that the Almsmen shall be appointed by the Churchwardens
of Tiverton for the time being ; that they shall in future be poor
men of good character of the age of 60 years and upwards ; and there
shall be a preference for those persons who shall have become reduced
in circumstances from misfortune ; and with a further preference for

TO-DAY 389

those candidates who have b^en born in the parish of Tiverton." Each
man is allowed 5s. a week ; and on the man's death a gratuity of £1 is
given to the widow, and she is allowed a month in which to move out.
There are six " out-pensions " of eight-pence each weekly, the recipients
being known as •' Tyrrell's eight-penny men." The widows in Green-
way's almshouses receive no weekly allowance, although the funds of
the charity are well able to afford it. The property of Groenway's
Trust comprises £1664 in Consols (bringing in £45 11s. annually) and
houses and lands, with an aggregate rental of about £412. The Charity
also receives the pew rents of Greenway's Chapel in St. Peter's Church.
In 1891-2, the total revenue was £476 ; of which about £225 was paid to
the almsmen, £10 to the Chaplain, £20 to the medical officer, and £166
for repairs. In the course of a few years, as leases fall in, the value of
this nourishing charity will be considerably enhanced.

Wa'dron's. — The income of these almshouses, in Wellbrook, is £46 a
year, drived partly from dividends on £800 consols, and partly from a
rent charge of £24 yearly. Eight almsmen each receive 2s. weekly ;
8s. yearly extra as " milk-money " ; and 12s. 6d. as a New Year's gift.
The benefaction is further increased by the proceeds of a bequest from
Mr. wonn Hatswell, of Tiverton, which came into han'l about 1885, and
is now invested in Consols ^£518). The Vicar and Churchwardens of St.
Paul's, Westexe, are the trustees, and each almsman receives from this
fund about 15s. 6d. half-yearly.

Sice's. — In these almshouses in St Peter's-street, six widows reside
who each receive Is. weekly, which is supplemented by a gift of 3s. 6d»
monthly from " Anna Maria Turner's Charity," besides other sums from
" Elsie Lesley's Charity," and " Mary Marshall's Trust."

To every occupant in the above almshouses there are given
annually 3 cwfc. of coals (of which one-third comes from the
Custom- Wood Charity). The custodians of the almshouses and
their endowments are the Churchwardens for the parish of
Tiverton. In the year 1892-3, for the first time for a long
period, the offices of Churchwarden and Mayor were united,
Mr. F. A. Payne, J.P., having been appointed Churchwarden
in April, 1892, and Mayor in November of the same year.

MODERN PHILANTHROPY.

Among the members of the Heathcoat family, whose names
will not readily be forgotten in Tiverton, mention must be made
of Mrs. Brewin, the youngesb daughter of Mr. John Heathcoat,
who was married in 1833 to Mr. Ambrose Brewin, a member of
the firm of Heathcoat & Co. Mrs. Brewin, whose numerous bene-
factions to the town have been already mentioned, died in May,
1877, her husband having pre-deceased her by 22 years. Mrs.
Brewin's elder sister, Miss Eloisa Heathcoab, for many years re-
ceived at her house at Bolham orphan girls to be trained as
domestic servants ; and subsequently she gave board, lodging, and
education to a number of young ladies in reduced circumstances,
with the view of qualifying them to support themselves as gover-
nesses. Miss Heathcoat died in December, 1880, at the age of 75.

Beautifully situated on the slope of a lofty hill overlooking the
Exe Valley is a farm house, known as Firebeacon, which has been
fitted up as a Home for children afflicted with incurable disease.

390 THE CHEONICLES OF TWYFOBD

A skilled and tender-hearted nurse, trained in Dr. Stephenson's
" Children's Home," Bonnor-road, London, acts as matron ; and
under her care the little inmates — eight or ten in number —
enjoy all the alleviations and comforts that love can suggest.
This beautiful work of charity was instituted and is maintained
at the sole expense of Mrs. Unwin, wife of Mr. W. C. L. Unwin,
of Hayne, who was Mayor of Tiverton in 1891-2.

An important addition to the almshouses of the borough was
made in 1891 by Mr. Thomas Ford, who erected on a site near
Lowman-Green a substantial block of buildings, called " The
Homes," an i containing twelve sets of spacious rooms, to
accommodate 24 inmates. For each pair of occupants there is a
living-room and bed-room, with cupboard, offices, &c., on the
most approved principles ; and an elegantly-appointed chapel is
provided on the first floor.

In 1891 an effort was ma'le by the Tiverton Debating Society
to collects funds for the formation of a Public Library in
Tiverton. About £150 was raised by subscriptions (the chief
donor being the late Mrs. Beinagle, £50) ; and this amount has
been invested in the names of trustees, until a suitable opportunity
for carrying the project further presents itself.

SIB J. H. HEATHCOAT-AMOEY, BABT.

Jn the annals of modern Tiverton no name occurs more
frequently than that of Sir John Heathcoat Amory, Bart.,
grandson of Mr. John Heathcoat (whose daughter married Mr.
Samuel Amory, of London). No apology need be offered for a
brief record of the principal passages in a life so eminently useful.
Born in 1829, and educated at University College, London, Sir
John (then Mr.) Amory married on April 6th, 1863, Miss
Henrietta Mary Unwin, a lady who by her personal charms and
amiable disposition has won the hearts of all classes of society.
The wedding was celebrated at St. James's, Piccadilly, by the Lord
Bishop of Oxford ; and in Tiverton the event was observed by
public rejoicings and addresses of congratulation. In the year
1868, as already mentioned, (see page 3 i3) Mr. Amory was returned
to Parliament, in conjunction with the Hon. George Denman, as
member for the borough. The confidence thus bestowed was
never withdrawn so long as Tiverton continued to enjoy a
separate Parliamentary existence ; and in 1885 he was pressed
by many in the Tiverton division to come forward as a candidate.
After seventeen years in Parliament, however, Sir John thought
he might be allowed to retire ; he, therefore, declined to be
nominated. During his Parliamentary career it was not often
that he indulged in a speech and it is to be regretted that some
of the Solons who pour forth a flood of doubtful eloquence
cannot see their way to follow his example. Those who are
acquainted with Sir John Amory and have been associated with

TO-DAT 391

him in public offices will be the first to testify that this reluctance
to intrude himself on the notice of the country did not arise from
incapacity for business or inability to formulate his ideas. The
conferment of a baronetcy is not always a criterion of merit, but
in this case, it will be allowed, the honour was thoroughly
deserved. The lace factory, in which about one-tenth of the
population of the town find employment, is a noticeable instance
of the way in which masters and men can co-operate without the
slightest friction, even in times of depression, when the employees
are convinced of the honour and sympathy of the proprietors ;
and it is needless to observe here that in the firm of Heathcoat
& Co. Sir John Amory has by far the largest share. He is also
one of the chief landed proprietors in this part of Devonshire,
besides owning a great part of the town of Tiverton, and the
Tiverton Gas Works. At an early age Sir John became a member
of the Tiverton Town Council, and he retained the position of
Alderman until the year 1892. Previous to his entering Parlia-
ment he had been Mayor ; and his eldest son, Mr. Ian Amory is
at this moment a member of the Corporation. Sir John Amory
is on the Commission of the Peace for Devonshire, and he is a
deputy-lieutenant for the county. He is also Chairman of the
Governors of Blundell's School ; and a trustee of the market and
of nearly all the local charities. Every charitable and philan-
thropic institution of the town finds in him a generous friend ;
and as an illustration of his munificence it may be mentioned that
in 1891 the parish church of Chevithorne (at which the Knight-
shayes household worship), was renovated at Sir John Amory's
sole cost, at an expense of about £1,200. The interest taken by
the inhabitants of Tiverton in the fortunes of Sir John Amory's
family was strikingly manifested on the occasion of the coming of
age of Mr, Ian Murray Heathcoat Amory in 1887, when four
distinct presentations were made to him:— one, by the Town;
one, by the sportsmen accustomed to hunt with Sir John's pack
of harriers, of which Mr. Ian is the master; one, by the tenantry
of Knightshayes ; and one by the workpeople of the lace factory.
A similar manifestation of friendship occurred in 1891 on the
marriage of Sir John's eldest daughter, Miss Muriel Amory, to
Mr. Charles Carevv, the eldest surviving son of the Rev. E-. B.
Carew, of Bickleigh. Sir John Amory's Devonshire seat is
Knightshayes Court, Tiverton, a large Gothic mansion begun in
1869 and completed three years later. He has also a moor
in Scotland and a fishing-river in Norway.

THE EXPANSION OF TIYERTON.

The population of Tiverton in 1871 was 10,024; in 1881,
10,450; and in 1891, 10,877. These figures shew that the
town grows, though not very rapidly. The limits of the
borough it must be remembered, include a large agricultural

392 THE CHKONICLES OF TWYFOED

area, and the tendency of the agricultural population here,
as elsewhere, has been to decline. The falling - off in
this respect, however, has been more than made up by
what may be termed " the expansion of Tiverton " as a
residential town, attributable chiefly to the growing prosperity of
Blundell's School on its new site. As long ago as 1874 the need
of more houses for would-be residents of the middle and upper
classes was recognised ; and local shareholders combined to form
the Tiverton Land and Building Society, which carried on
operations for about eleven years. The management, however,
was not very energetic ; and although the directors secured an
excellent and extensive site, only six semi-detached houses
(known as St. Aubyn's Villas) were built, and ultimately the
Society was wound up, its assets realised, and the capital returned
to the shareholders to the extent of about lls. in the £. An
enterprise on a larger scale and with more successful issues, was
initiated in 188--J by the late Mr. William Partridge, in conjunction
with his partner, Mr. George Edward Cockram, by the purchase
from Sir J. H. Heabhcoat Amory of the " Lodge Estate," com-
prising about seventeen acres, most conveniently situated, close
to the Railway Station and Blundell's School. Having paid
.£3,000 for this property Messrs. Partridge & Cockram proceeded
to lay it out with roads, sewers, water mains, arid other necessary
works at a cost of about ,£1,500 ; and they then offered
portions of it for sale on easy terms. The result was a very
marked stimulus to building in Tiverton ; and by 1892 some forty
excellent houses stood where previously there was only one. Nor
after bis partner's death did Mr. Cockram's enterprise relax.
In 1889 he bought and laid out (at a cost of some £3,000) another
site at Horsdon, about eight acres in extent, upon which a number
of houses have since been erected. Simultaneously with these
improvements, new residences have been built by Mr. Barrens
at Eedlands, and elsewhere ; by Mr. W. H. Lloyd on the
St. Aubyn's estate ; and others too numerous to particularise.
If the cost of Blundell's School and its adjuncts, and also the new
railway station be included, the amount spent on bricks and
mortar in Tiverton in the decade ending 1892, cannot be less than
£100,000 : while the additions to the rateable value of the town
during the same period amount to £3,000.

PUNDITS IN COUNCIL.

The Devonshire Association for the Promotion of Literature,
Science, and Art, founded in 1862, held their annual gathering
in Tiverton in 1865 ; and again in 1891, when Mr. JR.. N. Worth,
F. G. S. was President of the Society. The learned disquisitions
of the members, and the jaunts by which their proceedings were
enlivened, are duly recorded in the transactions of the Society.

TO-DAY 393

STREET IMPROVEMENTS.

Coincident with the growth of the town has been a marked
improvement in the appearance of the main streets. In many
places mean and dilapidated structures have been replaced by
substantial buildings. Prior to 1873, the lower part of Bampton-
street, near to its junction with Fore-street and Gold-street, was
inconveniently narrow ; but in March, 1873, five small houses
were burnt down, and the Town Council taking advantage of the
opportunity to widen the thoroughfare, the whole of that
part of the street was rebuilt. In St. Peter-street, adjoining
the Wesleyan Chapel, stood for many years a group of cottages in
the last stage of decay — an eye-sore to the chief residential
thoroughfare of the town. In 1875, these cottages were bought
by the Trustees of the Wesleyan Chapel, and cleared away ; and
in place thereof spacious Sunday School premises were built,
followed in 1885 by a Minister's house, the cost of these
improvements being about =£2,600, Again in 1891, a similar
improvement was effected in Westexe- north, where a site
occupied by four old cottages was bought, the cottages swept
away, and a Mission-hall erected, the total cost being about .£730.
Many other instances might be given did space permit.

THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT.

Under the management of a Committee representing all
sections of temperance workers in Tiverton, a " Blue ribbon "
mission was held in the grounds of Wilderness House, from
August 10 to 24, 1382, a large tent capable of seating 1,200
people being erected and fitted up for the purpose. The mission
was conducted by Major & Mrs. Evered Poole. No less than 2,300
persons donned the blue ribbon in token of total abstinence from
alcoholic liquors; and of this number 1,500 represented new
pledges. Although many of these afterwards fell away, there is
no doubt that the mission had a distinct and lasting effect. It
is worth noting that in the ten years following, the number of
licensed houses in the town was reduced from 46 to 40. In 1882
the public-houses of the borough were in the proportion of 1 to
every 227 inhabitants ; in 1892 the proportion was 1 to 272.

DEVON COUNTY COUNCIL.

The privilege of being represented on the Devon County
Council by two members, was accorded to Tiverton on the
formation of that body, and the first representatives of the
borough elected early in 1889 were Sir John Heathcoat Amory
and Mr. T. Ford, jun. On the election of Sir J. Amory as a
County Alderman, Mr. Henry Haydon was elected a County
Councillor in his place. In 1892 Mr. Ford and Mr. Haydon
declined to seek re-election ; and Mr. G. E. Cockram and Mr. J.
F. Ellerton were returned — the former for the East ward of the
borough, and the latter for the West ward.

394 APPENDIX

DISTINGUISHED BLUNDELLLANS.

In the list of Blundellians, more or less distinguished, the
following names of living persons may find a place : —

The Right Rev. Frederick Temple, D.D., Blundell's scholar at Balliol,
1838 (afterwards Fellow and Tutor) ; Head-master of Rugby, 1858-68 ;
Bishop of Exeter. 1868-1885 ; Bishop of London, 1885—

Lieut.-General Sir George Tomkyns Chesney, K.C.B., £c., M.P. for
Oxford, member of the Indian Council, and author of " The Battle of
Dorking. "

Sir Walter Medhurst, Kent, formerly H.M. Consul at Shanghai.

Mr. R. D. Blackmore, author of " Lorna Doone," &c.

Rev. George Body, D.D., Canon of Durham.

Rev. R. J. Knowling, Chaplain of King's College, London.

Rev. G. C. Little, Chaplain to the Bishop of Manchester.

Rev. Donald M Owen, B.D., Rector of Calverleigh, Devon.

Rev. R. B. Carew, J.P., Rector of Bickleigh, Devon.

Rev. Stephen Wade, Rector of Wear Gifford, Devon.

Rev. A. J. Miller, Rector of Wootton, Northamptonshire.

Rev. F. H. Manley, Rector of Somerford Magna.

Rev. Canon Scott, 3rd Wrangler 1849 ; Warden of St. Paul's College,
Sydney, New South Wales.

Rev. G. H. F. Fagan, Vicar of Exwick, Devon.

Dr. Andrew Jukes, translator of the New Testament into Multani.

Major S. O. Gray (25th Middlesex R.V.) chief accountant at the Bank
of England.

Mr. John Shapland Yeo, second wrangler 1881,

Mr. A. F. Seldon, Mayor of Barnstaple 1888.

Mr. Goodenough Taylor, Proprietor and Editor of Bristol Times and
Mirror.

Mr. B. C. Harriman, Law Secretary to the Government of Victoria.

Mr. R. H. Dawe, Town Clerk of Hull, &c., &c.

Among Blundellians, recently deceased, may be mentioned : —

Sir Charles Edward Trevelyan, Bart., K.C.B., Governor of Madras,
1860 ; member of Indian Council 1862-5.

Mr. Abraham Hay ward, Q.C. (1801-84:) essayist ; shared with Lord
Macaulay tke reputation of being " the best read man in London."

Rev. John Russell, (1795-1883 1 ; Rector of Black Torrington, Devon,
better known as " Parson Jack," the most famous sporting clergyman of
the century.

The Very Rev. Walter Farquhar Hook, D.D., Vicar of Leeds, and Dean
of Chich ester.

Rev. W. C. Salter, Principal of St. Alban's Hall, Oxford.

Rev. Canon Owen, Rector of Wonston, Hants.

Rev. E A. Dayman, B.D., Rector of Shillingstone, Dorset.

Rev. C. C. Bartholomew, sub-dean of Exeter.

Rev. William Rogers, Canon of Exeter.

Rev. Henry Barnes, Canon of Exeter.

Mr. A. A. Knox, Times leader-writer and London Police Court
Magistrate.

Mr. F. H. Carew (1855-88) private secretary to Earl Lytton.

Captain C. H. Beley, D.S.O., killed in the Black Mountain
Expedition, 1888 ; aged 33.

Mr. W. H. Snell, jun., Editor of Ike Electricia/n.

NDEX

PAGK.

Accidents 264, 331, 357, 358

Agricultural Shows 3ij, 353

Almshouses 41,42,169,388389

Amory, Sir J. ... 291-2, 310, 327, 343, "90, 391

Apprentices 96, 277

Archery 33

Assizes 107, 131

Athenaeum ... 275,371

" Bagster Jemmy " 256

Bamptou, battle 12

Baptists 164, 354

Beggars ... 1*5

Bells 352

Bible Christians 293

" Bishop Blaize " 231

Blackmore, R.D. 91

Blue-coat School 28, 171, "70

Blundell, Peter 8.3, 95, 96, 1W

Blundell's School 84-95, 217, 297-306, 360-369

Bolham 20, 195, 352

Boundaries 101

Bowling-green 274

Boycotting ... 198

Brewin, Mrs. 309, 323, 389

Bridewell 103

Bridge-chapels 43

Building enterprise 391

Bull-baiting 274

Bull, Bishop 88

Butler, Samuel 88

Bye-laws 108

Canal 247

Capern, Edward 383

Carew, B. M. 171-177

Carew, Rev. R. B. 322

Carew, Thomas 37

Castle, Tiverton ... 117-128

Cemetery, Tiverton 318-322

Chape], Baptist 164, 354

Chapel, Bible Christian . ... 293

Chapel, Congregational ... 163, 286

Chapel, Roman Catholic 2»6

Chapel, Unitarian 163

Chapel, VVesleyan 205, 392

Chapels, pre-Reformation 43

Charities 31-32,39,169,177-180,328,384

Charms ... ... 352

Charter ... 99, 152, 191

Chiicot, Robert 97

Chilcott's School ... 98, 370

Cholera ... ... 351

Chorl, The 211

Church, St. George's ... 183, 184, 288

Church, St. Paul's 322

Church, St. Peter's 21, 34, 43, 45, 157, 210,
[256,312-318

Churchwardens 262, 389

Churchyard 34, 264, 350

Churchyard fair 273

Civil war 115

Coach, first 108

Coaching in Devon 2u8

Coles, John 380-81

Colton, Rev. C 244, 247

Conuocke, Col 116

Constables «. 33

Contributions for Tiverton ... 57,73

Coronation 261

Corporation 32, 100, 104, 105, 131, 152, 189,
[196, 235, 279

Cosway, Richard 213

Cosway's factory 262

Courtenays 36

Cove 132, 291

Cowley, Hannah 216

Cranmore Castle ...
Crimean war
Cross, artist
Custom- wood charity

PAGE.
9

... 324
... 332
328, 388

Danes, slaughter of 13

Dartmoor „ 6

Defence preparations .. 227

Denman.Hon. G 343

Devon County Council 393

Devon, Countess of ... 18, 43, 368

Devon, Earl of 19, 34

Devonshire Association 392

Distress in Tiverton ... 231, 246, 255

Divining-rod 359

Dogs for draught 257

Doomsday 'book 12-17

Drama in Tiverton 257-260

Drill-hall 356

Dunsford, Martin 217, 263

Dunkerry beacon 5

Dunmonians 8

Earthquake 168

Ebrington, Lord , 343

Elections 170, 192 340

t-li-.abeth, Queen 46

Elmore 7, 26, 31, 368

Exe, boating , ... 331

Exe, floods 168. 207, 255

Exe, frozen 152,247

Exe bridge ... ... ... 25, 256, 387

Factory, cotton

Factory, lace

Fairfax, Sir Thomas

Fairs

Famine

Felo de se

Fencibles

Feudal Rites

Fires ... 49, 80, 148, 202, 225,

" Fives " ...

Flemish Settlers

Flodden, Battle of

Floods 107, 168,

Kood Riots

Freaks of Nature

" Freedom " taking up

French Prisoners

Friendly Societies

Funeral, Princess Catherine

Gas

Ghost at Sampford

Giffard, R

Greenvil, Sir R.
Greenway John
Greenway's Almshouses
Greenway's Chapel

Hall Bishop

H an ;_ man' s-Hill
Ran ey Julian
1 1 arro wby , Lord
Heaihcoat, John
Heathcoat, Miss
Heathcoat-hall
lieuaobourck, Rev. ...
Hill (.or r purway), R.
House of Lords burnt
Howard, John ...

Independents ...
Irish Beggars
Infirmary

223, 249
249
116
271
231
373
228
25

248, 255
274
24
37

207, 357
306
256-7
104
230

166, 2H
34

276
235

36
117

39
4, 39, 388

43

87

340

342

104

250-255, 264, 275

389

355-6

286

101, 104

277

103

, 163, 286

166

309

" Jarman, Old,"

PAGE.
243

233

PAGE.

229-

293

Jubilee Victoria
Kennedy, Mr.
" Kibby, Old "
King's College, Cambridge

Lectures in Divinity
Legends 4 23,
Leofricus, Bishop
Library projected
Lords of the Manor
Lowman river
Lowinan Floods
Loyal Address
Loyal Celebrations

Malt Tax

377
341
337
23

106
129, 243, 352
21
390
25
12
357
... 203, 879
... 261, 377

102
270

Public Health Act
Quack-doctors

308
211
281-6

Railways
Re-building of Tiverton ...
Rejoicings, public
Ridd John
Riots' ... 165,194,200
Roman Catholics
Roman? in Devon
Ro\vcliffe, Mr.

Sabbath profanation
Sacrilege punished
Sampford Peverell
Sampford Ghost
Saxons in Devon
School:, see Blue-coat
see Blun dells
,. Chilcott's
Elementary
|; Middle
,, Sunday
Technical
Spntences. judicial ...
Sharland. John
Sheepstealers hanged
Skimmington-riding
"Skits" 280.

288-93
75
... 169 247
91
262,075 307
286
10
342-

67
130
46
235
12

'.'.'. 98, 370
372
... 171,269-
217
371
293
104
107
233
281, 311, 312
9 46

Market-cross
Market-days
Market-tolls
Marriage-laws
Marriage-Portions
Massey, W. N. _
May-day celebrations

133
133
39
132
96
343
139
... 100 101

Meeting-houses

163, 165
205

Military levies
Military movements

154

226
... 207, 229

Missal, illuminated
Monk, General
Monmouth's Rebellion ...

160
147
152
101

Sports at Blundell's
Storms

141

168,247 357
37:1

382

Mural decorations

Newspaper, local
Newte's, The 90, 130, 159, 183,
Nonconformity
Nutting-days ... ...

45

326
134-137, 144,
163
330

Superstitions

26G
... 117 128

Tcmperanc 3 movement ...
Temple, Bishop

393
... 365, 374
l.V?

Obits

46

Town Clerk removed
Town Lake or Leat
Town-hall
Trade disputes

203
2fi,27
103, 348-50
275
154

Obelisk

287

Orange, Prince of

153
34

Palmerston, Lord
Park

281-5, 342

1Q

148

Turnip-seed gunpowder ...

1C5

207

Park, People's 379
Parish Customs 161
Parish re-constituted 374
Parish surveys 289
Parliamentary representations 170, 192,
[341, 37(i
Passage, underground 121
Paving Act ... ... ... ?w<*

Tyrrell. Walter

" Undivided "—a tale
Unitarian Chapel

Vestry clerk ejection
Voice from the grave
Volunteers

Waldron, John
Walrond, Sir J
„ W. H.
Ward, clergyman
Water-anpplv
Woare, Colonel
Weavers imprisoned
Webber. Mayor
Weslev's J. & S
Wpst, Chistopher

25

122
163

310
242

327

41, 388
343
377
205
358
115
210
197
203-6
89
25

Peace rejoicings
Peard, Mrs. Mary
Peard, Oliver
Perambulation of Leat ...
" Peter "—a story
Pew-rents

247
184
195
28
68
162, 180

Philpotts, Bishop
Pitt Meeting-house
Plague
Poems :
Good Old Tunes
Town Leat
Bural England
Sampford Ghost
Tiverton Castle
Pollard, Amias
Polwhele Theophilus
Popham, Sir John
Portions, ecclesiastical ...
Post-chaise ... ... ...

... 321, 322
165
46, 116, 202

234
30
74
240
126
117
138
85
£0, 22, 374
208

27

232

Wilborr. prnacher

205
23

W f 1

339

" Wocfull Xewes"
Wool in Churchyard
Wool-stealing
Woollen trade

58
121
107
38, 223 248
... 1C6, 28f>

Prayers for dead
Prayer-book introduction...

>:

46

40

0

Works The ... •••

110

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

DA Snell, Frederick John

690 The chronicles of Twyford

T58S5

1892